Top

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology

Published in:

01-09-2009 | Review Article

Visualizing vitreous in vitrectomy by triamcinolone

Authors: Taiji Sakamoto, Tatsuro Ishibashi

Published in: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology | Issue 9/2009

Abstract

Background

Visualizing vitreous and retinal surface during vitrectomy, choromovitrectomy, is a novel approach in vitrectomy.

Methods

Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is now most commonly used as an adjunct to vitrectomy for this purpose. Intraoperative use of TA can visualize posterior hyaloid, preretinal membrane, internal limiting membrane (ILM) during pars plana vitrectomy, and prolapsed vitreous during cataract surgery, which can make the procedure very safe and effective. TA-assisted vitrectomy is favorably applied to surgery for macular hole, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, and others. In addition, this technique can disclose the residual hyaloid cortex pattern after surgical posterior vitreous detachment. Diffuse posterior hyaloids cortex is frequently seen in diabetic retinopathy and high myopia, and an island-like cortex is often left on the macula, which can be a scaffold of future macular pucker.

Results

The prospective controlled clinical trial showed that TA-assisted vitrectomy reduced the incidence of intraoperative retinal break and retinal detachment more significantly than conventional vitrectomy, although post-operative visual acuity after 1 year was almost the same with each method. Adverse events related to TA-assisted vitrectomy included transient intraocular pressure elevation (approximately 5.0%); most of these events are manageable with topical treatment. The incidence of acute endophthalmitis was 0.03–0.05% , which was at a level comparable to conventional vitrectomy.

Conclusions

In this article, current status and the possible problems of TA-assisted vitrectomy are reviewed.

Michaels RG (1990) History of retinal detachment surgery. In: Michaels RG, Wilkinson CP, Rice TA (eds) Retinal detachment. Mosby, St. Louis, pp 243–323

Kelly NE, Wendel RT (1991) Vitreous surgery for idiopathic macular holes. Results of a pilot study. Arch Ophthalmol 109:654–649PubMed

Lewis H, Abrams GW, Blumenkranz MS, Campo RV (1992) Vitrectomy for diabetic macular traction and edema associated with posterior hyaloidal traction. Ophthalmology 99:753–759PubMed

Machemer R (1973) Vitrectomy in the management of severe diabetic retinopathies. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 162:199–205PubMed

Norton EW, Machemer R (1971) New approach to the treatment of selected retinal detachments secondary to vitreous loss at cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 72:705–707PubMed

Augustin AJ, Offermann I (2007) Scope and limititions of innovative vitrectomy systems. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 224:707–715, doi:10.1055/s-2007-963518 PubMedCrossRef

Park DW, Sipperley JO, Sneed SR, Dugel PU, Jacobsen J (1999) Macular hole surgery with internal-limiting membrane peeling and intravitreous air. Ophthalmology 106:1392–1397, doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(99)00730-7 PubMedCrossRef

Rodrigues EB, Penha FM, Furlani B, Meyer CH, Maia M, Farah ME (2008) Historical aspects and evolution of the application of vital dyes in vitreoretinal surgery and chromovitrectomy. Dev Ophthalmol 42:29–34, doi:10.1159/000138911 PubMedCrossRef

Fujii GY, De Juan E Jr, Humayun MS, Pieramici DJ, Chang TS, Awh C, Ng E, Barnes A, Wu SL, Sommerville DN (2002) A new 25-gauge instrument system for transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy surgery. Ophthalmology 109:1807–1812, doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01179-X PubMedCrossRef

10.

Enaida H, Hisatomi T, Goto Y, Hata Y, Ueno A, Miura M, Kubota T, Ishibashi T (2006) Preclinical investigation of internal limiting membrane staining and peeling using intravitreal brilliant blue G. Retina 26:623–630, doi:10.1097/00006982-200607000-00006 PubMedCrossRef

11.

Gandorfer A, Messmer EM, Ulbig MW, Kampik A (2001) Indocyanine green selectively stains the internal limiting membrane. Am J Ophthalmol 131:387–388, doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00924-7 PubMedCrossRef

12.

