Heart rate reduction in cardiovascular disease and therapy

go back to reference Heusch G (2008) Heart rate in the pathophysiology of coronary blood flow and myocardial ischaemia: benefit from selective bradycardic agents. Br J Pharmacol 153(8):1589–1601CrossRefPubMed Heusch G (2008) Heart rate in the pathophysiology of coronary blood flow and myocardial ischaemia: benefit from selective bradycardic agents. Br J Pharmacol 153(8):1589–1601CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Reil JC, Böhm M (2007) The role of heart rate in the development of cardiovascular disease. Clin Res Cardiol 96(9):585–592CrossRefPubMed Reil JC, Böhm M (2007) The role of heart rate in the development of cardiovascular disease. Clin Res Cardiol 96(9):585–592CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Levy RL, White PD, Stroud WD (1945) Transient tachycardia: prognostic significance alone and in association with transient hypertension. JAMA 129:585–588 Levy RL, White PD, Stroud WD (1945) Transient tachycardia: prognostic significance alone and in association with transient hypertension. JAMA 129:585–588

go back to reference Kannel WB, Kannel C, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Cupples LA (1987) Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham study. Am Heart J 113(6):1489–1494CrossRefPubMed Kannel WB, Kannel C, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Cupples LA (1987) Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham study. Am Heart J 113(6):1489–1494CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Fox K, Borer JS, Camm AJ, Danchin N, Ferrari R, Lopez Sendon JL, Steg PG, Tardif JC, Tavazzi L, Tendera M (2007) Resting heart rate in cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 50(9):823–830CrossRefPubMed Fox K, Borer JS, Camm AJ, Danchin N, Ferrari R, Lopez Sendon JL, Steg PG, Tardif JC, Tavazzi L, Tendera M (2007) Resting heart rate in cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 50(9):823–830CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, Boysen G, Burell G, Cifkova R, Dallongeville J, De Backer G, Ebrahim S, Gjelsvik B, Herrmann-Lingen C, Hoes A, Humphries S, Knapton M, Perk J, Priori SG, Pyorala K, Reiner Z, Ruilope L, Sans-Menendez S, Scholte op Reimer W, Weissberg P, Wood D, Yarnell J, Zamorano JL, Walma E, Fitzgerald T, Cooney MT, Dudina A, Vahanian A, Camm J, De Caterina R, Dean V, Dickstein K, Funck-Brentano C, Filippatos G, Hellemans I, Kristensen SD, McGregor K, Sechtem U, Silber S, Tendera M, Widimsky P, Altiner A, Bonora E, Durrington PN, Fagard R, Giampaoli S, Hemingway H, Hakansson J, Kjeldsen SE, Larsen ML, Mancia G, Manolis AJ, Orth-Gomer K, Pedersen T, Rayner M, Ryden L, Sammut M, Schneiderman N, Stalenhoef AF, Tokgozoglu L, Wiklund O, Zampelas A (2007) European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Eur Heart J 28(19):2375–2414CrossRefPubMed Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, Boysen G, Burell G, Cifkova R, Dallongeville J, De Backer G, Ebrahim S, Gjelsvik B, Herrmann-Lingen C, Hoes A, Humphries S, Knapton M, Perk J, Priori SG, Pyorala K, Reiner Z, Ruilope L, Sans-Menendez S, Scholte op Reimer W, Weissberg P, Wood D, Yarnell J, Zamorano JL, Walma E, Fitzgerald T, Cooney MT, Dudina A, Vahanian A, Camm J, De Caterina R, Dean V, Dickstein K, Funck-Brentano C, Filippatos G, Hellemans I, Kristensen SD, McGregor K, Sechtem U, Silber S, Tendera M, Widimsky P, Altiner A, Bonora E, Durrington PN, Fagard R, Giampaoli S, Hemingway H, Hakansson J, Kjeldsen SE, Larsen ML, Mancia G, Manolis AJ, Orth-Gomer K, Pedersen T, Rayner M, Ryden L, Sammut M, Schneiderman N, Stalenhoef AF, Tokgozoglu L, Wiklund O, Zampelas A (2007) European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Eur Heart J 28(19):2375–2414CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Palatini P (2009) Elevated heart rate: a “new” cardiovascular risk factor? Prog Cardiovasc Dis 52(1):1–5CrossRefPubMed Palatini P (2009) Elevated heart rate: a “new” cardiovascular risk factor? Prog Cardiovasc Dis 52(1):1–5CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Hjalmarson A, Gilpin EA, Kjekshus J, Schieman G, Nicod P, Henning H, Ross J Jr (1990) Influence of heart rate on mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 65(9):547–553CrossRefPubMed Hjalmarson A, Gilpin EA, Kjekshus J, Schieman G, Nicod P, Henning H, Ross J Jr (1990) Influence of heart rate on mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 65(9):547–553CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Diaz A, Bourassa MG, Guertin MC, Tardif JC (2005) Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 26(10):967–974CrossRefPubMed Diaz A, Bourassa MG, Guertin MC, Tardif JC (2005) Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 26(10):967–974CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Robertson M, Ferrari R (2008) Heart rate as a prognostic risk factor in patients with coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 372(9641):817–821CrossRefPubMed Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Robertson M, Ferrari R (2008) Heart rate as a prognostic risk factor in patients with coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 372(9641):817–821CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Ferrari R (2008) Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 372(9641):807–816CrossRefPubMed Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Ferrari R (2008) Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 372(9641):807–816CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Pedrinelli R, Giampietro O, Carmassi F, Melillo E, Dell’Omo G, Catapano G, Matteucci E, Talarico L, Morale M, De Negri F et al (1994) Microalbuminuria and endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension. Lancet 344(8914):14–18CrossRefPubMed Pedrinelli R, Giampietro O, Carmassi F, Melillo E, Dell’Omo G, Catapano G, Matteucci E, Talarico L, Morale M, De Negri F et al (1994) Microalbuminuria and endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension. Lancet 344(8914):14–18CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Stehouwer CD, Henry RM, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Bouter LM (2004) Microalbuminuria is associated with impaired brachial artery, flow-mediated vasodilation in elderly individuals without and with diabetes: further evidence for a link between microalbuminuria and endothelial dysfunction—the Hoorn Study. Kidney Int Suppl (92):S42–S44 Stehouwer CD, Henry RM, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Bouter LM (2004) Microalbuminuria is associated with impaired brachial artery, flow-mediated vasodilation in elderly individuals without and with diabetes: further evidence for a link between microalbuminuria and endothelial dysfunction—the Hoorn Study. Kidney Int Suppl (92):S42–S44

