Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology
Published in: CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 9/2019

01-09-2019 | Metastasis | Review

Liver-Directed and Systemic Therapies for Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases

Authors: Nancy Kemeny, Ieva Kurilova, Jia Li, Juan C. Camacho, Constantinos T. Sofocleous

Published in: CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology | Issue 9/2019

Login to get access

Excerpt

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, resulting in an estimated 140,250 new cases and 50,630 deaths in 2018 [1, 2]. Liver is the most common visceral metastatic site due to the portal venous drainage from the colon. About 15% of patients present with synchronous liver metastases at initial diagnosis, which is an independent poor prognostic factor [3]. Approximately 50% of patients ultimately develop liver metastasis during the course of the disease. …
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
2.
3.
Ghiringhelli F, et al. Epidemiology and prognosis of synchronous and metachronous colon cancer metastases: a French population-based study. Dig Liver Dis. 2014;46(9):854–8.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Tarraga Lopez PJ, Albero JS, Rodriguez-Montes JA. Primary and secondary prevention of colorectal cancer. Clin Med Insights Gastroenterol. 2014;7:33–46.PubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Lee MS, Menter DG, Kopetz S. Right versus left colon cancer biology: integrating the consensus molecular subtypes. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2017;15(3):411–9.CrossRefPubMed
6.
7.
Pollock CB, et al. Oncogenic K-RAS is required to maintain changes in cytoskeletal organization, adhesion, and motility in colon cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2005;65(4):1244–50.CrossRefPubMed
8.
9.
Brudvik KW, et al. RAS mutation predicts positive resection margins and narrower resection margins in patients undergoing resection of colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(8):2635–43.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Odisio BC, et al. Local tumour progression after percutaneous ablation of colorectal liver metastases according to RAS mutation status. Br J Surg. 2017;104(6):760–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Shady W, et al. Kras mutation is a marker of worse oncologic outcomes after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of colorectal liver metastases. Oncotarget. 2017;8(39):66117–27.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
Clarke CN, Kopetz ES. BRAF mutant colorectal cancer as a distinct subset of colorectal cancer: clinical characteristics, clinical behavior, and response to targeted therapies. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2015;6(6):660–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
13.
14.
Ruers T, et al. Local treatment of unresectable colorectal liver metastases: results of a randomized phase II trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109(9):djx015.CrossRefPubMedCentral
15.
Creasy JM, et al. Actual 10-year survival after hepatic resection of colorectal liver metastases: what factors preclude cure? Surgery. 2018;163(6):1238–44.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Fong Y, et al. Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. Ann Surg. 1999;230(3):309–18 discussion 318–21.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Shady W, et al. Percutaneous microwave versus radiofrequency ablation of colorectal liver metastases: ablation with clear margins (A0) provides the best local tumor control. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2018;29(2):268–275.e1.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Shady W, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of colorectal cancer liver metastases: factors affecting outcomes—a 10-year experience at a single center. Radiology. 2016;278(2):601–11.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Sotirchos VS, et al. Colorectal cancer liver metastases: biopsy of the ablation zone and margins can be used to predict oncologic outcome. Radiology. 2016;280(3):949–59.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Kurilova I, et al. Factors affecting oncologic outcomes of 90Y radioembolization of heavily pre-treated patients with colon cancer liver metastases. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2019;18(1):8–18.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Bipat S, et al. Colorectal liver metastases: CT, MR imaging, and PET for diagnosis—meta-analysis. Radiology. 2005;237(1):123–31.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Floriani I, et al. Performance of imaging modalities in diagnosis of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;31(1):19–31.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Kulemann V, et al. Preoperative detection of colorectal liver metastases in fatty liver: MDCT or MRI? Eur J Radiol. 2011;79(2):e1–6.CrossRefPubMed
24.
25.
Dietrich CF, et al. Assessment of metastatic liver disease in patients with primary extrahepatic tumors by contrast-enhanced sonography versus CT and MRI. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(11):1699–705.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
Benson AB 3rd, et al. Colon cancer, version 1.2017, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2017;15(3):370–98.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Cameron J, Andrew C. Current surgical therapy. E-book 12 ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016.
28.
Adam R, Vinet E. Regional treatment of metastasis: surgery of colorectal liver metastases. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(Suppl 4):iv103–6.PubMed
29.
30.