Haritoglou C, Kreutzer T, Tadayoni R, Langhals H, May CA, Thaler S, Kampik A (2008) Staining and peeling of the internal limiting membrane using a fluorescent dye (Rhodamine 6 G). Br J Ophthalmol 92:1265–1268, doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.141911 PubMedCrossRef

13.

Kadonosono K, Itoh N, Uchio E, Nakamura S, Ohno S (2000) Staining of internal limiting membrane in macular hole surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 118:1116–1118PubMed

14.

Peyman GA, Cheema R, Conway MD, Fang T (2000) Triamcinolone acetonide as an aid to visualization of the vitreous and the posterior hyaloid during pars plana vitrectomy. Retina 20:554–555PubMed

15.

Sakamoto T, Miyazaki M, Hisatomi T, Nakamura T, Ueno A, Itaya K, Ishibashi T (2002) Triamcinolone-assisted pars plana vitrectomy improves the surgical procedures and decreases the postoperative blood-ocular barrier breakdown. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 240:423–429, doi:10.1007/s00417-002-0454-2 PubMedCrossRef

16.

Sakamoto T, Soriano D, Nassaralla J, Murphy TL, Oganesian A, Spee C, Hinton DR, Ryan SJ (1995) Effect of intravitreal administration of indomethacin on experimental subretinal neovascularization in the subhuman primate. Arch Ophthalmol 113:222–226PubMed

17.

Ishibashi T, Miki K, Sorgente N, Patterson R, Ryan SJ (1985) Effects of intravitreal administration of steroids on experimental subretinal neovascularization in the subhuman primate. Arch Ophthalmol 103:708–711PubMed

18.

Giles CL (1974) Bulbar perforation during periocular injection of corticosteroids. Am J Ophthalmol 77:438–441PubMed

19.

Hida T, Chandler D, Arena JE, Machemer R (1986) Experimental and clinical observations of the intraocular toxicity of commercial corticosteroid preparations. Am J Ophthalmol 101:190–195PubMed

20.

McCuen BW II, Bessler M, Tano Y et al (1981) The lack of toxicity of intravitreally administered triamcinolone acetonide. Am J Ophthalmol 91:785–788PubMed

21.

Zwaan J (1997) The long-term effects of an accidental injection of depot corticosteroids in an infant eye. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 28:1017–1019PubMed

22.

Sakamoto T, Hida T, Tano Y, Negi A, Takeuchi S, Ishibashi T, Inoue Y, Ohguro N, Okada AA (2007) Committee for Triamcinolone Acetonide for Ocular Disease in Japan. Survey of triamcinolone acetonide for ocular diseases in Japan. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 111:936–945

23.

Enaida H, Hata Y, Ueno A, Ishibashi T, Torii H, Sakamoto T (2004) Visualization of the Cloquet canal during triamcinolone-assisted vitrectomy. Arch Ophthalmol 122:1564–1565, doi:10.1001/archopht.122.10.1564 PubMedCrossRef

24.

Fine HF, Spaide RF (2006) Visualization of the posterior precortical vitreous pocket in vivo with triamcinolone. Arch Ophthalmol 124:1663, doi:10.1001/archopht.124.11.1663 PubMedCrossRef

25.

Yamakiri K, Yamashita T, Miyazaki M, Doi N, Uemura A, Sakamoto T (2005) Fibrous proliferation of the pre-papillary canal in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: Cloquet’s canal as a scaffold for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 243:204–209, doi:10.1007/s00417-004-1001-0 PubMedCrossRef

26.

Doi N, Uemura A, Nakao K, Sakamoto T (2005) Vitreomacular adhesion and the defect in posterior vitreous cortex visualized by triamcinolone-assisted vitrectomy. Retina 25:742–745, doi:10.1097/00006982-200509000-00009 PubMedCrossRef

27.

Sonoda KH, Sakamoto T, Enaida H, Miyazaki M, Noda Y, Nakamura T, Ueno A, Yokoyama M, Kubota T, Ishibashi T (2004) Residual vitreous cortex after surgical posterior vitreous separation visualized by intravitreous triamcinolone acetonide. Ophthalmology 111:226–230, doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.05.034 PubMedCrossRef

28.

