Top

Published in:

01-04-2019 | Original Contribution

Burden and trend of diet-related non-communicable diseases in Australia and comparison with 34 OECD countries, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Authors: Yohannes Adama Melaku, Andre Renzaho, Tiffany K. Gill, Anne W. Taylor, Eleonora Dal Grande, Barbora de Courten, Estifanos Baye, David Gonzalez-Chica, Elina Hyppӧnen, Zumin Shi, Malcolm Riley, Robert Adams, Yohannes Kinfu

Published in: European Journal of Nutrition | Issue 3/2019

Abstract

Background

Diet is a major determining factor for many non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). However, evidence on diet-related NCD burden remains limited. We assessed the trends in diet-related NCDs in Australia from 1990 to 2015 and compared the results with other countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Methods

We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study to estimate the NCD mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to 14 dietary risk factors in Australia and 34 OECD nations. Countries were further ranked from the lowest (first) to highest (35th) burden using an age-standardized population attributable fraction (PAF).

Results

In 2015, the estimated number of deaths attributable to dietary risks was 29,414 deaths [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 24,697 − 34,058 or 19.7% of NCD deaths] and 443,385 DALYs (95% UI 377,680–511,388 or 9.5% of NCD DALYs) in Australia. Young (25–49 years) and middle-age (50–69 years) male adults had a higher PAF of diet-related NCD deaths and DALYs than their female counterparts. Diets low in fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds and whole grains, but high in sodium, were the major contributors to both NCD deaths and DALYs. Overall, 42.3% of cardiovascular deaths were attributable to dietary risk factors. The age-standardized PAF of diet-related NCD mortality and DALYs decreased over the study period by 28.2% (from 27.0% in 1990 to 19.4% in 2015) and 41.0% (from 14.3% in 1990 to 8.4% in 2015), respectively. In 2015, Australia ranked 12th of 35 examined countries in diet-related mortality. A small improvement of rank was recorded compared to the previous 25 years.

Conclusions

Despite a reduction in diet-related NCD burden over 25 years, dietary risks are still the major contributors to a high burden of NCDs in Australia. Interventions targeting NCDs should focus on dietary behaviours of individuals and population groups.

Available only for authorised users

Leenders M, Sluijs I, Ros MM, Boshuizen HC, Siersema PD et al (2013) Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Am J Epidemiol 178(4):590–602. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt006 CrossRef

Rohrmann S, Overvad K, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Jakobsen MU, Egeberg R et al (2013) Meat consumption and mortality-results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. BMC Med 11:63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-63 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kurotani K, Akter S, Kashino I, Goto A, Mizoue T et al (2016) Quality of diet and mortality among Japanese men and women: Japan Public Health Center based prospective study. Br Med J. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i1209 CrossRef

Imamura F, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Fahimi S, Shi P et al (2015) Dietary quality among men and women in 187 countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic assessment. Lancet Glob Health 3:e132–e142CrossRefPubMedCentral

World Health Organization (2016) United Nations decades of action on nutrition. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/nutrition/decade-of-action/en/. Accessed 4 Jan 2017

Han E, Powell LM (2013) Consumption patterns of sugar-sweetened beverages in the United States. J Acad Nutr Diet 113:43–53CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2016) Australian Burden of Disease Study: impact and causes of illness and death in Australia 2011. Australian Burden of Disease Study series no. 3. BOD 4. AIHW, Canberra

Forouzanfar MH, Afshin A, Alexander LT, Anderson HR, Bhutta ZA et al (2016) Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388:1659–1724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31679-8 CrossRef

Melaku YA, Temesgen AM, Deribew A, Tessema GA, Deribe K et al (2016) The impact of dietary risk factors on the burden of non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 13:122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0447-x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research (2011) Continuous update project report. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of colorectal cancer. WCRF International, London

11.

Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB (2011) Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med 364:2392–2404. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1014296 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Powles J, Fahimi S, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Shi P et al (2013) Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24 h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide. BMJ Open. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003733 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA et al (2016) Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388:1459–1544. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 CrossRef

14.

Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA et al (2016) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388:1545–1602. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 CrossRef

15.

Kassebaum NJ, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown J et al (2016) Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388:1603–1658. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31460-X CrossRef

16.

Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X et al (2015) Global, regional, and national age–sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 385:117–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 CrossRef

17.

[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (2016) GBD Compare. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2016. http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. Accessed 1 Mar 2016

18.

World Health Organization (2009) Global health risk: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. World Health Organization, Geneva

19.

Cullen KW, Thompson D, Boushey C, Konzelmann K, Chen TA (2013) Evaluation of a web-based program promoting healthy eating and physical activity for adolescents: teen choice: food and fitness. Health Educ Res 28:704–714CrossRefPubMed

20.

Smith-Spangler CM, Juusola JL, Enns EA, Owens DK, Garber AM (2010) Population strategies to decrease sodium intake and the burden of cardiovascular disease—a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med 152:481–487. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-8-201004200-00212 CrossRefPubMed

21.

