Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS): from basic mechanisms towards first applications in psychiatry

1.

Marshall L, Helgadóttir H, Mölle M, Born J (2006) Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory. Nature 444:610–613. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05278CrossRefPubMed

2.

Antal A, Boros K, Poreisz C et al (2008) Comparatively weak after-effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on cortical excitability in humans. Brain Stimul 1:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2007.10.001CrossRefPubMed

3.

Klimke A, Nitsche MA, Maurer K, Voss U (2016) Case report: successful treatment of therapy-resistant OCD with application of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Brain Stimul 9:463–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2016.03.005CrossRefPubMed

4.

Mellin JM, Alagapan S, Lustenberger C et al (2018) Randomized trial of transcranial alternating current stimulation for treatment of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 51:25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.01.004CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

5.

Ruffini G, Wendling F, Merlet I et al (2013) Transcranial current brain stimulation (tCS): Models and technologies. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 21:333–345. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2012.2200046CrossRefPubMed

6.

Antal A, Paulus W (2013) Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Front Hum Neurosci 7:317. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00317CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

7.

Herrmann CS, Strüber D, Helfrich RF, Engel AK (2016) EEG oscillations: from correlation to causality. Int J Psychophysiol 103:12–21CrossRef

8.

Bonnefond M, Kastner S, Jensen O (2017) Communication between brain areas based on nested oscillations. eNeuro 2017:4. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0153-16.2017CrossRef

9.

Fries P (2005) A mechanism for cognitive dynamics: neuronal communication through neuronal coherence. Trends Cogn Sci 9:474–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.011CrossRefPubMed

10.

Fehér KD, Morishima Y (2016) Concurrent electroencephalography recording during transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). J Vis Exp 2016:e53527. https://doi.org/10.3791/53527CrossRef

11.

Schestatsky P, Morales-Quezada L, Fregni F (2013) Simultaneous EEG monitoring during transcranial direct current stimulation. J Vis Exp 2013:e50426. https://doi.org/10.3791/50426CrossRef

12.

Woods AJ, Antal A, Bikson M et al (2016) A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools. Clin Neurophysiol 127:1031–1048CrossRef

13.

Huang Y, Datta A, Bikson M, Parra LC (2018) ROAST: An open-source, fully-automated, realistic volumetric-approach-based simulator for TES. In: Proceedings of the annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, EMBS. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, pp 3072–3075

14.

Vosskuhl J, Strüber D, Herrmann CS (2018) Non-invasive brain stimulation: a paradigm shift in understanding brain oscillations. Front Hum Neurosci 12:1–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00211CrossRef

15.

Alekseichuk I, Falchier AY, Linn G et al (2019) Electric field dynamics in the brain during multi-electrode transcranial electric stimulation. Nat Commun 10:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10581-7CrossRef

16.

Vöröslakos M, Takeuchi Y, Brinyiczki K et al (2018) Direct effects of transcranial electric stimulation on brain circuits in rats and humans. Nat Commun 9:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-02928-3CrossRef

17.

Schwab BC, Misselhorn J, Engel AK (2019) Modulation of large-scale cortical coupling by transcranial alternating current stimulation. Brain Stimul 12:1187–1196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.04.013CrossRefPubMed

18.

Weinrich CA, Brittain JS, Nowak M et al (2017) Modulation of long-range connectivity patterns via frequency-specific stimulation of human cortex. Curr Biol 27:3061-3068.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.08.075CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Antal A, Herrmann CS (2016) Transcranial alternating current and random noise stimulation: possible mechanisms. Neural Plast. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3616807CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Krause MR, Vieira PG, Csorba BA et al (2019) Transcranial alternating current stimulation entrains single-neuron activity in the primate brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:5747–5755. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815958116CrossRefPubMed

21.

Reato D, Rahman A, Bikson M, Parra LC (2010) Low-intensity electrical stimulation affects network dynamics by modulating population rate and spike timing. J Neurosci 30:15067–15079. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2059-10.2010CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Radman T, Ramos RL, Brumberg JC, Bikson M (2009) Role of cortical cell type and morphology in subthreshold and suprathreshold uniform electric field stimulation in vitro. Brain Stimul 2:215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2009.03.007CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Fröhlich F (2014) Endogenous and exogenous electric fields as modifiers of brain activity: rational design of noninvasive brain stimulation with transcranial alternating current stimulation. Dialog Clin Neurosci 16:93–102CrossRef

24.

Ulrich D (2002) Dendritic resonance in rat neocortical pyramidal cells. J Neurophysiol 87:2753–2759. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.87.6.2753CrossRefPubMed

25.

Spruston N (2008) Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:206–221CrossRef

26.

Kim EJ, Juavinett AL, Kyubwa EM et al (2015) Three types of cortical layer 5 neurons that differ in brain-wide connectivity and function. Neuron 88:1253–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.002CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Koganemaru S, Mikami Y, Matsuhashi M et al (2019) Cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation modulates human gait rhythm. Neurosci Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2019.12.003CrossRefPubMed

28.

Liu A, Vöröslakos M, Kronberg G et al (2018) Immediate neurophysiological effects of transcranial electrical stimulation. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07233-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Deans JK, Powell AD, Jefferys JGR (2007) Sensitivity of coherent oscillations in rat hippocampus to AC electric fields. J Physiol 583:555–565. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.137711CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Ali MM, Sellers KK, Fröhlich F (2013) Transcranial alternating current stimulation modulates large-scale cortical network activity by network resonance. J Neurosci 33:11262–11275. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5867-12.2013CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Schmidt SL, Iyengar AK, Foulser AA et al (2014) Endogenous cortical oscillations constrain neuromodulation by weak electric fields. Brain Stimul 7:878–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.07.033CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Markram H, Lübke J, Frotscher M, Sakmann B (1997) Regulation of synaptic efficacy by coincidence of postsynaptic APs and EPSPs. Science (80) 275:213–215. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5297.213CrossRef

33.