Matsumoto H, Yamanaka I, Hisatomi T, Enaida H, Ueno A, Hata Y, Sakamoto T, Ogino N, Ishibashi T (2007) Triamcinolone acetonide-assisted pars plana vitrectomy improves residual posterior vitreous hyaloid removal: ultrastructural analysis of the inner limiting membrane. Retina 27:174–179, doi:10.1097/01.iae.0000237954.35359.fd PubMedCrossRef

29.

Faulborn J, Dunker S, Bowald S (1998) Diabetic vitreopathy-findings using the celloidin embedding technique. Ophthalmologica 212:369–376, doi:10.1159/000027370 PubMedCrossRef

30.

Sebag J, Buckingham B, Charles MA, Reiser K (1992) Biochemical abnormalities in vitreous of humans with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 110:1472–1476PubMed

31.

Sebag J (1996) Diabetic vitreopathy. Ophthalmology 103:205–206PubMed

32.

Enaida H, Sakamoto T, Hisatomi T, Goto Y, Ishibashi T (2002) Morphological and functional damage of the retina caused by intravitreous indocyanine green in rat eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 240:209–213, doi:10.1007/s00417-002-0433-7 PubMedCrossRef

33.

Yamashita T, Uemura A, Sakamoto T (2008) Intraoperative characteristics of the posterior vitreous cortex in patients with epiretinal membrane. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 246:333–337, doi:10.1007/s00417-007-0745-8 PubMedCrossRef

34.

Chen TY, Yang CM, Liu KR (2006) Intravitreal triamcinolone staining observation of residual undetached cortical vitreous after posterior vitreous detachment. Eye 20:423–427, doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6701892 PubMedCrossRef

35.

Kishi S, Shimizu K (1994) Oval defect in detached posterior hyaloid membrane in idiopathic preretinal macular fibrosis. Am J Ophthalmol 118:451–456PubMed

36.

Kimura H, Kuroda S, Nagata M (2004) Premacular cortical vitreous in patients with a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina 24:329–330, doi:10.1097/00006982-200404000-00032 PubMedCrossRef

37.

Enaida H, Hata Y, Ueno A, Nakamura T, Hisatomi T, Miyazaki M, Fujisawa K, Sakamoto T, Ishibashi T (2003) Possible benefits of triamcinolone-assisted pars plana vitrectomy for retinal diseases. Retina 223:764–770, doi:10.1097/00006982-200312000-00003 CrossRef

38.

Gandorfer A, Haritoglou C, Gandorfer A, Kampik A (2003) Retinal damage from indocyanine green in experimental macular surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:316–323, doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0545 PubMedCrossRef

39.

Kanda S, Uemura A, Yamashita T, Kita H, Yamakiri K, Sakamoto T (2004) Visual field defects after intravitreous administration of indocyanine green in macular hole surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 122:1447–1451, doi:10.1001/archopht.122.10.1447 PubMedCrossRef

40.

Yamashita T, Uemura A, Sakamoto T (2008) Long term effect of ICG after macular hole surgery. Retina 28:1228–1233, doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31817b6b2e PubMedCrossRef

41.

Enaida H, Sakamoto T, Ueno A, Nakamura T, Noda Y, Maruoka K, Ishibashi T (2003) Submacular deposition of triamcinolone acetonide after triamcinolone-assisted vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 135:243–246, doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01917-7 PubMedCrossRef

42.

Sakamoto T, Koga H, Noda Y, Ishibashi T (2002) Optic disk cup filled with triamcinolone. Retina 22:516–518, doi:10.1097/00006982-200208000-00028 PubMedCrossRef

43.

Bardak Y, Cekiç O, Tiğ SU (2006) Comparison of ICG-assisted ILM peeling and triamcinolone-assisted posterior vitreous removal in diffuse diabetic macular oedema. Eye 20:1357–1359, doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702152 PubMedCrossRef

44.

Horio N, Horiguchi M, Yamamoto N (2005) Triamcinolone-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling during idiopathic macular hole surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 123:96–99, doi:10.1001/archopht.123.1.96 PubMedCrossRef

45.

Kampougeris G, Cheema R, McPherson R, Gorman C (2007) Safety of Triamcinolone acetonide (TA)-assisted pars plana vitrectomy in macular hole surgery. Eye 21:591–594, doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6702915 PubMedCrossRef

46.

