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European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
Published in: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1/2019

01-02-2019 | Intoxication | Original Paper

A randomised controlled trial of vaporised Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alone and in combination in frequent and infrequent cannabis users: acute intoxication effects

Authors: Nadia Solowij, Samantha Broyd, Lisa-marie Greenwood, Hendrika van Hell, Dave Martelozzo, Kuna Rueb, Juanita Todd, Zheng Liu, Peter Galettis, Jennifer Martin, Robin Murray, Alison Jones, Patricia T. Michie, Rodney Croft

Published in: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience | Issue 1/2019

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Abstract

Access to cannabis and cannabinoid products is increasing worldwide for recreational and medicinal use. Two primary compounds within cannabis plant matter, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), are both psychoactive, but only THC is considered intoxicating. There is significant interest in potential therapeutic properties of these cannabinoids and of CBD in particular. Some research has suggested that CBD may ameliorate adverse effects of THC, but this may be dose dependent as other evidence suggests possible potentiating effects of THC by low doses of CBD. We conducted a randomised placebo controlled trial to examine the acute effects of these compounds alone and in combination when administered by vaporisation to frequent and infrequent cannabis users. Participants (n = 36; 31 male) completed 5 drug conditions spaced one week apart, with the following planned contrasts: placebo vs CBD alone (400 mg); THC alone (8 mg) vs THC combined with low (4 mg) or high (400 mg) doses of CBD. Objective (blind observer ratings) and subjective (self-rated) measures of intoxication were the primary outcomes, with additional indices of intoxication examined. CBD showed some intoxicating properties relative to placebo. Low doses of CBD when combined with THC enhanced, while high doses of CBD reduced the intoxicating effects of THC. The enhancement of intoxication by low-dose CBD was particularly prominent in infrequent cannabis users and was consistent across objective and subjective measures. Most effects were significant at p < .0001. These findings are important to consider in terms of recommended proportions of THC and CBD in cannabis plant matter whether used medicinally or recreationally and have implications for novice or less experienced cannabis users.
Trial registration: ISRCTN Registry Identifier: ISRCTN24109245.
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Metadata
Title
A randomised controlled trial of vaporised Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alone and in combination in frequent and infrequent cannabis users: acute intoxication effects
Authors
Nadia Solowij
Samantha Broyd
Lisa-marie Greenwood
Hendrika van Hell
Dave Martelozzo
Kuna Rueb
Juanita Todd
Zheng Liu
Peter Galettis
Jennifer Martin
Robin Murray
Alison Jones
Patricia T. Michie
Rodney Croft
Publication date
01-02-2019
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience / Issue 1/2019
Print ISSN: 0940-1334
Electronic ISSN: 1433-8491
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-00978-2

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