Top

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

Published in:

01-06-2021 | Schizophrenia | Original Paper

Meta-analysis of cognitive functioning in patients with psychotic disorders and obsessive–compulsive symptoms

Authors: Lotte Dijkstra, Jentien Vermeulen, Lieuwe de Haan, Frederike Schirmbeck

Published in: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience | Issue 4/2021

Abstract

Obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCS) in psychotic disorders are associated with unfavorable outcomes, whether this extends to cognitive function remains unclear. We conducted meta-analyses on several cognitive domains to investigate overall group differences between patients with a psychotic disorder and co-occurring OCS (OCS +) and those without OCS (OCS−). We used meta-regression to assess possible confounding effects. No overall associations between OCS + and OCS− in any of the 17 investigated cognitive domains were found. We predominantly found large heterogeneity in effect size and direction among studies. Post-hoc analyses of processing speed tasks not purely based on reaction-time showed worse performance in the OCS + group with a small effect size (SMD = − 0.190; p = 0.029). Meta-regression revealed advanced age was significantly correlated with worse performance of the OCS + group in processing speed (R² = 0.7), working memory (R² = 0.11), cognitive inhibition (R² = 0.59), and cognitive flexibility (R² = 0.34). Patients fulfilling the criteria for an obsessive–compulsive disorder showed less impairment in cognitive inhibition compared to the OCS + group (R² = 0.63). Overall, comorbid OCS were not associated with cognitive impairment. However, large heterogeneity between studies highlights the complex nature of factors influencing cognition in people with psychotic disorder and comorbid OCS and warrants further research into possible moderating factors.

Available only for authorised users

Moreno-Küstner B, Martín C, Pastor L (2018) Prevalence of psychotic disorders and its association with methodological issues. A systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS ONE 13(4):e0195687–e0195687. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195687CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

McGrath J, Saha S, Chant D, Welham J (2008) Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiol Rev 30:67–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxn001CrossRefPubMed

Achim AM, Maziade M, Raymond E, Olivier D, Merette C, Roy MA (2011) How prevalent are anxiety disorders in schizophrenia? A meta-analysis and critical review on a significant association. Schizophr Bull 37(4):811–821. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp148CrossRefPubMed

Buckley PF, Miller BJ, Lehrer DS, Castle DJ (2008) Psychiatric comorbidities and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 35(2):383–402. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn135%JSchizophreniaBulletinCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Angst J, Gamma A, Endrass J, Goodwin R, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rossler W (2004) Obsessive-compulsive severity spectrum in the community: prevalence, comorbidity, and course. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 254(3):156–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-004-0459-4CrossRefPubMed

Nechmad A, Ratzoni G, Poyurovsky M, Meged S, Avidan G, Fuchs C, Bloch Y, Weizman R (2003) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in adolescent schizophrenia patients. Am J Psychiatry 160(5):1002–1004. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.1002CrossRefPubMed

Poyurovsky M, Bergman J, Weizman R (2006) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in elderly schizophrenia patients. J Psychiatr Res 40(3):189–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.03.009CrossRefPubMed

Swets M, Dekker J, van Emmerik-van OK, Smid GE, Smit F, de Haan L, Schoevers RA (2014) The obsessive compulsive spectrum in schizophrenia, a meta-analysis and meta-regression exploring prevalence rates. Schizophr Res 152(2–3):458–468CrossRefPubMed

Schirmbeck F, Swets M, de Haan L (2015) Epidemiology: prevalence and clinical characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with psychotic disorders. In: De Haan L, Schirmbeck F, Zink M (eds) Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia. Springer, Cham, pp 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12952-5_4CrossRef

10.

Poyurovsky M, Zohar J, Glick I, Koran LM, Weizman R, Tandon R, Weizman A (2012) Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: implications for future psychiatric classifications. Compr Psychiatry 53(5):480–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.08.009CrossRefPubMed

11.

de Haan L, Sterk B, Wouters L, Linszen DH (2013) The 5-year course of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and obsessive-compulsive disorder in first-episode schizophrenia and related disorders. Schizophr Bull 39(1):151–160. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr077CrossRefPubMed

12.