Kimura H, Kuroda S, Nagata M (2004) Triamcinolone acetonide-assisted peeling of the internal limiting membrane. Am J Ophthalmol 137:172–173, doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00782-7 PubMedCrossRef

47.

Nomoto H, Shiraga F, Yamaji H, Fukuda K, Baba T, Takasu I, Ohtsuki H (2008) Macular hole surgery with triamcinolone acetonide-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling: one-year results. Retina 28:427–432, doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31815ec2f1 PubMedCrossRef

48.

Shah GK, Rosenblatt BJ, Blinder KJ, Grand MG, Smith M (2005) Triamcinolone-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling. Retina 25:972–975, doi:10.1097/00006982-200512000-00003 PubMedCrossRef

49.

Tognetto D, Zenoni S, Sanguinetti G, Haritoglou C, Ravalico G (2005) Staining of the internal limiting membrane with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. Retina 25:462–467, doi:10.1097/00006982-200506000-00011 PubMedCrossRef

50.

Kumagai K, Furukawa M, Ogino N, Larson E, Uemura A (2007) Long-term outcomes of macular hole surgery with triamcinolone acetonide-assisted internal limiting membrane peeling. Retina 27:1249–1254, doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3180ed45cc PubMedCrossRef

51.

Haritoglou C, Schüttauf F, Gandorfer A, Thaler S (2008) An experimental approach towards novel dyes for intraocular surgery. Dev Ophthalmol 42:141–152, doi:10.1159/000139003 PubMedCrossRef

52.

Rodrigues EB, Penha FM, Farah ME, de Paula Fiod Costa E, Maia M, Dib E, Bottós J, Freymuller E, Furlani B, Meyer CH, Magalhães O Jr, Lima-Filho AA, Safatle A (2009) Preclinical investigation of the retinal biocompatibility of six novel vital dyes for chromovitrectomy. Retina 29:497–510PubMedCrossRef

53.

Pendergast SD, Hassan TS, Williams GA et al (2000) Vitrectomy for diffuse diabetic macular edema associated with a taut premacular posterior hyloid. Am J Ophthalmol 130:178–186, doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00472-4 PubMedCrossRef

54.

Gruber D, Krebs I, Aggermann T, Neumaier B (2005) Vitrectomy for persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema. Stolba U, Binder S. Am J Ophthalmol 140:295–301, doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.03.045 PubMedCrossRef

55.

Higuchi A, Ogata N, Jo N, Wada M, Matsumura M (2006) Pars plana vitrectomy with removal of posterior hyaloid face in treatment of refractory diabetic macular edema resistant to triamcinolone acetonide. Jpn J Ophthalmol 50:529–531, doi:10.1007/s10384-006-0366-5 PubMedCrossRef

56.

LaHeij EC, Hendrikse F, Kessels AGH, Derhaag P (2001) Vitrectomy results in diabetic macular oedema without evident vitreomacular traction. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 239:264–270, doi:10.1007/s004170000251 CrossRef

57.

Patel JI, Hykin PG, Schadt M, Luong V, Fitzke F, Gregor ZJ (2006) Pars plana vitrectomy with and without peeling of the inner limiting membrane for diabetic macular edema. Retina 26:5–13, doi:10.1097/00006982-200601000-00002 PubMedCrossRef

58.

Rosenblatt BJ, Shah GK, Sharma S, Bakal J (2005) Pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membranectomy for refractory diabetic macular edema without a taut posterior hyaloid. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 243:20–25, doi:10.1007/s00417-004-0958-z PubMedCrossRef

59.

Stefaniotou M, Aspiotis M, Kalogeropoulos C, Christodoulou A, Psylla M, Ioachim E, Alamanos I, Psilas K (2004) Vitrectomy results for diffuse diabetic macular edema with and without inner limiting membrane removal. Eur J Ophthalmol 14:137–143PubMed

60.

Tachi N, Ogino N (1996) Vitrectomy for diffuse macular edema in cases of diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 122:258–260PubMed

61.