Zaehle T, Rach S, Herrmann CS (2010) Transcranial alternating current stimulation enhances individual alpha activity in human EEG. PLoS ONE 5:e13766. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013766CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

Vossen A, Gross J, Thut G (2015) Alpha power increase after transcranial alternating current stimulation at alpha frequency (a-tACS) reflects plastic changes rather than entrainment. Brain Stimul 8:499–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.12.004CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Guerra A, Suppa A, Bologna M et al (2018) Boosting the LTP-like plasticity effect of intermittent theta-burst stimulation using gamma transcranial alternating current stimulation. Brain Stimul 11:734–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.03.015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Wischnewski M, Engelhardt M, Salehinejad MA et al (2019) NMDA receptor-mediated motor cortex plasticity after 20 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation. Cereb Cortex 29:2924–2931. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy160CrossRefPubMed

37.

Kasten FH, Dowsett J, Herrmann CS (2016) Sustained aftereffect of α-tACS lasts up to 70 min after stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00245CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Nitsche MA, Paulus W (2000) Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol 527:633–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Kabakov AY, Muller PA, Pascual-Leone A et al (2012) Contribution of axonal orientation to pathway-dependent modulation of excitatory transmission by direct current stimulation in isolated rat hippocampus. J Neurophysiol 107:1881–1889. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00715.2011CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Rahman A, Reato D, Arlotti M et al (2013) Cellular effects of acute direct current stimulation: somatic and synaptic terminal effects. J Physiol 591:2563–2578. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.247171CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Song M, Shin Y, Yun K (2014) Beta-frequency EEG activity increased during transcranial direct current stimulation. NeuroReport 25:1433–1436. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000000283CrossRefPubMed

42.

Nitsche MA, Fricke K, Henschke U et al (2003) Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans. J Physiol 553:293–301. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.049916CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Nitsche MA, Grundey J, Liebetanz D, Lang N, Frithjof Tergau WP (2004) Catecholaminergic consolidation of motor cortical neuroplasticity in humans. Cereb Cortex 14:1240–1245. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh085CrossRefPubMed

44.

Bikson M, Inoue M, Akiyama H et al (2004) Effect of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat hippocampal slices in vitro. J Physiol 557:175–190. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.055772CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Ardolino G, Bossi B, Barbieri S, Priori A (2005) Non-synaptic mechanisms underlie the after-effects of cathodal transcutaneous direct current stimulation of the human brain. J Physiol 568:653–663. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.088310CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Kanai R, Chaieb L, Antal A et al (2008) Frequency-dependent electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. Curr Biol 18:1839–1843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.027CrossRefPubMed

47.

Jackson MP, Rahman A, Lafon B et al (2016) Animal models of transcranial direct current stimulation: methods and mechanisms. Clin Neurophysiol 127:3425–3454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.08.016CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Stagg CJ, Antal A, Nitsche MA (2018) Physiology of transcranial direct current stimulation. J ECT 34:144–152. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCT.0000000000000510CrossRefPubMed

49.

Lefaucheur JP, Wendling F (2019) Mechanisms of action of tDCS: a brief and practical overview. Neurophysiol Clin 49:269–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2019.07.013CrossRefPubMed

50.

Chase HW, Boudewyn MA, Carter CS, Phillips ML (2020) Transcranial direct current stimulation: a roadmap for research, from mechanism of action to clinical implementation. Mol Psychiatry 25:397–407. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0499-9CrossRefPubMed

51.

Yavari F, Jamil A, Mosayebi Samani M et al (2018) Basic and functional effects of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES)—an introduction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 85:81–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.015CrossRefPubMed

52.

Horvath JC, Mathews J, Demitrack MA, Pascual-Leone A (2010) The neurostar TMS device: conducting the FDA approved protocol for treatment of depression. J Vis Exp. https://doi.org/10.3791/2345CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

FDA permits marketing of transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder|FDA (2020) https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-permits-marketing-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-treatment-obsessive-compulsive-disorder. Accessed 12 Jun 2020

54.

McClintock SM, Reti IM, Carpenter LL et al (2018) Consensus recommendations for the clinical application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of depression. J Clin Psychiatry 79:35–48CrossRef

55.

Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL (1985) Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet 325:1106–1107CrossRef

56.

Barker AT, Shields K (2017) Transcranial magnetic stimulation: basic principles and clinical applications in migraine. Headache 57:517–524. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13002CrossRefPubMed

57.

Burke D, Hicks R, Gandevia SC et al (1993) Direct comparison of corticospinal volleys in human subjects to transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation. J Physiol 470:383–393. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019864CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

58.

Cirillo G, Di Pino G, Capone F et al (2017) Neurobiological after-effects of non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Stimul 10:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2016.11.009CrossRefPubMed

59.

Rothwell J, Thompson P, Day B et al (1991) Stimulation of the human motor cortex through the scalp. Exp Physiol 76:159–200. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1991.sp003485CrossRefPubMed

60.

Terao Y, Ugawa Y (2002) Basic mechanisms of TMS. J Clin Neurophysiol 19:322–343CrossRef

61.

