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01-10-2017 | Original Contribution

Reduced-fat Gouda-type cheese enriched with vitamin D₃ effectively prevents vitamin D deficiency during winter months in postmenopausal women in Greece

Authors: Yannis Manios, George Moschonis, Christina Mavrogianni, EGHM van den Heuvel, Cécile M. Singh-Povel, Mairead Kiely, Kevin D. Cashman

Published in: European Journal of Nutrition | Issue 7/2017

Abstract

Objective

The primary aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of daily consumption of vitamin D₃-enriched, reduced-fat Gouda-type cheese on 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration in postmenopausal women. Health-related quality of life (HRQL) indices were examined as secondary outcomes.

Design

This is a single-blinded (i.e., to study participants), randomized, controlled food-based dietary intervention study.

Methods

A sample of 79 postmenopausal women (55–75 years old) was randomized either to a control group (CG: n = 39) or an intervention group (IG: n = 40) that consumed, as part of their usual diet, 60 g of either non-enriched or vitamin D₃ enriched Gouda-type cheese, respectively, for eight consecutive weeks (i.e., from January to March 2015). Sixty grams of enriched cheese provided a daily dose of 5.7 μg of vitamin D₃.

Results

There was a differential response of mean (95 % CI) serum 25(OH)D levels in the IG and CG, with the former increasing and the latter decreasing significantly over the eight weeks of the trial [i.e., by 5.1 (3.4, 6.9) nmol/L vs. −4.6 (−6.4, −2.8) nmol/L, P < 0.001, respectively]. The percentages of study participants with 25(OH)D levels <30 (deficiency) and <50 nmol/L (insufficiency) were significantly higher at follow-up in the CG compared to the IG (41.0 vs. 0 %, P < 0.001 and 74.4 vs. 47.5 %, P < 0.001, respectively). The emotional well-being scale of the HRQL score increased in the IG compared to a decrease in the CG (3.2 vs. −3.8, P = 0.028). However, none of the other seven scales of the HRQL score significantly differentiated between study groups (P > 0.1).

Conclusions

Consumption of 60 g of vitamin D₃-enriched, reduced-fat Gouda-type cheese provided a daily dose of 5.7 μg of additional vitamin D₃ and was effective in increasing mean serum 25(OH)D concentration and in counteracting vitamin D deficiency during winter months in postmenopausal women in Greece.

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Title: Reduced-fat Gouda-type cheese enriched with vitamin D3 effectively prevents vitamin D deficiency during winter months in postmenopausal women in Greece
Authors: Yannis Manios
George Moschonis
Christina Mavrogianni
EGHM van den Heuvel
Cécile M. Singh-Povel
Mairead Kiely
Kevin D. Cashman
Publication date: 01-10-2017
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Journal of Nutrition / Issue 7/2017
Print ISSN: 1436-6207
Electronic ISSN: 1436-6215
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-016-1277-y

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Abstract

Objective

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Methods

Results

Conclusions

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