Cunill R, Castells X, Simeon D (2009) Relationships between obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and severity of psychosis in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 70(1):70–82CrossRefPubMed

13.

de Paula AL, Hallak JE, Maia-de-Oliveira JP, Bressan RA, Machado-de-Sousa JP (2015) Cognition in at-risk mental states for psychosis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 57:199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.006CrossRefPubMed

14.

Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK (1998) Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology 12(3):426–445CrossRefPubMed

15.

Bowie CR, Harvey PD (2006) Cognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2(4):531–536CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Lysaker PH, Bryson GJ, Marks KA, Greig TC, Bell MD (2002) Association of obsessions and compulsions in schizophrenia with neurocognition and negative symptoms. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 14(4):449–453. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.14.4.449CrossRefPubMed

17.

Tibbo P, Warneke L (1999) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in schizophrenia: epidemiologic and biologic overlap. J Psychiatry Neurosci 24(1):15–24PubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Bottas A, Cooke RG, Richter MA (2005) Comorbidity and pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in schizophrenia: is there evidence for a schizo-obsessive subtype of schizophrenia? J Psychiatry Neurosci 30(3):187–193PubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Snyder HR, Kaiser RH, Warren SL, Heller W (2015) Obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with broad impairments in executive function: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Sci J Assoc Psychol Sci 3(2):301–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614534210CrossRef

20.

Gruner P, Pittenger C (2017) Cognitive inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuroscience 345:243–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.030CrossRefPubMed

21.

Hwang MY, Morgan JE, Losconzcy MF (2000) Clinical and neuropsychological profiles of obsessive-compulsive schizophrenia: a pilot study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 12(1):91–94. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.12.1.91CrossRefPubMed

22.

Lysaker PH, Lancaster RS, Nees MA, Davis LW (2004) Patterns of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and social function in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 125(2):139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2003.12.007CrossRefPubMed

23.

Sahoo S, Grover S, Nehra R (2018) Comparison of neurocognitive domains in patients with schizophrenia with and without co-morbid obsessive compulsive disorder. Schizophr Res 201:151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.029CrossRefPubMed

24.

Whitton AE, Henry JD (2013) The relationship between sub-clinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms and social cognition in chronic schizophrenia. Br J Clin Psychol 52(2):115–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12004CrossRefPubMed

25.

Tumkaya S, Karadag F, Oguzhanoglu NK, Tekkanat C, Varma G, Ozdel O, Atesci F (2009) Schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder with poor insight: a neuropsychological comparison. Psychiatry Res 165(1–2):38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.07.031CrossRefPubMed

26.

Lee MJ, Shin YB, Sunwoo YK, Jung SH, Kim WH, Kang MH, Lee JS, Bae JN, Kim CE (2009) Comparative analysis of cognitive function in schizophrenia with and without obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Investig 6(4):286–293. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2009.6.4.286CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Cunill R, Huerta-Ramos E, Castells X (2013) The effect of obsessive–compulsive symptomatology on executive functions in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 210(1):21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.029CrossRefPubMed

28.

Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A (2016) Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev 5:210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Strauss PPE, Strauss E, Sherman NAAPDPCNEMS, Sherman EMS, Spreen O (2006) A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms, and commentary. Oxford University Press, Oxford

30.

Lezak PNPNMD, Lezak MD, Howieson APNPDB, Howieson DB, Loring PNDW, Hannay HJ, Loring DW, Fischer JS (2004) Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press, Oxford

31.

Nuechterlein KH, Green MF, Kern RS, Baade LE, Barch DM, Cohen JD, Essock S, Fenton WS, Frese FJ 3rd, Gold JM, Goldberg T, Heaton RK, Keefe RS, Kraemer H, Mesholam-Gately R, Seidman LJ, Stover E, Weinberger DR, Young AS, Zalcman S, Marder SR (2008) The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validity. Am J Psychiatry 165(2):203–213. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010042CrossRefPubMed

32.