Hallett M (2007) Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primer. Neuron 55:187–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.026CrossRefPubMed

62.

Funke K, Benali A (2011) Modulation of cortical inhibition by rTMS—findings obtained from animal models. J Physiol 589:4423–4435. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.206573CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

63.

Klomjai W, Katz R, Lackmy-Vallée A (2015) Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS). Ann Phys Rehabil Med 58:208–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2015.05.005CrossRefPubMed

64.

Bland NS, Sale MV (2019) Current challenges: the ups and downs of tACS. Exp Brain Res 237:3071–3088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05666-0CrossRefPubMed

65.

Tavakoli AV, Yun K (2017) Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) mechanisms and protocols. Front Cell Neurosci 11:214CrossRef

66.

Fröhlich F, Sellers KK, Cordle AL (2014) Targeting the neurophysiology of cognitive systems with transcranial alternating current stimulation. Expert Rev Neurother 15:145–167CrossRef

67.

Schutter DJLG, Wischnewski M (2016) A meta-analytic study of exogenous oscillatory electric potentials in neuroenhancement. Neuropsychologia 86:110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.04.011CrossRefPubMed

68.

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J et al (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009:6

69.

Uhlhaas PJ, Singer W (2010) Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci 11:100–113CrossRef

70.

Uhlhaas PJ, Haenschel C, Nikolić D, Singer W (2008) The role of oscillations and synchrony in cortical networks and their putative relevance for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 34:927–943. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn062CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Ahmed AO, Strauss GP, Buchanan RW et al (2018) Schizophrenia heterogeneity revisited: clinical, cognitive, and psychosocial correlates of statistically-derived negative symptoms subgroups. J Psychiatr Res 97:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.11.004CrossRefPubMed

72.

Hinkley LBN, Vinogradov S, Guggisberg AG et al (2011) Clinical symptoms and alpha band resting-state functional connectivity imaging in patients with schizophrenia: Implications for novel approaches to treatment. Biol Psychiatry 70:1134–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.029CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

73.

Omori M, Koshino Y, Murata T et al (1995) Quantitative EEG in never-treated schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 38:303–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)00300-6CrossRef

74.

Sponheim SR, Clementz BA, Iacono WG, Beiser M (2000) Clinical and biological concomitants of resting state EEG power abnormalities in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 48:1088–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00907-0CrossRefPubMed

75.

Goldstein MR, Peterson MJ, Sanguinetti JL et al (2015) Topographic deficits in alpha-range resting EEG activity and steady state visual evoked responses in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 168:145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.012CrossRefPubMed

76.

Jia S, Liu M, Huang P et al (2019) Abnormal alpha rhythm during self-referential processing in schizophrenia patients. Front Psychiatry 10:691. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00691CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

77.

Siekmeier PJ, Stufflebeam SM (2010) Patterns of spontaneous magnetoencephalographic activity in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Neurophysiol 27:179–190. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNP.0b013e3181e0b20aCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

78.

Boutros NN, Arfken C, Galderisi S et al (2008) The status of spectral EEG abnormality as a diagnostic test for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 99:225–237CrossRef

79.

Moran LV, Hong LE (2011) High vs low frequency neural oscillations in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 37:659–663. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr056CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

80.

Tauscher J, Fischer P, Neumeister A et al (1998) Low frontal electroencephalographic coherence in neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 44:438–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00428-9CrossRefPubMed

81.

Schmiedt C, Brand A, Hildebrandt H, Basar-Eroglu C (2005) Event-related theta oscillations during working memory tasks in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Cogn Brain Res 25:936–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.09.015CrossRef

82.

Haenschel C, Bittner RA, Waltz J et al (2009) Cortical oscillatory activity is critical for working memory as revealed by deficits in early-onset schizophrenia. J Neurosci 29:9481–9489. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1428-09.2009CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

83.

Shreekantiah Umesh D, Tikka SK, Goyal N et al (2016) Resting state theta band source distribution and functional connectivity in remitted schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 630:199–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.055CrossRefPubMed

84.

Andreou C, Leicht G, Nolte G et al (2015) Resting-state theta-band connectivity and verbal memory in schizophrenia and in the high-risk state. Schizophr Res 161:299–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.018CrossRefPubMed

85.

Newson JJ, Thiagarajan TC (2019) EEG Frequency bands in psychiatric disorders: a review of resting state studies. Front Hum Neurosci 12:1–24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00521CrossRef

86.

Uhlhaas PJ, Linden DEJ, Singer W et al (2006) Dysfunctional long-range coordination of neural activity during gestalt perception in schizophrenia. J Neurosci 26:8168–8175. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2002-06.2006CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

87.

Uhlhaas PJ, Singer W (2013) High-frequency oscillations and the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 15:301–313CrossRef

88.

Lisman J (2012) Excitation, inhibition, local oscillations, or large-scale loops: What causes the symptoms of schizophrenia? Curr Opin Neurobiol 22:537–544CrossRef

89.

Hirvonen J, Wibral M, Palva JM et al (2017) Whole-brain source-reconstructed MEG-data reveal reduced long-range synchronization in chronic schizophrenia. eNeuro 2017:4. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0338-17.2017CrossRef

90.

Green MF, Mintz J, Salveson D et al (2003) Visual masking as a probe for abnormal gamma range activity in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 53:1113–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01813-9CrossRefPubMed

91.

Kwon JS, O’Donnell BF, Wallenstein GV et al (1999) Gamma frequency-range abnormalities to auditory stimulation in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:1001–1005. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.11.1001CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

92.