go back to reference Deckert T, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Borch-Johnsen K, Jensen T, Kofoed-Enevoldsen A (1989) Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage. The Steno hypothesis. Diabetologia 32(4):219–226CrossRefPubMed Deckert T, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Borch-Johnsen K, Jensen T, Kofoed-Enevoldsen A (1989) Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage. The Steno hypothesis. Diabetologia 32(4):219–226CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Böhm M, Reil JC, Danchin N, Thoenes M, Bramlage P, Volpe M (2008) Association of heart rate with microalbuminuria in cardiovascular risk patients: data from I-SEARCH. J Hypertens 26(1):18–25CrossRefPubMed Böhm M, Reil JC, Danchin N, Thoenes M, Bramlage P, Volpe M (2008) Association of heart rate with microalbuminuria in cardiovascular risk patients: data from I-SEARCH. J Hypertens 26(1):18–25CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Böhm M, Thoenes M, Neuberger HR, Graber S, Reil JC, Bramlage P, Volpe M (2009) Atrial fibrillation and heart rate independently correlate to microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients. Eur Heart J 30(11):1364–1371CrossRefPubMed Böhm M, Thoenes M, Neuberger HR, Graber S, Reil JC, Bramlage P, Volpe M (2009) Atrial fibrillation and heart rate independently correlate to microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients. Eur Heart J 30(11):1364–1371CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Custodis F, Baumhakel M, Schlimmer N, List F, Gensch C, Böhm M, Laufs U (2008) Heart rate reduction by ivabradine reduces oxidative stress, improves endothelial function, and prevents atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 117(18):2377–2387CrossRefPubMed Custodis F, Baumhakel M, Schlimmer N, List F, Gensch C, Böhm M, Laufs U (2008) Heart rate reduction by ivabradine reduces oxidative stress, improves endothelial function, and prevents atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 117(18):2377–2387CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Drouin A, Gendron ME, Thorin E, Gillis MA, Mahlberg-Gaudin F, Tardif JC (2008) Chronic heart rate reduction by ivabradine prevents endothelial dysfunction in dyslipidaemic mice. Br J Pharmacol 154(4):749–757CrossRefPubMed Drouin A, Gendron ME, Thorin E, Gillis MA, Mahlberg-Gaudin F, Tardif JC (2008) Chronic heart rate reduction by ivabradine prevents endothelial dysfunction in dyslipidaemic mice. Br J Pharmacol 154(4):749–757CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Baumhäkel M, Custodis F, Schlimmer N, Laufs U, Böhm M (2010) Heart rate reduktion with ivabradine improves erectile dysfunction in parallel to decrease in atherosclerotic plaque load in ApoE-knockout mice. Atherosclerosis (Mar 9 Epub ahead of print) Baumhäkel M, Custodis F, Schlimmer N, Laufs U, Böhm M (2010) Heart rate reduktion with ivabradine improves erectile dysfunction in parallel to decrease in atherosclerotic plaque load in ApoE-knockout mice. Atherosclerosis (Mar 9 Epub ahead of print)