Scarborough P, Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe KK, Allender S et al (2011) The economic burden of ill health due to diet, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol and obesity in the UK: an update to 2006–07 NHS costs. J Public Health 33:527–535. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdr033 CrossRef

22.

Forouzanfar MH, Alexander L, Anderson HR, Bachman VF, Biryukov S et al (2015) Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 386:2287–2323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2 CrossRef

23.

Zheng M, Wu JHY, Louie JCY, Flood VM, Gill T et al (2016) Typical food portion sizes consumed by Australian adults: results from the 2011–12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Sci Rep 6:19596. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19596 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Land M-A, Webster J, Christoforou A, Praveen D, Jeffery P et al (2014) Salt intake assessed by 24 h urinary sodium excretion in a random and opportunistic sample in Australia. BMJ Open 4:e003720CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Sui Z, Raubenheimer D, Cunningham J, Rangan A (2016) Changes in meat/poultry/fish consumption in Australia: From 1995 to 2011–2012. Nutrients 8:753CrossRefPubMedCentral

26.

Mozaffarian D, Fahimi S, Singh GM, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S et al (2014) Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 371:624–634CrossRefPubMed

27.

Micha R, Wallace SK, Mozaffarian D (2010) Red and processed meat consumption and risk of incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 121:2271–2283CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Bouvard V, Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Grosse Y, Ghissassi FE et al (2015) Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncol 16:1599–1600. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00444-1 CrossRefPubMed

29.

Mhurchu CN, Capelin C, Dunford EK, Webster JL, Neal BC, Jebb SA (2011) Sodium content of processed foods in the United Kingdom: analysis of 44,000 foods purchased by 21,000 households. Am J Clin Nutr 93:594–600CrossRef

30.

Ruel G, Shi Z, Zhen S, Zuo H, Kröger E et al (2014) Association between nutrition and the evolution of multimorbidity: the importance of fruits and vegetables and whole grain products. Clin Nutr 33:513–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2013.07.009 CrossRefPubMed

31.

Australian Dietary Guidelines (2013) Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council. http://www.eatforhealth.gov.au. Accessed 23 Oct 2016

32.

World Health Organization (WHO) (2003) Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of chronic diseases. WHO technical report series no. 916. WHO, Geneva

33.

Taylor AW, Dal Grande E, Wu J, Shi Z, Campostrini S (2014) Ten-year trends in major lifestyle risk factors using an ongoing population surveillance system in Australia. Popul Health Metr 12:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-014-0031-z CrossRef

34.

Pollard CM, Miller MR, Daly AM, Crouchley KE, O’Donoghue KJ et al (2008) Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption: success of the Western Australian Go for 2&5^® campaign. Public Health Nutr 11:314CrossRefPubMed

35.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012) Australian Health Survey: Updated Results, 2011–12. Daily intake of fruit and vegetables. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/C549D4433F6B74D7CA257B8200179569?opendocument. Accessed 13 May 2016

36.

Tobias M, Turley M, Stefanogiannis N, Hoorn SV, Lawes C et al (2006) Vegetable and fruit intake and mortality from chronic disease in New Zealand. Aust N Z J Public Health 30:26–31CrossRefPubMed

37.

Pomerleau J, Lock K, Knai C, McKee M (2005) Interventions designed to increase adult fruit and vegetable intake can be effective: a systematic review of the literature. J Nutr 135:2486–2495CrossRefPubMed

38.

Lee AJ, Kane S, Ramsey R, Good E, Dick M (2016) Testing the price and affordability of healthy and current (unhealthy) diets and the potential impacts of policy change in Australia. BMC Public Health 16:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2996-y CrossRef

39.

Afshin A, Penalvo J, Del Gobbo L, Kashaf M, Micha R et al (2015) CVD prevention through policy: a review of mass media, food/menu labeling, taxation/subsidies, built environment, school procurement, worksite wellness, and marketing standards to improve diet. Curr Cardiol Rep 17:98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-015-0658-9 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Murray CJL, Richards MA, Newton JN, Fenton KA, Anderson HR et al (2013) UK health performance: findings of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 381:997–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60355-4 CrossRefPubMed

41.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012): The role of beverages in the Australian diet: a secondary analysis of the Australian Health Survey. National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, 2011–12. ABS, Australia

42.

Shi Z, Ruel G, Grande ED, Pilkington R, Taylor AW (2015) Soft drink consumption and multimorbidity among adults. Clin Nutr ESPEN 10:e71–e76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.01.001 CrossRefPubMed

43.

Greenwood D, Threapleton D, Evans C, Cleghorn C, Nykjaer C et al (2014) Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Br J Nutr 112:725–734CrossRefPubMed

44.