Kemeny NE, et al. Updated long-term survival for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with liver resection followed by hepatic arterial infusion and systemic chemotherapy. J Surg Oncol. 2016;113(5):477–84.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Andre T, et al. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(23):2343–51.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Kemeny N, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of chemotherapy after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(27):2039–48.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Kemeny MM, et al. Combined-modality treatment for resectable metastatic colorectal carcinoma to the liver: surgical resection of hepatic metastases in combination with continuous infusion of chemotherapy—an intergroup study. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(6):1499–505.PubMed
34.
Lygidakis NJ, et al. Metastatic liver disease of colorectal origin: the value of locoregional immunochemotherapy combined with systemic chemotherapy following liver resection. Results of a prospective randomized study. Hepatogastroenterology. 2001;48(42):1685–91.PubMed
35.
Lorenz M, et al. Randomized trial of surgery versus surgery followed by adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion with 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid for liver metastases of colorectal cancer. German Cooperative on Liver Metastases (Arbeitsgruppe Lebermetastasen). Ann Surg. 1998;228(6):756–62.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Kemeny N, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine and dexamethasone plus high-dose Mitomycin C for patients with unresectable hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 2005;91(2):97–101.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Ducreux M, et al. Hepatic arterial oxaliplatin infusion plus intravenous chemotherapy in colorectal cancer with inoperable hepatic metastases: a trial of the gastrointestinal group of the Federation Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(22):4881–7.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Chen Y, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion with irinotecan, oxaliplatin, and floxuridine plus systemic chemotherapy as first-line treatment of unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Onkologie. 2012;35(9):480–4.PubMed
39.
Nordlinger B, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC Intergroup trial 40983): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9617):1007–16.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
40.
Beppu T, et al. FOLFOX enables high resectability and excellent prognosis for initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases. Anticancer Res. 2010;30(3):1015–20.PubMed
41.
Uetake H, et al. A multicenter phase II trial of mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab to treat liver-only metastases of colorectal cancer that are unsuitable for upfront resection (TRICC0808). Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(3):908–15.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Primrose J, et al. Systemic chemotherapy with or without cetuximab in patients with resectable colorectal liver metastasis: the New EPOC randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(6):601–11.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Van Cutsem E, et al. Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(14):1408–17.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Bokemeyer C, et al. Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin with and without cetuximab in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(5):663–71.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Falcone A, et al. Phase III trial of infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) compared with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: the Gruppo Oncologico Nord Ovest. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(13):1670–6.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Masi G, et al. Long-term outcome of initially unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) followed by radical surgery of metastases. Ann Surg. 2009;249(3):420–5.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Cremolini C, et al. Efficacy of FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab in liver-limited metastatic colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of clinical studies by Gruppo Oncologico del Nord Ovest. Eur J Cancer. 2017;73:74–84.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Tomasello G, et al. FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab as conversion therapy for patients with initially unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer: a systematic review and pooled analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(7):e170278.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
49.
D’Angelica MI, et al. Phase II trial of hepatic artery infusional and systemic chemotherapy for patients with unresectable hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: conversion to resection and long-term outcomes. Ann Surg. 2015;261(2):353–60.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Pak LM, et al. Prospective phase II trial of combination hepatic artery infusion and systemic chemotherapy for unresectable colorectal liver metastases: long term results and curative potential. J Surg Oncol. 2018;117(4):634–43.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Shah JL, et al. Neoadjuvant transarterial radiation lobectomy for colorectal hepatic metastases: a small cohort analysis on safety, efficacy, and radiopathologic correlation. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2017;8(3):E43–e51.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Jones RP, et al. Neoadjuvant treatment of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) with drug eluting beads trans-arterial chemoembolization (DEBIRI-TACE): a multi-institute phase II study in resectable metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(15_suppl):3613.
53.
Livraghi T, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of liver metastases in potential candidates for resection: the “test-of-time approach”. Cancer. 2003;97(12):3027–35.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Tournigand C, et al. FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(2):229–37.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Venook AP, et al. Effect of first-line chemotherapy combined with cetuximab or bevacizumab on overall survival in patients with KRAS wild-type advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317(23):2392–401.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Innocenti F, et al. Impact of primary (1°) tumor location on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): analysis of CALGB/SWOG 80405 (alliance). J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34, 2016 (suppl; abstr 3504).
57.