go back to reference Beere PA, Glagov S, Zarins CK (1984) Retarding effect of lowered heart rate on coronary atherosclerosis. Science 226(4671):180–182CrossRefPubMed Beere PA, Glagov S, Zarins CK (1984) Retarding effect of lowered heart rate on coronary atherosclerosis. Science 226(4671):180–182CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Beere PA, Glagov S, Zarins CK (1992) Experimental atherosclerosis at the carotid bifurcation of the cynomolgus monkey localization, compensatory enlargement, and the sparing effect of lowered heart rate. Arterioscler Thromb 12(11):1245–1253PubMed Beere PA, Glagov S, Zarins CK (1992) Experimental atherosclerosis at the carotid bifurcation of the cynomolgus monkey localization, compensatory enlargement, and the sparing effect of lowered heart rate. Arterioscler Thromb 12(11):1245–1253PubMed

go back to reference Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Clarkson TB (1987) The influence of heart rate on coronary artery atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10(Suppl 2):S100–S102 discussion S103PubMed Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, Clarkson TB (1987) The influence of heart rate on coronary artery atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 10(Suppl 2):S100–S102 discussion S103PubMed

go back to reference Manuck SB, Adams MR, McCaffery JM, Kaplan JR (1997) Behaviorally elicited heart rate reactivity and atherosclerosis in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17(9):1774–1779PubMed Manuck SB, Adams MR, McCaffery JM, Kaplan JR (1997) Behaviorally elicited heart rate reactivity and atherosclerosis in ovariectomized cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17(9):1774–1779PubMed