Cho RY, Konecky RO, Carter CS (2006) Impairments in frontal cortical γ synchrony and cognitive control in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:19878–19883. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609440103CrossRefPubMed

93.

Spencer KM, Nestor PG, Niznikiewicz MA et al (2003) Abnormal neural synchrony in schizophrenia. J Neurosci 23:7407–7411. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.23-19-07407.2003CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

94.

Leicht G, Kirsch V, Giegling I et al (2010) Reduced early auditory evoked gamma-band response in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 67:224–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.07.033CrossRefPubMed

95.

Leicht G, Andreou C, Polomac N et al (2015) Reduced auditory evoked gamma band response and cognitive processing deficits in first episode schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 16:387–397. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2015.1017605CrossRefPubMed

96.

Spencer KM, Salisbury DF, Shenton ME, McCarley RW (2008) γ-Band auditory steady-state responses are impaired in first episode psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 64:369–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.02.021CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

97.

Hong LE, Summerfelt A, McMahon R et al (2004) Evoked gamma band synchronization and the liability for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res 2004:293–302CrossRef

98.

Leicht G, Karch S, Karamatskos E et al (2011) Alterations of the early auditory evoked gamma-band response in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: hints to a new intermediate phenotype. J Psychiatr Res 45:699–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.10.002CrossRefPubMed

99.

Leicht G, Vauth S, Polomac N et al (2016) EEG-Informed fMRI reveals a disturbed gamma-band-specific network in subjects at high risk for psychosis. Schizophr Bull 42:239–249. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv092CrossRefPubMed

100.

Curic S, Leicht G, Thiebes S et al (2019) Reduced auditory evoked gamma-band response and schizophrenia-like clinical symptoms under subanesthetic ketamine. Neuropsychopharmacology 44:1239–1246. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0328-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

101.

Brennan AM, Harris AW, Williams LM (2013) Functional dysconnectivity in schizophrenia and its relationship to neural synchrony. Expert Rev Neurother 13:755–765CrossRef

102.

Mulert C, Kirsch V, Pascual-Marqui R et al (2011) Long-range synchrony of gamma oscillations and auditory hallucination symptoms in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol 79:55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.08.004CrossRefPubMed

103.

Kornmayer L, Leicht G, Mulert C (2018) Attentional capture by physically salient stimuli in the gamma frequency is associated with schizophrenia symptoms. World J Biol Psychiatry 19:S52–S62. https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2016.1258491CrossRefPubMed

104.

Kornmayer L, Leicht G, Mulert C (2014) Increased gamma oscillations evoked by physically salient distracters are associated with schizotypy. Brain Topogr 28:153–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-014-0418-yCrossRefPubMed

105.

Spencer KM (2012) Baseline gamma power during auditory steady-state stimulation in schizophrenia. Front Hum Neurosci 5:1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2011.00190CrossRef

106.

Lee KH, Williams LM, Haig A, Gordon E (2003) “Gamma (40 Hz) phase synchronicity” and symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 8:57–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/713752240CrossRefPubMed

107.

Gordon E, Williams L, Haig AR et al (2001) Symptom profile and “gamma” processing in schizophrenia. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 6:7–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800042000016CrossRef

108.

Bucci P, Mucci A, Merlotti E et al (2007) Induced gamma activity and event-related coherence in schizophrenia. Clin EEG Neurosci 38:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/155005940703800212CrossRefPubMed

109.

Lee SH, Wynn JK, Green MF et al (2006) Quantitative EEG and low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) imaging of patients with persistent auditory hallucinations. Schizophr Res 83:111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.11.025CrossRefPubMed

110.

Spencer KM, Nestor PG, Perlmutter R et al (2004) Neural synchrony indexes disordered perception and cognition in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:17288–17293. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0406074101CrossRefPubMed

111.

Baldeweg T, Spence S, Hirsch SR, Gruzelier J (1998) γ-band electroencephalographic oscillations in a patient with somatic hallucinations. Lancet 352:620–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79575-1CrossRefPubMed

112.

Grent-t-jong T, Gross J, Goense J et al (2018) Resting-state gamma-band power alterations in schizophrenia reveal e/i-balance abnormalities across illness-stages. Elife 2018:7. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.37799CrossRef

113.

Andreou C, Nolte G, Leicht G et al (2015) Increased resting-state gamma-band connectivity in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 41:930–939. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu121CrossRefPubMed

114.

Lee KH, Williams LM, Breakspear M, Gordon E (2003) Synchronous gamma activity: a review and contribution to an integrative neuroscience model of schizophrenia. Brain Res Rev 41:57–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0173(02)00220-5CrossRefPubMed

115.

Phillips WA, Singer W (1997) In search of common foundations for cortical computation. Behav Brain Sci 20:657–722CrossRef

116.

Bertrand O, Tallon-Baudry C (2000) Oscillatory gamma activity in humans: a possible role for object representation. Int J Psychophysiol 2000:211–223CrossRef

117.

Pettersson-Yeo W, Allen P, Benetti S et al (2011) Dysconnectivity in schizophrenia: where are we now? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:1110–1124CrossRef

118.

Li S, Hu N, Zhang W et al (2019) Dysconnectivity of multiple brain networks in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity. Front Psychiatry 10:482CrossRef

119.

Stephan KE, Friston KJ, Frith CD (2009) Dysconnection in Schizophrenia: from abnormal synaptic plasticity to failures of self-monitoring. Schizophr Bull 35:509–527CrossRef

120.