Hecht JR, et al. A randomized phase IIIB trial of chemotherapy, bevacizumab, and panitumumab compared with chemotherapy and bevacizumab alone for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(5):672–80.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Tol J, et al. A randomised phase III study on capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab with or without cetuximab in first-line advanced colorectal cancer, the CAIRO2 study of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group (DCCG). An interim analysis of toxicity. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(4):734–8.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Douillard JY, et al. Randomized, phase III trial of panitumumab with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) versus FOLFOX4 alone as first-line treatment in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer: the PRIME study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(31):4697–705.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Peeters M, et al. Randomized phase III study of panitumumab with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) compared with FOLFIRI alone as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(31):4706–13.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Yamada Y, et al. Leucovorin, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab versus S-1 and oxaliplatin plus bevacizumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (SOFT): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(13):1278–86.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Muro K, et al. Irinotecan plus S-1 (IRIS) versus fluorouracil and folinic acid plus irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as second-line chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomised phase 2/3 non-inferiority study (FIRIS study). Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(9):853–60.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Van Cutsem E, et al. Aflibercept plus FOLFIRI vs. placebo plus FOLFIRI in second-line metastatic colorectal cancer: a post hoc analysis of survival from the phase III VELOUR study subsequent to exclusion of patients who had recurrence during or within 6 months of completing adjuvant oxaliplatin-based therapy. Target Oncol. 2016;11(3):383–400.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Folprecht G, et al. Oxaliplatin and 5-FU/folinic acid (modified FOLFOX6) with or without aflibercept in first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: the AFFIRM study. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(7):1273–9.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Tabernero J, et al. Ramucirumab versus placebo in combination with second-line FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma that progressed during or after first-line therapy with bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, and a fluoropyrimidine (RAISE): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(5):499–508.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Grothey A, et al. Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013;381(9863):303–12.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Mayer RJ, et al. Randomized trial of TAS-102 for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(20):1909–19.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Cercek A, et al. Response rates of hepatic arterial infusion pump therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer liver metastases refractory to all standard chemotherapies. J Surg Oncol. 2016;114(6):655–63.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
69.
70.
Le DT, Uram J, Wang H, et al. Programmed death-1 blockade in mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer (abstract). J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34, 2016 (suppl; abstr 103).
71.
Overman MJ, Kopetz S, McDermott RS, et al. Nivolumab ± ipilimumab in treatment (tx) of patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with and without high microsatellite instability (MSI-H): CheckMate-142 interim results (abstract). J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34, 2016 (suppl; abstr 3501).
72.
Van Cutsem E, et al. ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(8):1386–422.CrossRefPubMed
73.
74.
Gillams A, et al. Thermal ablation of colorectal liver metastases: a position paper by an international panel of ablation experts, The Interventional Oncology Sans Frontieres meeting 2013. Eur Radiol. 2015;25(12):3438–54.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
75.
Wasan HS, et al. First-line selective internal radiotherapy plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer (FOXFIRE, SIRFLOX, and FOXFIRE-Global): a combined analysis of three multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trials. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(9):1159–71.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
76.
Yamakado K, et al. Radiofrequency ablation combined with hepatic arterial chemoembolization using degradable starch microsphere mixed with Mitomycin C for the treatment of liver metastasis from colorectal cancer: a prospective multicenter study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2017;40(4):560–7.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Wu ZB, et al. Percutaneous microwave ablation combined with synchronous transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of colorectal liver metastases: results from a follow-up cohort. Onco Targets Ther. 2016;9:3783–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
78.
Vogl TJ, et al. Survival of patients with non-resectable, chemotherapy-resistant colorectal cancer liver metastases undergoing conventional lipiodol-based transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) palliatively versus neoadjuvantly prior to percutaneous thermal ablation. Eur J Radiol. 2018;102:138–45.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Ishikawa T, et al. Multiple liver metastases due to sigmoid colon cancer successfully treated by degradable starch microspheres (DSM)-TAE, radiofrequency ablation therapy, and Uzel/UFT. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2010;37(2):335–8.PubMed
80.
Fong ZV, et al. Combined hepatic arterial embolization and hepatic ablation for unresectable colorectal metastases to the liver. Am Surg. 2012;78(11):1243–8.PubMed
81.
82.
Gillams AR, Lees WR. Radio-frequency ablation of colorectal liver metastases in 167 patients. Eur Radiol. 2004;14(12):2261–7.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Siperstein AE, et al. Survival after radiofrequency ablation of colorectal liver metastases: 10-year experience. Ann Surg. 2007;246(4):559–65 discussion 565-7.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Veltri A, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of colorectal liver metastases: small size favorably predicts technique effectiveness and survival. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2008;31(5):948–56.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Gillams AR, Lees WR. Five-year survival in 309 patients with colorectal liver metastases treated with radiofrequency ablation. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(5):1206–13.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Sofocleous CT, et al. CT-guided radiofrequency ablation as a salvage treatment of colorectal cancer hepatic metastases developing after hepatectomy. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2011;22(6):755–61.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
87.