go back to reference Korshunov VA, Berk BC (2004) Strain-dependent vascular remodeling: the “Glagov phenomenon” is genetically determined. Circulation 110(2):220–226CrossRefPubMed Korshunov VA, Berk BC (2004) Strain-dependent vascular remodeling: the “Glagov phenomenon” is genetically determined. Circulation 110(2):220–226CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Perski A, Hamsten A, Lindvall K, Theorell T (1988) Heart rate correlates with severity of coronary atherosclerosis in young postinfarction patients. Am Heart J 116(5 Pt 1):1369–1373CrossRefPubMed Perski A, Hamsten A, Lindvall K, Theorell T (1988) Heart rate correlates with severity of coronary atherosclerosis in young postinfarction patients. Am Heart J 116(5 Pt 1):1369–1373CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Perski A, Olsson G, Landou C, de Faire U, Theorell T, Hamsten A (1992) Minimum heart rate and coronary atherosclerosis: independent relations to global severity and rate of progression of angiographic lesions in men with myocardial infarction at a young age. Am Heart J 123(3):609–616CrossRefPubMed Perski A, Olsson G, Landou C, de Faire U, Theorell T, Hamsten A (1992) Minimum heart rate and coronary atherosclerosis: independent relations to global severity and rate of progression of angiographic lesions in men with myocardial infarction at a young age. Am Heart J 123(3):609–616CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Heidland UE, Strauer BE (2001) Left ventricular muscle mass and elevated heart rate are associated with coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 104(13):1477–1482CrossRefPubMed Heidland UE, Strauer BE (2001) Left ventricular muscle mass and elevated heart rate are associated with coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 104(13):1477–1482CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Zhu H, Friedman MH (2003) Relationship between the dynamic geometry and wall thickness of a human coronary artery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23(12):2260–2265CrossRefPubMed Zhu H, Friedman MH (2003) Relationship between the dynamic geometry and wall thickness of a human coronary artery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23(12):2260–2265CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Yang C, Tang D, Kobayashi S, Zheng J, Woodard PK, Teng Z, Bach R, Ku DN (2008) Cyclic bending contributes to high stress in a human coronary atherosclerotic plaque and rupture risk: in vitro experimental modeling and ex vivo MRI-based computational modeling approach. Mol Cell Biomech 5(4):259–274PubMed Yang C, Tang D, Kobayashi S, Zheng J, Woodard PK, Teng Z, Bach R, Ku DN (2008) Cyclic bending contributes to high stress in a human coronary atherosclerotic plaque and rupture risk: in vitro experimental modeling and ex vivo MRI-based computational modeling approach. Mol Cell Biomech 5(4):259–274PubMed

go back to reference Katritsis DG, Pantos J, Efstathopoulos E (2007) Hemodynamic factors and atheromatic plaque rupture in the coronary arteries: from vulnerable plaque to vulnerable coronary segment. Coron Artery Dis 18(3):229–237CrossRefPubMed Katritsis DG, Pantos J, Efstathopoulos E (2007) Hemodynamic factors and atheromatic plaque rupture in the coronary arteries: from vulnerable plaque to vulnerable coronary segment. Coron Artery Dis 18(3):229–237CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Lee RT, Schoen FJ, Loree HM, Lark MW, Libby P (1996) Circumferential stress and matrix metalloproteinase 1 in human coronary atherosclerosis. Implications for plaque rupture. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16(8):1070–1073PubMed Lee RT, Schoen FJ, Loree HM, Lark MW, Libby P (1996) Circumferential stress and matrix metalloproteinase 1 in human coronary atherosclerosis. Implications for plaque rupture. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16(8):1070–1073PubMed

go back to reference Lee RT, Grodzinsky AJ, Frank EH, Kamm RD, Schoen FJ (1991) Structure-dependent dynamic mechanical behavior of fibrous caps from human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 83(5):1764–1770PubMed Lee RT, Grodzinsky AJ, Frank EH, Kamm RD, Schoen FJ (1991) Structure-dependent dynamic mechanical behavior of fibrous caps from human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 83(5):1764–1770PubMed

go back to reference Zuanetti G, Hernándes-Bernal F, Rossi A, Comerio G, Paolucci G, Maggioni AP (1999) Relevance of heart rate as a prognostic factor in myocardial infarction: the GISSI experience. Eur Heart J 1(suppl H):H52–H57 Zuanetti G, Hernándes-Bernal F, Rossi A, Comerio G, Paolucci G, Maggioni AP (1999) Relevance of heart rate as a prognostic factor in myocardial infarction: the GISSI experience. Eur Heart J 1(suppl H):H52–H57

go back to reference Cucherat M (2007) Quantitative relationship between resting heart rate reduction and magnitude of clinical benefits in post-myocardial infarction: a meta-regression of randomized clinicat trials. Eur Heart J 28:3012–3019CrossRefPubMed Cucherat M (2007) Quantitative relationship between resting heart rate reduction and magnitude of clinical benefits in post-myocardial infarction: a meta-regression of randomized clinicat trials. Eur Heart J 28:3012–3019CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Kendall MJ, Lynch KP, Hjalmarson A, Kjekshus J (1995) Beta-blockers and sudden cardiac death. Ann Intern Med 123(5):358–367PubMed Kendall MJ, Lynch KP, Hjalmarson A, Kjekshus J (1995) Beta-blockers and sudden cardiac death. Ann Intern Med 123(5):358–367PubMed

