Non-seminomatous mediastinal germ cell tumor and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia

The association between mediastinal germ cell tumors (MGCT) and acute megakaryoblastic (M7) leukemia has been known for many years. We hereby present this review to better characterize the coexistence of these entities as well as the salient features, the treatment options, and the overall prognosis. A search of PUBMED, Medline, and EMBASE databases via OVID engine for primary articles and case reports under keywords “germ cell tumors” and “acute myeloid leukemia” revealed a total of 26 cases in English that reported MGCT and M7 leukemia. The median age at diagnosis of MGCT was 24 (13–36) years. All cases were stage III. All cases of MGCT were of non-seminomatous origin and one case was unclassified. MGCT occurred prior to the diagnosis of leukemia in 46% of cases and concomitantly in 31% of cases. M7 leukemia was never reported prior to the appearance of MGCT. Complex cytogenetics and hyperdiploidy were the most commonly reported cytogenetic abnormalities. In the 23 cases where the treatment regimen was available, platinum-based chemotherapy directed towards management of the germ cell tumors was used initially in 21 cases and leukemia-directed treatment was used initially in 2 cases only. The median time from diagnosis of MGCT to development of M7 leukemia was 5 (2.25–39) months. Median time to death from the initial diagnosis of MGCT was 6 (0.5–60) months. Patients with a history of MGCT are at higher risk of developing M7 leukemia. They need long-term follow-up with a particular attention to the development of hematological malignancies. The overall prognosis remains poor.