Solbiati L, et al. Small liver colorectal metastases treated with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation: local response rate and long-term survival with up to 10-year follow-up. Radiology. 2012;265(3):958–68.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Shibata T, et al. Microwave coagulation therapy for multiple hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;89(2):276–84.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Tanaka K, et al. Outcome after hepatic resection versus combined resection and microwave ablation for multiple bilobar colorectal metastases to the liver. Surgery. 2006;139(2):263–73.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Liang P, et al. Prognostic factors for percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy of hepatic metastases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181(5):1319–25.CrossRefPubMed
91.
Shyn PB, et al. Percutaneous imaging-guided cryoablation of liver tumors: predicting local progression on 24-hour MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;203(2):W181–91.CrossRefPubMed
92.
Vogl TJ, et al. Thermal ablation of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: radiofrequency, microwave and laser ablation therapies. Radiol Med. 2014;119(7):451–61.CrossRefPubMed
93.
Sartori S, et al. Laser ablation of liver tumors: an ancillary technique, or an alternative to radiofrequency and microwave? World J Radiol. 2017;9(3):91–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
94.
Sartori S, Tombesi P, Di Vece F. Thermal ablation in colorectal liver metastases: lack of evidence or lack of capability to prove the evidence? World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(13):3511–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
95.
Park MY, et al. Preliminary experience using high intensity focused ultrasound for treating liver metastasis from colon and stomach cancer. Int J Hyperthermia. 2009;25(3):180–8.CrossRefPubMed
96.
Lyu T, et al. Irreversible electroporation in primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies: a review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(17):e6386.CrossRef
97.
Scheffer HJ, et al. Irreversible electroporation for colorectal liver metastases. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015;18(3):159–69.CrossRefPubMed
98.
Schoellhammer HF, et al. Colorectal liver metastases: making the unresectable resectable using irreversible electroporation for microscopic positive margins—a case report. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:271.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
99.
100.
Mulier S, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus resection for resectable colorectal liver metastases: time for a randomized trial? An update. Dig Surg. 2008;25(6):445–60.CrossRefPubMed
101.
Pathak S, et al. Ablative therapies for colorectal liver metastases: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis. 2011;13(9):e252–65.CrossRefPubMed
102.
Ruers T, et al. Radiofrequency ablation combined with systemic treatment versus systemic treatment alone in patients with non-resectable colorectal liver metastases: a randomized EORTC Intergroup phase II study (EORTC 40004). Ann Oncol. 2012;23(10):2619–26.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
103.
Petre EN, et al. Treatment of pulmonary colorectal metastases by radiofrequency ablation. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2013;12(1):37–44.CrossRefPubMed
104.
Mouli SK, et al. The role of percutaneous image-guided thermal ablation for the treatment of pulmonary malignancies. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017;209(4):740–51.CrossRefPubMed
105.
106.
Kudo M, Okanoue T. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan: consensus-based clinical practice manual proposed by the Japan Society of Hepatology. Oncology. 2007;72(Suppl 1):2–15.CrossRefPubMed
107.
Omata M, et al. Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver consensus recommendations on hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2010;4(2):439–74.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
108.
Ayav A, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of unresectable liver tumors: factors associated with incomplete ablation or local recurrence. Am J Surg. 2010;200(4):435–9.CrossRefPubMed
109.
Amersi FF, et al. Long-term survival after radiofrequency ablation of complex unresectable liver tumors. Arch Surg. 2006;141(6):581–7 discussion 587-8.CrossRefPubMed
110.
Veenendaal LM, Borel Rinkes IH, van Hillegersberg R. Multipolar radiofrequency ablation of large hepatic metastases of endocrine tumours. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18(1):89–92.CrossRefPubMed
111.
Hur H, et al. Comparative study of resection and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of solitary colorectal liver metastases. Am J Surg. 2009;197(6):728–36.CrossRefPubMed
112.
Kim YS, et al. Intrahepatic recurrence after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of the pattern and risk factors. Eur J Radiol. 2006;59(3):432–41.CrossRefPubMed
113.
Mulier S, et al. Local recurrence after hepatic radiofrequency coagulation: multivariate meta-analysis and review of contributing factors. Ann Surg. 2005;242(2):158–71.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
114.
Lee WS, et al. Clinical outcomes of hepatic resection and radiofrequency ablation in patients with solitary colorectal liver metastasis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(8):945–9.CrossRefPubMed
115.