go back to reference Hjalmarson A (1997) Effects of beta blockade on sudden cardiac death during acute myocardial infarction and the postinfarction period. Am J Cardiol 80(9B):35J–39JCrossRefPubMed Hjalmarson A (1997) Effects of beta blockade on sudden cardiac death during acute myocardial infarction and the postinfarction period. Am J Cardiol 80(9B):35J–39JCrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Beta-blocker Heart Attack Trial Research Group (1982) A randomized trial of propranolol in patients with acute myocardial infarction mortality results. JAMA 247(12):1707–1714CrossRef Beta-blocker Heart Attack Trial Research Group (1982) A randomized trial of propranolol in patients with acute myocardial infarction mortality results. JAMA 247(12):1707–1714CrossRef

go back to reference Danish Study Group on Verapamil in myocardial infarction (1990) Effect of verapamil on mortality and major events after acute myocardial infarction (the Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial II (DAVIT II). Am J Cardiol 66:770–785 Danish Study Group on Verapamil in myocardial infarction (1990) Effect of verapamil on mortality and major events after acute myocardial infarction (the Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial II (DAVIT II). Am J Cardiol 66:770–785

go back to reference Tardif JC, Ponikowski P, Kahan T (2009) for the ASSOCIATE study investigators. Efficacy of the I(f) current inhibitor ivabradine in patients with chronic stable angina receiving beta blocker therapy: a 4-month, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Eur Heart J 30:540–548CrossRefPubMed Tardif JC, Ponikowski P, Kahan T (2009) for the ASSOCIATE study investigators. Efficacy of the I(f) current inhibitor ivabradine in patients with chronic stable angina receiving beta blocker therapy: a 4-month, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Eur Heart J 30:540–548CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Koester R, Kaehler J, Ebelt H, Soeffker G, Werdan K, Meinertz T. (2010) Ivabradine in combination with beta-blocker therapy for the treatment of stable angina pectoris in every day clinical practice. Clin Res Cardiol (Epub ahead of print) Koester R, Kaehler J, Ebelt H, Soeffker G, Werdan K, Meinertz T. (2010) Ivabradine in combination with beta-blocker therapy for the treatment of stable angina pectoris in every day clinical practice. Clin Res Cardiol (Epub ahead of print)

go back to reference Kawaguchi M, Hay I, Fetics B, Kass DA (2003) Combined ventricular systolic and arterial stiffening in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: implications for systolic and diastolic reserve limitations. Circulation 107:714–720CrossRefPubMed Kawaguchi M, Hay I, Fetics B, Kass DA (2003) Combined ventricular systolic and arterial stiffening in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: implications for systolic and diastolic reserve limitations. Circulation 107:714–720CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Kjekshus J, Gullestad L (1999) Heart rate as therapeutic target in heart failure. Eur Heart J 1(Suppl. H):H64–H69 Kjekshus J, Gullestad L (1999) Heart rate as therapeutic target in heart failure. Eur Heart J 1(Suppl. H):H64–H69

go back to reference McAlister FA, Wiebe N, Ezekowitz JA, Leung AA, Armstrong PW (2009) Meta-analysis: beta-blocker dose, heart rate reduction, and death in patients with heart failure. Ann Intern Med 150:784–794PubMed McAlister FA, Wiebe N, Ezekowitz JA, Leung AA, Armstrong PW (2009) Meta-analysis: beta-blocker dose, heart rate reduction, and death in patients with heart failure. Ann Intern Med 150:784–794PubMed

go back to reference Reil J-C, Reil G-H, Böhm M (2009) Heart rate reduction by I(f)-channel inhibition and its potential role in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Trends Cardiovasc Med 19:152–157CrossRefPubMed Reil J-C, Reil G-H, Böhm M (2009) Heart rate reduction by I(f)-channel inhibition and its potential role in heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Trends Cardiovasc Med 19:152–157CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference DiFrancesco D, Camm AJ (2004) Heart rate lowering by specific and selective I(f) current inhibition with ivabradine. A new therapeutic perspective in cardiovascular disease. Drugs 64:1757–1765CrossRefPubMed DiFrancesco D, Camm AJ (2004) Heart rate lowering by specific and selective I(f) current inhibition with ivabradine. A new therapeutic perspective in cardiovascular disease. Drugs 64:1757–1765CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Lechat P, Hulot JS, Escolano S et al (2001) Heart rate and cardiac rhythm relationships with bisoprolol benefit in chronic heart failure in CIBIS II Trail. Circulation 103:1428–1433PubMed Lechat P, Hulot JS, Escolano S et al (2001) Heart rate and cardiac rhythm relationships with bisoprolol benefit in chronic heart failure in CIBIS II Trail. Circulation 103:1428–1433PubMed