Yamamoto T, Hitani K, Tsukahara T et al (2003) Early postoperative retinal thickness changes and complications after vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 135:14–19, doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01819-6 PubMedCrossRef

62.

Jumper JM, Embabi SN, Toth CA, McCuen BW II, Hatchell DL (2000) Electron immunocytochemical analysis of posterior hyaloid associated with diabetic macular edema. Retina 20:63–68, doi:10.1097/00006982-200001000-00012 PubMedCrossRef

63.

Gandorfer A, Messmer EM, Ulbig MW, Kampik A (2000) Resolution of diabetic macular edema after surgical removal of the posterior hyaloid and the inner limiting membrane. Retina 20:126–133, doi:10.1097/00006982-200003000-00003 PubMedCrossRef

64.

Ikuno Y, Sayanagi K, Ohji M, Kamei M, Gomi F, Harino S, Fujikado T, Tano Y (2004) Vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling for myopic foveoschisis. Am J Ophthalmol 137:719–724PubMed

65.

Le Rouic JF, Ducournau D, Becquet F (2006) Triamcinolone-assisted vitrectomy in the treatment of recurrent retinal detachment due to myopic macular hole. J Fr Ophtalmol 29:829–884, doi:10.1016/S0181-5512(06)73854-2 PubMedCrossRef

66.

Yamamoto N, Ozaki N, Murakami K (2004) Triamcinolone acetonide facilitates removal of the epiretinal membrane and separation of the residual vitreous cortex in highly myopic eyes with retinal detachment due to a macular hole. Ophthalmologica 218:248–256, doi:10.1159/000078615 PubMedCrossRef

67.

Sakaguchi H, Ikuno Y, Choi JS, Ohji M, Tano T (2004) Multiple components of epiretinal tissues detected by triamcinolone and indocyanine green in macular hole and retinal detachment as a result of high myopia. Am J Ophthalmol 138:1079–1081,. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.06.078 PubMedCrossRef

68.

Akiba J (1993) Prevalence of posterior vitreous detachment in high myopia. Ophthalmology 100:1384–1388PubMed

69.

Takahashi M, Trempe CL, Maguire K, McMeel JW (1981) Vitreoretinal relationship in diabetic retinopathy: a biomicroscopic evaluation. Arch Ophthalmol 99:241–245PubMed

70.

Takahashi M, Jalkh A, Hoskins J, Trempe CL, Schepens CL (1981) Biomicroscopic evaluation and photography of liquefied vitreous in some vitreoretinal disorders. Arch Ophthalmol 99:1555–1559PubMed

71.

Diamond JG, Kaplan HJ (1979) Uveitis: effect of vitrectomy combined with lensectomy. Ophthalmology 86:1320–1329PubMed

72.

Kiryu J, Kita M, Tanabe T, Yamashiro K, Miyamoto N, Ieki Y (2001) Pars plana vitrectomy for cystoid mac ular edema secondary to sarcoid uveitis. Ophthalmology 108:1140–1144, doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00558-9 PubMedCrossRef

73.

Ozertürk Y, Bardak Y, Durmuş M (2001) Vitreoretinal surgery in Behçet’s disease with severe ocular complications. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 79:192–196, doi:10.1034/j.1600-0420.2001.079002192.x PubMedCrossRef

74.

Stefánsson E (2009) Physiology of vitreous surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 247:147–163, doi:10.1007/s00417-008-0980-7 PubMedCrossRef

75.

Sonoda KH, Enaida H, Ueno A, Nakamura T, Kawano YI, Kubota T, Sakamoto T, Ishibashi T (2003) Pars plana vitrectomy assisted by triamcinolone acetonide for refractory uveitis: a case series study. Br J Ophthalmol 87:1010–1014, doi:10.1136/bjo.87.8.1010 PubMedCrossRef

76.

Furino C, Micelli Ferrari T, Boscia F, Cardascia N, Recchimurzo N, Sborgia C (2003) Triamcinolone-assisted pars plana vitrectomy for proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Retina 23:771–776, doi:10.1097/00006982-200312000-00004 PubMedCrossRef

77.