Shergill SS, Murray RM, McGuire PK (1998) Auditory hallucinations: a review of psychological treatments. Schizophr Res 32:137–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(98)00052-8CrossRefPubMed

121.

Steinmann S, Leicht G, Andreou C et al (2017) Auditory verbal hallucinations related to altered long-range synchrony of gamma-band oscillations. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09253-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

122.

Mulert C, Kirsch V, Whitford TJ et al (2012) Hearing voices: a role of interhemispheric auditory connectivity? World J Biol Psychiatry 13:153–158. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2011.570789CrossRefPubMed

123.

Steinmann S, Leicht G, Mulert C (2019) The interhemispheric miscommunication theory of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol 145:83–90CrossRef

124.

Meier J, Nolte G, Schneider TR et al (2019) Intrinsic 40Hz-phase asymmetries predict tACS effects during conscious auditory perception. PLoS ONE 14:e0213996. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213996CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

125.

Sreeraj VS, Shanbhag V, Nawani H et al (2017) Feasibility of online neuromodulation using transcranial alternating current stimulation in schizophrenia. Indian J Psychol Med 39:92–95. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.198937CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

126.

Sreeraj VS, Shivakumar V, Sowmya S et al (2019) Online theta frequency transcranial alternating current stimulation for cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: a case report and review of literature. J ECT 35:139–143. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCT.0000000000000523CrossRefPubMed

127.

Kallel L, Mondino M, Brunelin J (2016) Effects of theta-rhythm transcranial alternating current stimulation (4.5 Hz-tACS) in patients with clozapine-resistant negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a case series. J Neural Transm 123:1213–1217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-016-1574-xCrossRefPubMed

128.

Sreeraj VS, Suhas S, Parlikar R et al (2020) Effect of add-on transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on persistent delusions in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 290:113106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113106CrossRefPubMed

129.

Hoy KE, Whitty D, Bailey N, Fitzgerald PB (2016) Preliminary investigation of the effects of γ-tACS on working memory in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm 123:1205–1212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-016-1554-1CrossRefPubMed

130.

Hoy KE, Bailey N, Arnold S et al (2015) The effect of γ-tACS on working memory performance in healthy controls. Brain Cogn 101:51–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2015.11.002CrossRefPubMed

131.

Ahn S, Mellin JM, Alagapan S et al (2019) Targeting reduced neural oscillations in patients with schizophrenia by transcranial alternating current stimulation. Neuroimage 186:126–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.056CrossRefPubMed

132.

Fingelkurts AAA, Fingelkurts AAA (2015) Altered structure of dynamic electroencephalogram oscillatory pattern in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 77:1050–1060CrossRef

133.

Northoff G (2016) How do resting state changes in depression translate into psychopathological symptoms? From ‘Spatiotemporal correspondence’ to ‘Spatiotemporal Psychopathology.’ Curr Opin Psychiatry 29:18–24. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000222CrossRefPubMed

134.

Olbrich S, Arns M (2013) EEG biomarkers in major depressive disorder: discriminative power and prediction of treatment response. Int Rev Psychiatry 25:604–618. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2013.816269CrossRefPubMed

135.

Smart OL, Tiruvadi VR, Mayberg HS (2015) Multimodal approaches to define network oscillations in depression. Biol Psychiatry 77:1061–1070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.002CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

136.

Leuchter AF, Cook IA, Hunter AM et al (2012) Resting-state quantitative electroencephalography reveals increased neurophysiologic connectivity in depression. PLoS ONE 7:e32508. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032508CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

137.

Olbrich S, Tränkner A, Chittka T et al (2014) Functional connectivity in major depression: Increased phase synchronization between frontal cortical EEG-source estimates. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 222:91–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.02.010CrossRef

138.

Vuga M, Fox NA, Cohn JF et al (2006) Long-term stability of frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry in adults with a history of depression and controls. Int J Psychophysiol 59:107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.02.008CrossRefPubMed

139.

Eidelman-Rothman M, Levy J, Feldman R (2016) Alpha oscillations and their impairment in affective and post-traumatic stress disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 68:794–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.005CrossRefPubMed

140.

Pathak Y, Salami O, Baillet S et al (2016) Longitudinal changes in depressive circuitry in response to neuromodulation therapy. Front Neural Circ. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2016.00050CrossRef

141.

Breitenstein B, Scheuer S, Holsboer F (2014) Are there meaningful biomarkers of treatment response for depression? Drug Discov. Today 19:539–561

142.

Keeser D, Karch S, Kirsch V et al (2014) EPA-1603—changes of resting-state eeg and functional connectivity in the sensor and source space of patients with major depression. Eur Psychiatry 29:1. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(14)78755-3CrossRef

143.

Iosifescu DV, Greenwald S, Devlin P et al (2009) Frontal EEG predictors of treatment outcome in major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 19:772–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.06.001CrossRefPubMed

144.

Pizzagalli DA, Peccoralo LA, Davidson RJ, Cohen JD (2006) Resting anterior cingulate activity and abnormal responses to errors in subjects with elevated depressive symptoms: a 128-channel EEG study. Hum Brain Mapp 27:185–201. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20172CrossRefPubMed

145.

Fitzgerald PJ, Watson BO (2018) Gamma oscillations as a biomarker for major depression: an emerging topic. Transl Psychiatry 8:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0239-yCrossRef

146.

Strelets VB, Garakh ZV, Novototskii-Vlasov VY (2007) Comparative study of the gamma rhythm in normal conditions, during examination stress, and in patients with first depressive episode. Neurosci Behav Physiol 37:387–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-007-0025-4CrossRefPubMed

147.