go back to reference Gullestad L, Wikstrand J, Deedwania P (2005) What resting heart rate should one aim for when treating patients with heart failure with a Beta-Blocker? J Am Coll Cardiol 45:252–259CrossRefPubMed Gullestad L, Wikstrand J, Deedwania P (2005) What resting heart rate should one aim for when treating patients with heart failure with a Beta-Blocker? J Am Coll Cardiol 45:252–259CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Metra M, Torp-Pedersen C, Swedberg K et al (2005) Influence of heart rate, blood pressure, and beta-blocker dose on outcome and the difference in outcome between carvedilol and metoprolol tartrate in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the COMET trial. Eur Heart J 26:2259–2268CrossRefPubMed Metra M, Torp-Pedersen C, Swedberg K et al (2005) Influence of heart rate, blood pressure, and beta-blocker dose on outcome and the difference in outcome between carvedilol and metoprolol tartrate in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the COMET trial. Eur Heart J 26:2259–2268CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Swedberg K, Komajda M, Böhm M, Borer JS et al (2010) Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomized placebo-controlled study. Lancet [Epub ahead of print] Swedberg K, Komajda M, Böhm M, Borer JS et al (2010) Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomized placebo-controlled study. Lancet [Epub ahead of print]

go back to reference Böhm M, Swedberg K, Komajda M, Borer JS et al (2010) Heart rate as a risk factor in chronic heart failur (SHIFT): the association between heart rate and outcomes in a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet [Epub ahead of print] Böhm M, Swedberg K, Komajda M, Borer JS et al (2010) Heart rate as a risk factor in chronic heart failur (SHIFT): the association between heart rate and outcomes in a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet [Epub ahead of print]

go back to reference Owan TE, Hodge DO, Herges RM, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL, Redfield MM (2006) Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 355:251–259CrossRefPubMed Owan TE, Hodge DO, Herges RM, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL, Redfield MM (2006) Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 355:251–259CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Kindermann M, Reil J-C, Pieske B, van Veldhusen DJ, Böhm M (2008) Heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (HFNEF). What is evidence? Trends Cardiocasc Med 18:280–292CrossRef Kindermann M, Reil J-C, Pieske B, van Veldhusen DJ, Böhm M (2008) Heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (HFNEF). What is evidence? Trends Cardiocasc Med 18:280–292CrossRef

go back to reference Link A, Reil JC, Selejan S, Böhm M (2009) Effect of ivabradine in dobutamine induced sinus tachycardia in a case of acute heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 98:513–551CrossRefPubMed Link A, Reil JC, Selejan S, Böhm M (2009) Effect of ivabradine in dobutamine induced sinus tachycardia in a case of acute heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 98:513–551CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference De Ferrari GM, Mazzuero A, Agnesina L, Bertoletti A et al (2008) Favourable effects of heart rate reduction with intravenous administration of ivabradine in patients with advanced heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 10:550–555CrossRefPubMed De Ferrari GM, Mazzuero A, Agnesina L, Bertoletti A et al (2008) Favourable effects of heart rate reduction with intravenous administration of ivabradine in patients with advanced heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 10:550–555CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Deedwania P, Carbajal E, Dietz R, Mukherjee R et al (2006) Heart rate is powerful predictor in mortality in post-AMI patients with heart failure: results from the EPHESUS trial. Eur Heart J 27:590 Deedwania P, Carbajal E, Dietz R, Mukherjee R et al (2006) Heart rate is powerful predictor in mortality in post-AMI patients with heart failure: results from the EPHESUS trial. Eur Heart J 27:590