Whitney KA, Fastenau PS, Evans JD, Lysaker PH (2004) Comparative neuropsychological function in obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia with and without obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Schizophr Res 69(1):75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2003.08.013CrossRefPubMed

33.

Schirmbeck F, Rausch F, Englisch S, Eifler S, Esslinger C, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Zink M (2013) Stable cognitive deficits in schizophrenia patients with comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a 12-month longitudinal study. Schizophr Bull 39(6):1261–1271. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs123CrossRefPubMed

34.

Schirmbeck F, Swets M, Meijer CJ, Zink M, de Haan L (2016) Longitudinal association between cognitive performance and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with psychosis and unaffected siblings. Acta Psychiatr Scand 133(5):399–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12558CrossRefPubMed

35.

Lysaker PH, Marks KA, Picone JB, Rollins AL, Fastenau PS, Bond GR (2000) Obsessive and compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: clinical and neurocognitive correlates. J Nerv Ment Dis 188(2):78–83CrossRefPubMed

36.

Mier D, Schirmbeck F, Stoessel G, Esslinger C, Rausch F, Englisch S, Eisenacher S, de Haan L, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Kirsch P, Zink M (2018) Reduced activity and connectivity of left amygdala in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine or olanzapine. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 11:11

37.

Kim S-W, Jeong B-O, Kim J-M, Shin I-S, Hwang MY, Paul Amminger G, Nelson B, Berk M, McGorry P, Yoon J-S (2015) Associations of obsessive-compulsive symptoms with clinical and neurocognitive features in schizophrenia according to stage of illness. Psychiatry Res 226(1):368–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.01.021CrossRefPubMed

38.

Ongur D, Goff DC (2005) Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: associated clinical features, cognitive function and medication status. Schizophr Res 75(2–3):349–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2004.08.012CrossRefPubMed

39.

Michalopoulou PG, Konstantakopoulos G, Typaldou M, Papageorgiou C, Christodoulou GN, Lykouras L, Oulis P (2014) Can cognitive deficits differentiate between schizophrenia with and without obsessive–compulsive symptoms? Compr Psychiatry 55(4):1015–1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.12.004CrossRefPubMed

40.

Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR (2011) Introduction to meta-analysis. Wiley, Hoboken

41.

Borenstein M, Hedges L, Higgins J, Rothstein H (2005) Comprehensive meta-analysis version 3. Biostat, Croatia

42.

Rosenthal R (1991) Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Sage, Newbury Park. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412984997CrossRef

43.

Field AP, Gillett R (2010) How to do a meta-analysis. Br J Math Statist Psychol 63(3):665–694. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711010x502733CrossRef

44.

Rothstein HR, Sutton AJ, Borenstein M (2006) Publication bias in meta-analysis: prevention assessment and adjustments. Wiley, Hoboken

45.

Abdul Hamid AR, Abdul Razak O (2010) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in schizophrenia: clinical and neurocognitive correlates. Malays J Psychiatry 19(2):1

46.

Focseneanu BE, Dobrescu I, Marian G, Rusanu V (2016) The impact of the obsessive-compulsive disorder on the cognitive function in the early stage of schizophrenia. IOSR-JDMS 15(4):112–126. https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-150401112126CrossRef

47.

Mahesh K, Pradeep S, Nikhil G (2015) Comparative study of cognitive function in schizophrenia with and without obsessive-compulsive disorder. SJAMS 3(1G):478–481

48.

Bozikas VP, Ntouros E, Andreou C, Nazlidou EI, Floros G, Tsoura E, Garyfallos G (2015) The role of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the perception of insincere speech in first-episode psychosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 37(8):842–852. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2015.1064863CrossRefPubMed

49.

Pallanti S, Castellini G, Chamberlain SR, Quercioli L, Zaccara G, Fineberg NA (2009) Cognitive event-related potentials differentiate schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive disorder (schizo-OCD) from OCD and schizophrenia without OC symptoms. Psychiatry Res 170(1):52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.11.002CrossRefPubMed

50.