Anand SS, Hawkes C, de Souza RJ, Mente A, Dehghan M et al (2015) Food consumption and its impact on cardiovascular disease: importance of solutions focused on the globalized food system—a report from the workshop convened by the world heart federation. J Am Coll Cardiol 66:1590–1614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.050 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Moshtaghian H, Louie JCY, Charlton KE, Probst YC, Gopinath B et al (2016) Added sugar intake that exceeds current recommendations is associated with nutrient dilution in older Australians. Nutrition 32:937–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2016.02.004 CrossRefPubMed

46.

Grimes CA, Wright JD, Liu K, Nowson CA, Loria CM (2013) Dietary sodium intake is associated with total fluid and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in US children and adolescents aged 2–18 years: NHANES 2005–2008. Am J Clin Nutr 98:189–196CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

47.

Imamura F, O’Connor L, Ye Z, Mursu J, Hayashino Y et al (2016) Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction. Br J Sports Med 50:496–504CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Colchero MA, Popkin BM, Rivera JA, Ng SW (2016) Beverage purchases from stores in Mexico under the excise tax on sugar sweetened beverages: observational study. Br Med J 352

49.

Veerman JL, Sacks G, Antonopoulos N, Martin J (2016) The impact of a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages on health and health care costs: a modelling study. PLoS One 11:e0151460. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151460 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Fletcher JM, Frisvold D, Tefft N (2010) Can soft drink taxes reduce population weight? Contemp Econ Policy 28:23–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2009.00182.x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

51.

Afshin A, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Mozaffarian D (2014) Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 100:278–288. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.076901 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Wyness LA, Butriss JL, Stanner SA (2012) Reducing the population’s sodium intake: the UK Food Standards Agency’s salt reduction programme. Public Health Nutr 15:254–261. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011000966 CrossRefPubMed

53.

Sonnenberg L, Gelsomin E, Levy DE, Riis J, Barraclough S, Thorndike AN (2013) A traffic light food labeling intervention increases consumer awareness of health and healthy choices at the point-of-purchase. Prev Med 57:253–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.07.001 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Bollard T, Maubach N, Walker N, Ni Mhurchu C (2016) Effects of plain packaging, warning labels, and taxes on young people’s predicted sugar-sweetened beverage preferences: an experimental study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 13:95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0421-7 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Cobiac LJ, Tam K, Veerman L, Blakely T (2017) Taxes and subsidies for improving diet and population health in australia: a cost-effectiveness modelling study. PLoS Med 14:e1002232. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002232 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

Livingstone KM, Celis-Morales C, Navas-Carretero S, San-Cristobal R et al (2016) Profile of European adults interested in internet-based personalised nutrition: the Food4Me study. Eur J Nutr 55:759–769CrossRefPubMed

57.

Wakefield MA, Coomber K, Durkin SJ, Scollo M, Bayly M et al (2014) Time series analysis of the impact of tobacco control policies on smoking prevalence among Australian adults, 2001–2011. Bull World Health Org 92:413–422CrossRefPubMed

58.

Afshin A, Babalola D, McLean M, Yu Z, Ma W et al (2016) Information technology and lifestyle: a systematic evaluation of internet and mobile interventions for improving diet, physical activity, obesity, tobacco, and alcohol use. J Am Heart Assoc. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.115.003058 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Kerr DA, Harray AJ, Pollard CM, Dhaliwal SS, Delp EJ et al (2016) The connecting health and technology study: a 6-month randomized controlled trial to improve nutrition behaviours using a mobile food record and text messaging support in young adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 13:52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0376-8 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Burden and trend of diet-related non-communicable diseases in Australia and comparison with 34 OECD countries, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
Authors: Yohannes Adama Melaku
Andre Renzaho
Tiffany K. Gill
Anne W. Taylor
Eleonora Dal Grande
Barbora de Courten
Estifanos Baye
David Gonzalez-Chica
Elina Hyppӧnen
Zumin Shi
Malcolm Riley
Robert Adams
Yohannes Kinfu
Publication date: 01-04-2019
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Journal of Nutrition / Issue 3/2019
Print ISSN: 1436-6207
Electronic ISSN: 1436-6215
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-018-1656-7

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Burden and trend of diet-related non-communicable diseases in Australia and comparison with 34 OECD countries, 1990–2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3/2019

Leopoldia comosa prevents metabolic disorders in rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity

Theobromine consumption does not improve fasting and postprandial vascular function in overweight and obese subjects

Chronic consumption of a low calorie, high polyphenol cranberry beverage attenuates inflammation and improves glucoregulation and HDL cholesterol in healthy overweight humans: a randomized controlled trial

Chronic fructose intake does not induce liver steatosis and inflammation in female Sprague–Dawley rats, but causes hypertriglyceridemia related to decreased VLDL receptor expression

Effects of ewe’s milk yogurt (whole and semi-skimmed) and cow’s milk yogurt on inflammation markers and gut microbiota of subjects with borderline-high plasma cholesterol levels: a crossover study

Flavonoid intake from fruit and vegetables during adolescence is prospectively associated with a favourable risk factor profile for type 2 diabetes in early adulthood

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page