Liu TY, Chen YS, Su TP et al (2014) Abnormal early gamma responses to emotional faces differentiate unipolar from bipolar disorder patients. Biomed Res Int 2014:906104. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/906104CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

148.

Lee PS, Chen YS, Hsieh JC et al (2010) Distinct neuronal oscillatory responses between patients with bipolar and unipolar disorders: a magnetoencephalographic study. J Affect Disord 123:270–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.020CrossRefPubMed

149.

Isomura S, Onitsuka T, Tsuchimoto R et al (2016) Differentiation between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder by auditory steady-state responses. J Affect Disord 190:800–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.034CrossRefPubMed

150.

Alexander ML, Alagapan S, Lugo CE et al (2019) Double-blind, randomized pilot clinical trial targeting alpha oscillations with transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Transl Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0439-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

151.

Riddle J, Rubinow DR, Frohlich F (2020) A case study of weekly tACS for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Brain Stimul 13:576–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.12.016CrossRefPubMed

152.

Wilkening A, Kurzeck A, Dechantsreiter E et al (2019) Transcranial alternating current stimulation for the treatment of major depression during pregnancy. Psychiatry Res 279:399–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.06.009CrossRefPubMed

153.

Simpson HB, Tenke CE, Towey JB et al (2000) Symptom provocation alters behavioral ratings and brain electrical activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary study. Psychiatry Res 95:149–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00177-3CrossRefPubMed

154.

Locatelli M, Bellodi L, Grassi B, Scarone S (1996) EEG power modifications in obsessive-compulsive disorder during olfactory stimulation. Biol Psychiatry 39:326–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)00172-7CrossRefPubMed

155.

Bucci P, Mucci A, Volpe U et al (2004) Executive hypercontrol in obsessive-compulsive disorder: electrophysiological and neuropsychological indices. Clin Neurophysiol 115:1340–1348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2003.12.031CrossRefPubMed

156.

Shin YW, Ha TH, Kim SY, Kwon JS (2004) Association between EEG alpha power and visuospatial function in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 58:16–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2004.01186.xCrossRefPubMed

157.

Pogarell O, Juckel G, Mavrogiorgou P et al (2006) Symptom-specific EEG power correlations in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Psychophysiol 62:87–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.02.002CrossRefPubMed

158.

Tot Ş, Özge A, Çömelekoglu Ü et al (2002) Association of QEEG findings with clinical characteristics of OCD: Evidence of left frontotemporal dysfunction. Can J Psychiatry 47:538–545. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370204700605CrossRefPubMed

159.

Karadaǧ F, Oǧuzhanoǧlu NK, Kurt T et al (2003) Quantitative EEG analysis in obsessive compulsive disorder. Int J Neurosci 113:833–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450390200963CrossRefPubMed

160.

Min BK, Kim SJ, Park JY, Park HJ (2011) Prestimulus top-down reflection of obsessive-compulsive disorder in EEG frontal theta and occipital alpha oscillations. Neurosci Lett 496:181–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.04.018CrossRefPubMed

161.

Park JY, Lee J, Park HJ et al (2012) Alpha amplitude and phase locking in obsessive-compulsive disorder during working memory. Int J Psychophysiol 83:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.09.014CrossRefPubMed

162.

Desarkar P, Sinha VK, Jagadheesan K, Nizamie SH (2007) Subcortical functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an exploratory EEG coherence study. World J Biol Psychiatry 8:196–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/15622970601148547CrossRefPubMed

163.

Kamaradova D, Hhajda M, Prasko J et al (2016) Cognitive deficits in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder—electroencephalography correlates. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 12:1119–1125. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S93040CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

164.

McCarthy PR, Ray WJ, Foa EB (1995) Cognitive influences on electrocortical and heart rate activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Psychophysiol 19:215–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8760(95)00009-HCrossRefPubMed

165.

Kopřivová J, Congedo M, Horáček J et al (2011) EEG source analysis in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 122:1735–1743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2011.01.051CrossRefPubMed

166.

Clark CR, Galletly CA, Ash DJ et al (2009) Evidence-based medicine evaluation of electrophysiological studies of the anxiety disorders. Clin EEG Neurosci 40:84–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/155005940904000208CrossRefPubMed

167.

Velikova S, Locatelli M, Insacco C et al (2010) Dysfunctional brain circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder: source and coherence analysis of EEG rhythms. Neuroimage 49:977–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.015CrossRefPubMed

168.

Prichep LS, Mas F, Hollander E et al (1993) Quantitative electroencephalographic subtyping of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 50:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4927(93)90021-9CrossRef

169.

Perera MPN, Bailey NW, Herring SE, Fitzgerald PB (2019) Electrophysiology of obsessive compulsive disorder: a systematic review of the electroencephalographic literature. J Anxiety Disord 62:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.11.001CrossRefPubMed

170.

Clementz BA, Sponheim SR, Iacono WG, Beiser M (1994) Resting EEG in first-episode schizophrenia patients, bipolar psychosis patients, and their first-degree relatives. Psychophysiology 31:486–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01052.xCrossRefPubMed

171.

Özerdem A, Güntekin B, Tunca Z, Başar E (2008) Brain oscillatory responses in patients with bipolar disorder manic episode before and after valproate treatment. Brain Res 1235:98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.101CrossRefPubMed

172.

Basar E, Güntekin B, Atagün I et al (2012) Brain’s alpha activity is highly reduced in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Cogn Neurodyn 6:11–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-011-9172-yCrossRefPubMed

173.