Lysaker PH, Whitney KA, Davis LW (2009) Associations of executive function with concurrent and prospective reports of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 21(1):38–42. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21.1.38CrossRefPubMed

51.

Schulte P, Veerman S, Smith J, De Haan L (2015) Memantine augmentation in clozapine refractory schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Psychol Med 46(9):1909–1921

52.

Veerman SR, Schulte PF, Smith JD, de Haan L (2016) Memantine augmentation in clozapine-refractory schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Psychol Med 46(9):1909–1921. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716000398CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Meijer JH, Swets M, Keeman S, Nieman DH, Meijer CJ (2013) Is a schizo-obsessive subtype associated with cognitive impairment? Results from a large cross-sectional study in patients with psychosis and their unaffected relatives. J Nerv Ment Dis 201(1):30–35. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31827ab2b2CrossRefPubMed

54.

Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 327(7414):557–560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557CrossRef

55.

Berman I, Merson A, Viegner B, Losonczy MF, Pappas D, Green AI (1998) Obsessions and compulsions as a distinct cluster of symptoms in schizophrenia: a neuropsychological study. J Nerv Ment Dis 186(3):150–156CrossRefPubMed

56.

Bleich-Cohen M, Hendler T, Weizman R, Faragian S, Weizman A, Poyurovsky M (2014) Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia patients with obsessive-compulsive symptoms: an fMRI study. Eur Psychiatry J Assoc Eur Psychiatr 29(3):160–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.02.004CrossRef

57.

Borkowska A, Pilaczynska E, Rybakowski JK (2003) The frontal lobe neuropsychological tests in patients with schizophrenia and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 15(3):359–362. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.15.3.359CrossRefPubMed

58.

Frias A, Palma C, Farriols N, Becerra C, Alvarez A, Canete J (2014) Neuropsychological profile and treatment-related features among patients with comorbidity between schizophrenia spectrum disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: is there evidence for a "schizo-obsessive" subtype? Psychiatry Res 220(3):846–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.10.003CrossRefPubMed

59.

Hermesh H, Weizman A, Gur S, Zalsman G, Shiloh R, Zohar J, Gross-Isseroff R (2003) Alternation learning in OCD/schizophrenia patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 13(2):87–91CrossRef

60.

Kazhungil F, Kumar KJ, Viswanath B, Shankar RG, Kandavel T, Math SB, Venkatasubramanian G, Reddy YCJ (2017) Neuropsychological profile of schizophrenia with and without obsessive compulsive disorder. Asian J Psychiatry 29:30–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2017.04.004CrossRef

61.

Kontis D, Theochari E, Nikolakopoulou M, Andreopoulou A, Vassos D, Grigoriou V, Vassilouli S, Giannakopoulou D, Kouloumbi M, Tsaltas E (2016) Obsessive compulsive symptoms are associated with better functioning independently of cognition in schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 70:32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.06.009CrossRefPubMed

62.

Kumbhani SR, Roth RM, Kruck CL, Flashman LA, McAllister TW (2010) Nonclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms and executive functions in schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 22(3):304–312. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.22.3.304CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

63.

Ntouros E, Bozikas VP, Andreou C, Kourbetis D, Lavrentiadis G, Garyfallos G (2014) Emotional perception and theory of mind in first episode psychosis: the role of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. Psychiatry Res 220(1–2):112–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.058CrossRefPubMed

64.

Patel DD, Laws KR, Padhi A, Farrow JM, Mukhopadhaya K, Krishnaiah R, Fineberg NA (2010) The neuropsychology of the schizo-obsessive subtype of schizophrenia: a new analysis. Psychol Med 40(6):921–933. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709991255CrossRefPubMed

65.

Tiryaki A, Ozkorumak E (2010) Do the obsessive-compulsive symptoms have an effect in schizophrenia? Compr Psychiatry 51(4):357–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.10.007CrossRefPubMed

66.