Ueno A, Enaida H, Hata Y, Hisatomi T, Nakamura T, Mochizuki Y, Sakamoto T, Ishibashi T (2007) Long-term clinical outcomes and therapeutic benefits of triamcinolone-assisted pars plana vitrectomy for proliferative vitreoretinopathy: a case study. Eur J Ophthalmol 17:392–398PubMed

78.

Burk SE, Da Mata AP, Snyder ME, Schneider S, Osher RH, Cionni RJ (2003) Visualizing vitreous using Kenalog suspension. J Cataract Refract Surg 29:645–651, doi:10.1016/S0886-3350(03)00016-6 PubMedCrossRef

79.

Chang CJ, Chiang SY, Chen CL, Wang TY (2006) Clinical outcomes of combined sutureless vitrectomy with triamcinolone stain to manage vitreous loss resulting from posterior capsule rupture during phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 32:2054–2059, doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.07.023 PubMedCrossRef

80.

Yamakiri K, Uchino E, Kimura K, Sakamoto T (2004) Intracameral triamcinolone helps to visualize and remove the vitreous body in anterior chamber in cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 138:650–652, doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.05.033 PubMedCrossRef

81.

Yamakiri K, Sakamoto T, Noda Y, Nakahara M, Ogino N, Kubota T, Yokoyama M, Furukawa M, Sonoda Y, Yamada T, Doi N, Enaida H, Hata Y, Ishibashi T (2007) Reduced incidence of intraoperative complications in a multicenter controlled clinical trial of triamcinolone in vitrectomy. Ophthalmology 114:289–296, doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.07.044 PubMedCrossRef

82.

Yamakiri K, Sakamoto T, Noda Y, Nakahara M, Ogino N, Kubota T, Yokoyama M, Furukawa M, Ishibashi T (2008) One-year results of a multicenter controlled clinical trial of triamcinolone in pars plana vitrectomy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 246:959–966, doi:10.1007/s00417-008-0829-0 PubMedCrossRef

83.

Gillies MC, Sutter FK, Simpson JM, Larsson J, Ali H, Zhu M (2006) Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema: two-year results of a double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology 113:1533–1538, doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.02.065 PubMedCrossRef

84.

Jonas JB, Kreissig I, Degenring R (2003) Intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Br J Ophthalmol 87:24–27, doi:10.1136/bjo.87.1.24 PubMedCrossRef

85.

Jones R 3rd, Rhee DJ (2006) Corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension and glaucoma: a brief review and update of the literature. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 17:163–167PubMed

86.

Sakamoto T, Enaida H, Kubota T, Nakahara M, Yamakiri K, Yamashita T, Yokoyama M, Hata Y, Murata T, Miyata K, Uemura A, Kimura W, Ishibashi T (2004) Incidence of acute endophthalmitis after triamcinolone-assisted pars plana vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 138:137–138, doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.02.072 PubMedCrossRef

87.

Moshfeghi DM, Kaiser PK, Scott IU et al (2003) Acute endophthalmitis following intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection. Am J Ophthalmol 136:791–796, doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00483-5 PubMedCrossRef

88.

Eifrig CW, Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Smiddy WE, Newton J (2004) Endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy: Incidence, causative organisms, and visual acuity outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 138:799–802, doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.06.035 PubMedCrossRef

89.

Joondeph BC, Blanc JP, Polkinghorne PJ (2005) Endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy: a New Zealand experience. Retina 25:587–589, doi:10.1097/00006982-200507000-00008 PubMedCrossRef

90.

Zhang S, Ding X, Hu J, Gao R (2003) Clinical features of endophthalmitis after vitreoretinal surgery. Yan Ke Xue Bao 19:39–43PubMed

91.

Chen JK, Khurana RN, Nguyen QD, Do DV (2009) The incidence of endophthalmitis following transconjunctival sutureless 25- vs 20-gauge vitrectomy. Eye 23(4):780–784PubMedCrossRef

92.

Kunimoto DY, Kaiser RS, Wills Eye Retina Service (2007) Incidence of endophthalmitis after 20- and 25-gauge vitrectomy. Ophthalmology 114:2133–2137, doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.08.009 PubMedCrossRef

93.

Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Dev S, Shaikh S, Mittra RA, Arevalo JF, Kychenthal A, Acar N (2008) Endophthalmitis after 25-gauge and 20-gauge pars plana vitrectomy: incidence and outcomes. Retina 28:138–142, doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e31815e9313 PubMedCrossRef

94.

Shimada H, Nakashizuka H, Hattori T, Mori R, Mizutani Y, Yuzawa M (2008) Incidence of endophthalmitis after 20- and 25-gauge vitrectomy causes and prevention. Ophthalmology 115:2215–2220, doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.07.015 PubMedCrossRef

95.

Parolini B, Romanelli F, Prigione G, Pertile G (2009) Incidence of endophthalmitis in a large series of 23-gauge and 20-gauge transconjunctival pars plana vitrectomy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 247(7):895–898PubMedCrossRef

96.

Ataka S, Kurita K, Wada S, Tayeya K, Shiraki K (2007) A case of mycotic endophthalmitis after triamcinolone acetonide-assisted pars plana vitrectomy. Int Ophthalmol 27:51–54, doi:10.1007/s10792-007-9030-4 PubMedCrossRef

97.

Yamashita T, Doi N, Sakamoto T (2004) Weak symptoms of bacterial endophthalmitis after a triamcinolone acetonide-assisted pars plana vitrectomy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 242:679–681, doi:10.1007/s00417-003-0834-2 PubMedCrossRef

98.

Jaissle GB, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Szurman P (2008) Optic atrophy subsequent to epiretinal triamcinolone deposits in an eye following inner limiting membrane peeling. Ophthalmologe 105:575–577, doi:10.1007/s00347-007-1620-z PubMedCrossRef

99.

Lang Y, Leibu R, Shoham N, Miller B, Perlman I (2007) Evaluation of intravitreal kenalog toxicity in humans. Ophthalmology 114:724–731, doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.08.044 PubMedCrossRef

100.

Chang YS, Wu CL, Tseng SH, Kuo PY, Tseng SY (2008) In vitro benzyl alcohol cytotoxicity: implications for intravitreal use of triamcinolone acetonide. Exp Eye Res 86:942–950, doi:10.1016/j.exer.2008.03.011 PubMedCrossRef

101.

Chang YS, Wu CL, Tseng SH, Kuo PY, Tseng SY (2007) Cytotoxicity of triamcinolone acetonide on human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:2792–2798, doi:10.1167/iovs.06-1146 PubMedCrossRef

102.

Narayanan R, Mungcal JK, Kenney MC, Seigel GM, Kuppermann BD (2006) Toxicity of triamcinolone acetonide on retinal neurosensory and pigment epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:722–728, doi:10.1167/iovs.05-0772 PubMedCrossRef

103.

Oh J, Jung YS, Kim GS, Oh IK, Rho BK, Huh K (2007) The effect of short-term exposure of triamcinolone acetonide on fibroblasts and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 85:786–790, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.00942.x PubMedCrossRef

104.

Szurman P, Sierra A, Kaczmarek R, Jaissle GB, Wallenfels-Thilo B, Grisanti S, Lüke M, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Spitzer MS (2007) Different biocompatibility of crystalline triamcinolone deposits on retinal cells in vitro and in vivo. Exp Eye Res 85:44–53, doi:10.1016/j.exer.2007.03.003 PubMedCrossRef

105.

Yeung CK, Chan KP, Chiang SW, Pang CP, Lam DS (2003) The toxic and stress responses of cultured human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE19) and human glial cells (SVG) in the presence of triamcinolone. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:5293–5300, doi:10.1167/iovs.03-0490 PubMedCrossRef

106.

Kozak I, Cheng L, Mendez T, Davidson MC, Freeman WR (2006) Evaluation of the toxicity of subretinal triamcinolone acetonide in the rabbit. Retina 26:811–817, doi:10.1097/01.iae.0000244255.22406.2f PubMedCrossRef

107.

Macky TA, Helmy D, El Shazly N (2007) Retinal toxicity of triamcinolone’s vehicle (benzyl alcohol): an electrophysiologic and electron microscopic study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 245:817–824, doi:10.1007/s00417-006-0459-3 PubMedCrossRef

108.