El-Badri SM, Ashton CH, Moore PB et al (2001) Electrophysiological and cognitive function in young euthymic patients with bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disord 3:79–87. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5618.2001.030206.xCrossRefPubMed

174.

Rommel AS, Kitsune GL, Michelini G et al (2016) Commonalities in EEG spectral power abnormalities between women with ADHD and women with bipolar disorder during rest and cognitive performance. Brain Topogr 29:856–866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-016-0508-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

175.

Atagün MI (2016) Brain oscillations in bipolar disorder and lithium-induced changes. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 12:589–601. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S100597CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

176.

Kam JWY, Bolbecker AR, O’Donnell BF et al (2013) Resting state EEG power and coherence abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 47:1893–1901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.09.009CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

177.

Ethridge LE, Hamm JP, Shapiro JR et al (2012) Neural activations during auditory oddball processing discriminating schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 72:766–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.034CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

178.

Hamm JP, Ethridge LE, Shapiro JR et al (2012) Spatiotemporal and frequency domain analysis of auditory paired stimuli processing in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychosis. Psychophysiology 49:522–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01327.xCrossRefPubMed

179.

Chen SS, Tu PC, Su TP et al (2008) Impaired frontal synchronization of spontaneous magnetoencephalographic activity in patients with bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett 445:174–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.08.080CrossRefPubMed

180.

O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP, Vohs JL et al (2004) Neural synchronization deficits to auditory stimulation in bipolar disorder. NeuroReport 15:1369–1372. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnr.0000127348.64681.b2CrossRefPubMed

181.

Özerdem A, Güntekin B, Saatçi E et al (2010) Disturbance in long distance gamma coherence in bipolar disorder. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 34:861–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.04.001CrossRef

182.

Özerdem A, Güntekin B, Atagün I et al (2011) Reduced long distance gamma (28–48 Hz) coherence in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 132:325–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.028CrossRefPubMed

183.

Hall MH, Spencer KM, Schulze K et al (2011) The genetic and environmental influences of event-related gamma oscillations on bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 13:260–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00925.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

184.

Lima IMM, Peckham AD, Johnson SL (2018) Cognitive deficits in bipolar disorders: implications for emotion. Clin Psychol Rev 59:126–136CrossRef

185.

Dallmer-Zerbe I, Popp F, Lam AP et al (2020) Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) as a tool to modulate P300 amplitude in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): preliminary findings. Brain Topogr. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-020-00752-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

186.

Popp F, Dallmer-Zerbe I, Philipsen A et al (2019) Challenges of P300 modulation using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Front Psychol 10:476. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00476CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

187.

Moretti DV, Frisoni GB, Binetti G, Zanetti O (2011) Anatomical substrate and scalp EEG markers are correlated in subjects with cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Psychiatry 1:152. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2010.00152CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

188.

Stam CJ, van Cappellen A, van Walsum AM, Pijnenburg YAL et al (2002) Generalized synchronization of MEG recordings in Alzheimer’s disease: evidence for involvement of the gamma band. J Clin Neurophysiol 19:562–574. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-200212000-00010CrossRefPubMed

189.

de Haan W, Pijnenburg YAL, Strijers RLM et al (2009) Functional neural network analysis in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease using EEG and graph theory. BMC Neurosci 10:101. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-10-101CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

190.

McBride J, Zhao X, Munro N et al (2013) Resting EEG discrimination of early stage alzheimer’s disease from normal aging using inter-channel coherence network graphs. Ann Biomed Eng 41:1233–1242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-013-0788-4CrossRefPubMed

191.

Babiloni C, Lizio R, Marzano N et al (2016) Brain neural synchronization and functional coupling in Alzheimer’s disease as revealed by resting state EEG rhythms. Int J Psychophysiol 103:88–102CrossRef

192.

Rossini PM, Del Percio C, Pasqualetti P et al (2006) Conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease is predicted by sources and coherence of brain electroencephalography rhythms. Neuroscience 143:793–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.049CrossRefPubMed

193.

Van Deursen JA, Vuurman EFPM, Verhey FRJ et al (2008) Increased EEG gamma band activity in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. J Neural Transm 115:1301–1311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-008-0083-yCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

194.

Naro A, Corallo F, De Salvo S et al (2016) Promising role of neuromodulation in predicting the progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia. J Alzheimer’s Dis 53:1375–1388. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160305CrossRef

195.

Demyttenaere K (2019) What is treatment resistance in psychiatry? A “difficult to treat” concept. World Psychiatry 18:354–355. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20677CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

196.

Reddy M (2012) Non-compliance in pharmacotherapy. Indian J Psychol Med 34:107–109CrossRef

197.

Mago R (2016) Adverse effects of psychotropic medications: a call to action. Psychiatr Clin N Am 39:361–373CrossRef

198.

Alagapan S, Schmidt SL, Lefebvre J et al (2016) Modulation of cortical oscillations by low-frequency direct cortical stimulation is state-dependent. PLoS Biol 14:e1002424. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002424CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

199.

Negrón-Oyarzo I, Aboitiz F, Fuentealba P (2016) Impaired functional connectivity in the prefrontal cortex: a mechanism for chronic stress-induced neuropsychiatric disorders. Neural Plast. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7539065CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

200.

Kasten FH, Duecker K, Maack MC et al (2019) Integrating electric field modeling and neuroimaging to explain inter-individual variability of tACS effects. Nat Commun 10:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13417-6CrossRef

201.