Tonna M, Ottoni R, Pellegrini C, Bettini E, Accardi V, Ossola P, De Panfilis C, Marchesi C (2019) The “obsessive paradox”: the complex relationship between cognitive and obsessive dimensions in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000000932CrossRefPubMed

67.

Wang YM, Zou LQ, Xie WL, Yang ZY, Zhu XZ, Cheung EFC, Sorensen TA, Moller A, Chan RCK (2019) Altered functional connectivity of the default mode network in patients with schizo-obsessive comorbidity: a comparison between schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Schizophr Bull 45(1):199–210CrossRefPubMed

68.

de Haan L, Hoogenboom B, Beuk N, van Amelsvoort T, Linszen D (2005) Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and positive, negative, and depressive symptoms in patients with recent-onset schizophrenic disorders. Can J Psychiatry 50(9):519–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370505000904CrossRefPubMed

69.

Zink M, Schirmbeck F, Rausch F, Eifler S, Elkin H, Solojenkina X, Englisch S, Wagner M, Maier W, Lautenschlager M, Heinz A, Gudlowski Y, Janssen B, Gaebel W, Michel TM, Schneider F, Lambert M, Naber D, Juckel G, Krueger-Oezguerdal S, Wobrock T, Hasan A, Riedel M, Müller H, Klosterkötter J, Bechdolf A (2014) Obsessive–compulsive symptoms in at-risk mental states for psychosis: associations with clinical impairment and cognitive function. Acta Psychiatr Scand 130(3):214–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12258CrossRefPubMed

70.

Hur JW, Shin NY, Jang JH, Shim G, Park HY, Hwang JY, Kim SN, Yoo JH, Hong KS, Kwon JS (2012) Clinical and neurocognitive profiles of subjects at high risk for psychosis with and without obsessive–compulsive symptoms. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 46(2):1440–1614CrossRef

71.

Tor P-C, Ng TP, Yong K-H, Sim K, Xiang Y-T, Wang C-Y, Lee EHM, Fujii S, Yang S-y, Chong M-Y (2011) Adjunctive benzodiazepine treatment of hospitalized schizophrenia patients in Asia from 2001 to 2008. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 14(6):735–745CrossRefPubMed

72.

Fond G, Boyer L, Favez M, Brunel L, Aouizerate B, Berna F, Capdevielle D, Chereau I, Dorey JM, Dubertret C, Dubreucq FC, Gabayet F, Laouamri H, Lancon C, Le Strat Y, Misdrahi D, Rey R, Passerieux C, Schandrin A, Schurhoff F, Tronche AM, Urbach M, Vidalhet P, Llorca PM, Pelissolo A, AtF-SgJ P (2016) Medication and aggressiveness in real-world schizophrenia. Results FACE-SZ Dataset 233(4):571–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4167-8CrossRef

73.

Weinbrenner S, Assion HJ, Stargardt T, Busse R, Juckel G, Gericke CA (2009) Drug prescription patterns in schizophrenia outpatients: analysis of data from a german health insurance fund. Pharmacopsychiatry 42(02):66–71. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1103293CrossRefPubMed

74.

Haw C, Stubbs J (2007) Benzodiazepines–a necessary evil? A survey of prescribing at a specialist UK psychiatric hospital. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford, England) 21(6):645–649. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881106072386CrossRef

75.

Clark RE, Xie H, Brunette MF (2004) Benzodiazepine prescription practices and substance abuse in persons with severe mental illness. J Clin Psychiatry 65(2):151–155CrossRefPubMed

76.

Suokas JT, Suvisaari JM, Haukka J, Korhonen P, Tiihonen JJSP, Epidemiology P (2013) Description of long-term polypharmacy among schizophrenia outpatients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 48(4):631–638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0586-6CrossRefPubMed

77.

Aronson JK (2015) Meyler’s side effects of drugs: the international encyclopedia of adverse drug reactions and interactions. Elsevier, Amsterdam

78.

Waller DG, Sampson T (2013) Medical pharmacology and therapeutics e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences, Amsterdam

79.