Maia M, Penha FM, Farah ME, Dib E, Príncipe A, Lima Filho AA, Magalhães O Jr, Freymüller E, Rodrigues EB (2008) Subretinal injection of preservative-free triamcinolone acetonide and supernatant vehicle in rabbits: an electron microscopy study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 246:379–388, doi:10.1007/s00417-007-0718-y PubMedCrossRef

109.

Albini TA, Abd-El-Barr MM, Carvounis PE, Iyer MN, Lakhanpal RR, Pennesi ME, Chevez-Barrios P, Wu SM, Holz ER (2007) Long-term retinal toxicity of intravitreal commercially available preserved triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog) in rabbit eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:390–395, doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0145 PubMedCrossRef

110.

Dierks D, Lei B, Zhang K, Hainsworth DP (2005) Electroretinographic effects of an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone in rabbit retina. Arch Ophthalmol 123:1563–1569, doi:10.1001/archopht.123.11.1563 PubMedCrossRef

111.

Ruiz-Moreno JM, Montero JA, Bayon A, Rueda J, Vidal M (2007) Retinal toxicity of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide at high doses in the rabbit. Exp Eye Res 84:342–348, doi:10.1016/j.exer.2006.10.006 PubMedCrossRef

112.

Yu SY, Damico FM, Viola F, D’Amico DJ, Young LH (2006) Retinal toxicity of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide: a morphological study. Retina 26:531–536, doi:10.1097/00006982-200605000-00006 PubMedCrossRef

113.

Dyer D, Callanan D, Bochow T, Abraham P, Lambert HM, Lee SY, Schneiderman T, Potts SL, Walker TM (2009) Clinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of preservative-free triamcinolone (triesence [triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension] 40 mg/ml) for visualization during pars plana vitrectomy. Retina 29:38–45, doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318188c6e2 PubMedCrossRef

114.

Kaji Y, Hiraoka T, Okamoto F, Sato M, Hu B, Yamane N, Oshika T (2004) Visualizing the vitreous body in the anterior chamber using 11-deoxycortisol after posterior capsule rupture in an animal model. Ophthalmology 111:1334–1339, doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.11.011 PubMedCrossRef

115.

Kaji Y, Hiraoka T, Okamoto F, Sato M, Oshika T (2005) Clinical application of 11-deoxycortisol in visualizing prolapsed vitreous body after posterior capsule rupture in cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 31:1133–1138, doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2004.10.059 PubMedCrossRef

116.

Crum R, Szabo S, Folkman J (1985) A new class of steroids inhibits angiogenesis in the presence of heparin or a heparin fragment. Science 230:1375–1378, doi:10.1126/science.2416056 PubMedCrossRef

117.

Yamashita T, Sakamoto T, Yamakiri K, Miura M, Enaida H, Ueno A, Atsumi I, Matsuhisa K, Sakamoto Y, Kida T, Ishibashi T (2007) Polylactic acid for visualizing the vitreous body during vitrectomy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:3277–3282, doi:10.1167/iovs.06-1020 PubMedCrossRef

118.

Athanasiou KA, Agrawal CM, Barber FA et al (1998) Orthopaedic applications for PLA-PGA biodegradable polymers. Arthroscopy 14:726–737, doi:10.1016/S0749-8063(98)70099-4 PubMedCrossRef

Title: Visualizing vitreous in vitrectomy by triamcinolone
Authors: Taiji Sakamoto
Tatsuro Ishibashi
Publication date: 01-09-2009
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology / Issue 9/2009
Print ISSN: 0721-832X
Electronic ISSN: 1435-702X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-009-1118-2

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Visualizing vitreous in vitrectomy by triamcinolone

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 9/2009

Anatomical findings of vitreoretinal interface in eyes with asteroid hyalosis

Wide-field digital imaging based telemedicine for screening for acute retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Six-year results of a multicentre field study

Effect of epigallocatechin-gallate on inner retinal function in ocular hypertension and glaucoma: A short-term study by pattern electroretinogram

Cerebrospinal fluid pressure and glaucomatous optic disc cupping

Cerebrospinal fluid pressure and glaucomatous optic disc cupping (response to Berdahl and colleagues)

Intravitreal ranibizumab for choroidal neovascularization related to traumatic Bruch’s membrane rupture