Radecke J-O, Andreas K, Carsten H, Schneider TR (2019) Title: simulating individually targeted transcranial electric stimulation for experimental application. bioRxiv 2019:739904. https://doi.org/10.1101/739904CrossRef

202.

Owens E, Bachman P, Glahn DC, Bearden CE (2019) Electrophysiological endophenotypes for schizophrenia. Pharm Rep. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000110

203.

Mulert C, Juckel G, Giegling I et al (2006) A Ser9Gly polymorphism in the dopamine D3 receptor gene (DRD3) and event-related P300 potentials. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:1335–1344. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300984CrossRefPubMed

204.

Thut G, Bergmann TO, Fröhlich F et al (2017) Guiding transcranial brain stimulation by EEG/MEG to interact with ongoing brain activity and associated functions: a position paper. Clin Neurophysiol 128:843–857CrossRef

205.

Antal A, Alekseichuk I, Bikson M et al (2017) Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol 128:1774–1809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.001CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

206.

Helfrich RF, Schneider TR, Rach S et al (2014) Entrainment of brain oscillations by transcranial alternating current stimulation. Curr Biol 24:333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.041CrossRefPubMed

207.

Miniussi C, Harris JA, Ruzzoli M (2013) Modelling non-invasive brain stimulation in cognitive neuroscience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37:1702–1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.014CrossRefPubMed

208.

Matsumoto H, Ugawa Y (2017) Adverse events of tDCS and tACS: a review. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2:19–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnp.2016.12.003CrossRefPubMed

209.

Raco V, Bauer R, Olenik M et al (2014) Neurosensory effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation. Brain Stimul 7:823–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.08.005CrossRefPubMed

210.

Turi Z, Ambrus GG, Janacsek K et al (2013) Both the cutaneous sensation and phosphene perception are modulated in a frequency-specific manner during transcranial alternating current stimulation. Restor Neurol Neurosci 31:275–285. https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-120297CrossRefPubMed

211.

Laczó B, Antal A, Niebergall R et al (2012) Transcranial alternating stimulation in a high gamma frequency range applied over V1 improves contrast perception but does not modulate spatial attention. Brain Stimul 5:484–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2011.08.008CrossRefPubMed

212.

Nekhendzy V, Lemmens HJ, Tingle M et al (2010) The analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects of transcranial electrostimulation with combined direct and alternating current in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg 111:1301–1307. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181e3697eCrossRefPubMed

213.

Fertonani A, Ferrari C, Miniussi C (2015) What do you feel if I apply transcranial electric stimulation? Safety, sensations and secondary induced effects. Clin Neurophysiol 126:2181–2188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.03.015CrossRefPubMed

214.

Sela T, Kilim A, Lavidor M (2012) Transcranial alternating current stimulation increases risk-taking behavior in the Balloon Analog Risk Task. Front Neurosci 6:22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2012.00022CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

215.

Bland NS, Mattingley JB, Sale MV (2018) No evidence for phase-specific effects of 40 Hz HD-tACS on multiple object tracking. Front Psychol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00304CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

216.

Noury N, Hipp JF, Siegel M (2016) Physiological processes non-linearly affect electrophysiological recordings during transcranial electric stimulation. Neuroimage 140:99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.065CrossRefPubMed

217.

Noury N, Siegel M (2017) Phase properties of transcranial electrical stimulation artifacts in electrophysiological recordings. Neuroimage 158:406–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.010CrossRefPubMed

218.

Asamoah B, Khatoun A, Mc Laughlin M (2019) tACS motor system effects can be caused by transcutaneous stimulation of peripheral nerves. Nat Commun 10:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08183-wCrossRef

219.

Lafon B, Henin S, Huang Y et al (2017) Low frequency transcranial electrical stimulation does not entrain sleep rhythms measured by human intracranial recordings. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01045-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

220.

Schutter DJLG, Hortensius R (2010) Retinal origin of phosphenes to transcranial alternating current stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 121:1080–1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.10.038CrossRefPubMed

221.

Schutter DJLG (2016) Cutaneous retinal activation and neural entrainment in transcranial alternating current stimulation: a systematic review. Neuroimage 140:83–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.067CrossRefPubMed

222.

Karabanov AN, Saturnino GB, Thielscher A, Siebner HR (2019) Can transcranial electrical stimulation localize brain function? Front Psychol 10:213CrossRef

223.

Feusner JD, Madsen S, Moody TD et al (2012) Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on resting state brain activity. Brain Behav 2:211–220. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.45CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

224.

Guleyupoglu B, Schestatsky P, Edwards D et al (2013) Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations. J Neurosci Methods 219:297–311CrossRef

225.

Vieira PG, Krause MR, Pack CC (2020) tACS entrains neural activity while somatosensory input is blocked. bioRxiv 2020:691022. https://doi.org/10.1101/691022CrossRef

226.

Fiene M, Schwab BC, Misselhorn J et al (2020) Phase-specific manipulation of rhythmic brain activity by transcranial alternating current stimulation. Brain Stimul 13:1254–1262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2020.06.008CrossRefPubMed

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS): from basic mechanisms towards first applications in psychiatry

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2021

Combined antisaccade task and transcranial direct current stimulation to increase response inhibition in binge eating disorder

Reply to the likeliness of 0.5 and 1.0 ms stimuli in bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Transcranial direct current stimulation and emotion processing deficits in psychosis and depression

The likeliness of 0.5 and 1.0 ms stimuli in BL ECT

Changes in functional connectivity after theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-traumatic stress disorder: a machine-learning study

Concomitant lorazepam use and antidepressive efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a naturalistic setting