Ogino S, Miyamoto S, Miyake N, Yamaguchi N (2014) Benefits and limits of anticholinergic use in schizophrenia: focusing on its effect on cognitive function. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 68(1):37–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12088CrossRefPubMed

80.

Ruxton K, Woodman RJ, Mangoni AA (2015) Drugs with anticholinergic effects and cognitive impairment, falls and all-cause mortality in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 80(2):209–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12617CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

Minzenberg MJ, Poole JH, Benton C, Vinogradov S (2004) Association of anticholinergic load with impairment of complex attention and memory in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 161(1):116–124. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.116CrossRefPubMed

82.

Schirmbeck F, Zink M (2013) Comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: contributions of pharmacological and genetic factors. Front Pharmacol 4:99. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00099CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

83.

Abramovitch A, Abramowitz JS, Mittelman A (2013) The neuropsychology of adult obsessive–compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 33(8):1163–1171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.09.004CrossRefPubMed

84.

Abramovitch A, Cooperman A (2015) The cognitive neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a critical review. J Obs Compuls Relat Disord 5:24–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2015.01.002CrossRef

85.

Burdick KE, Robinson DG, Malhotra AK, Szeszko PR (2008) Neurocognitive profile analysis in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 14(4):640–645. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617708080727CrossRefPubMed

86.

Polanin JR, Pigott TD (2015) The use of meta-analytic statistical significance testing. Res Synth Methods 6(1):63–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1124CrossRefPubMed

87.

Karpov B, Joffe G, Aaltonen K, Suvisaari J, Baryshnikov I, Koivisto M, Melartin T, Suominen K, Naatanen P, Heikkinen M, Oksanen J, Isometsa E (2017) Psychoactive substance use in specialized psychiatric care patients. Int J Psychiatry Med 52(4–6):399–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091217417738937CrossRefPubMed

88.

Addy PH, Radhakrishnan R, Cortes JA, D’Souza DC (2012) Comorbid alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine use disorders in schizophrenia: epidemiology, consequences, mechanisms, and treatment. Focus 10(2):140–153CrossRef

89.

Boyette L, Swets M, Meijer C, Wouters L (2011) Factor structure of the Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) in a large sample of patients with schizophrenia or related disorders and comorbid obsessive–compulsive symptoms. Psychiatry Res 186(2):409–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.048CrossRefPubMed

90.

Green MF, Nuechterlein KH, Kern RS, Baade LE, Fenton WS, Gold JM, Keefe RS, Mesholam-Gately R, Seidman LJ, Stover E, Marder SR (2008) Functional co-primary measures for clinical trials in schizophrenia: results from the MATRICS Psychometric and Standardization Study. Am J Psychiatry 165(2):221–228. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010089CrossRefPubMed

91.

Kern RS, Nuechterlein KH, Green MF, Baade LE, Fenton WS, Gold JM, Keefe RS, Mesholam-Gately R, Mintz J, Seidman LJ, Stover E, Marder SR (2008) The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, part 2: co-norming and standardization. Am J Psychiatry 165(2):214–220. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010043CrossRefPubMed

Title: Meta-analysis of cognitive functioning in patients with psychotic disorders and obsessive–compulsive symptoms
Authors: Lotte Dijkstra
Jentien Vermeulen
Lieuwe de Haan
Frederike Schirmbeck
Publication date: 01-06-2021
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keywords: Schizophrenia
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Published in: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience / Issue 4/2021
Print ISSN: 0940-1334
Electronic ISSN: 1433-8491
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01174-3

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Meta-analysis of cognitive functioning in patients with psychotic disorders and obsessive–compulsive symptoms

Abstract

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2021

Altered risky decision making in patients with early non-affective psychosis

Serum zonulin and claudin-5 levels in patients with schizophrenia

Increased regional homogeneity modulated by metacognitive training predicts therapeutic efficacy in patients with schizophrenia

The network structure of schizotypy in the general population

Was King Ludwig II of Bavaria misdiagnosed by Gudden and his colleagues?

Increased peripheral inflammation in schizophrenia is associated with worse cognitive performance and related cortical thickness reductions