Van Tilborg AA, et al. Long-term results of radiofrequency ablation for unresectable colorectal liver metastases: a potentially curative intervention. Br J Radiol. 2011;84(1002):556–65.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
116.
Berber E, Pelley R, Siperstein AE. Predictors of survival after radiofrequency thermal ablation of colorectal cancer metastases to the liver: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(7):1358–64.CrossRefPubMed
117.
Abdalla EK, et al. Recurrence and outcomes following hepatic resection, radiofrequency ablation, and combined resection/ablation for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg. 2004;239(6):818–25 discussion 825-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
118.
Wang X, et al. Margin size is an independent predictor of local tumor progression after ablation of colon cancer liver metastases. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2013;36(1):166–75.CrossRefPubMed
119.
Ryan ER, et al. Split-dose technique for FDG PET/CT-guided percutaneous ablation: a method to facilitate lesion targeting and to provide immediate assessment of treatment effectiveness. Radiology. 2013;268(1):288–95.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
120.
Sofocleous CT, et al. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of tissue adherent to multitined electrodes after RF ablation of liver malignancies can help predict local tumor progression: initial results. Radiology. 2008;249(1):364–74.CrossRefPubMed
121.
Puijk RS, et al. Colorectal liver metastases: surgery versus thermal ablation (COLLISION)—a phase III single-blind prospective randomized controlled trial. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):821.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
122.
Correa-Gallego C, et al. A retrospective comparison of microwave ablation vs. radiofrequency ablation for colorectal cancer hepatic metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(13):4278–83.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
123.
Qian GJ, et al. Efficacy of microwave versus radiofrequency ablation for treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma: experimental and clinical studies. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(9):1983–90.CrossRefPubMed
124.
Di Vece F, et al. Coagulation areas produced by cool-tip radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation using a device to decrease back-heating effects: a prospective pilot study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2014;37(3):723–9.PubMed
125.
Cavagnaro M, et al. A minimally invasive antenna for microwave ablation therapies: design, performances, and experimental assessment. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2011;58(4):949–59.CrossRefPubMed
126.
Sag AA, Selcukbiricik F, Mandel NM. Evidence-based medical oncology and interventional radiology paradigms for liver-dominant colorectal cancer metastases. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(11):3127–49.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
127.
Aliberti C, et al. Trans-arterial chemoembolization of metastatic colorectal carcinoma to the liver adopting DC Bead(R), drug-eluting bead loaded with irinotecan: results of a phase II clinical study. Anticancer Res. 2011;31(12):4581–7.PubMed
128.
Martin RC, et al. Hepatic intra-arterial injection of drug-eluting bead, irinotecan (DEBIRI) in unresectable colorectal liver metastases refractory to systemic chemotherapy: results of multi-institutional study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(1):192–8.CrossRefPubMed
129.
Iezzi R, et al. Trans-arterial chemoembolization with irinotecan-loaded drug-eluting beads (DEBIRI) and capecitabine in refractory liver prevalent colorectal metastases: a phase II single-center study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2015;38(6):1523–31.CrossRefPubMed
130.
Fiorentini G, et al. Intra-arterial infusion of irinotecan-loaded drug-eluting beads (DEBIRI) versus intravenous therapy (FOLFIRI) for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: final results of a phase III study. Anticancer Res. 2012;32(4):1387–95.PubMed
131.
Albert M, et al. Chemoembolization of colorectal liver metastases with cisplatin, doxorubicin, mitomycin C, ethiodol, and polyvinyl alcohol. Cancer. 2011;117(2):343–52.CrossRefPubMed
132.
Vogl TJ, et al. Regional chemotherapy of the lung: transpulmonary chemoembolization in malignant lung tumors. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2013;30(2):176–84.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
133.
Sofocleous CT, et al. Radioembolization as a salvage therapy for heavily pretreated patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases: factors that affect outcomes. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2015;14(4):296–305.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
134.
Shady W, et al. Metabolic tumor volume and total lesion glycolysis on FDG-PET/CT can predict overall survival after (90)Y radioembolization of colorectal liver metastases: a comparison with SUVmax, SUVpeak, and RECIST 1.0. Eur J Radiol. 2016;85(6):1224–31.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
135.
Boas FE, Bodei L, Sofocleous CT. Radioembolization of colorectal liver metastases: indications, technique, and outcomes. J Nucl Med. 2017;58(Suppl 2):104s–11s.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
136.
Sofocleous CT, et al. Phase I trial of selective internal radiation therapy for chemorefractory colorectal cancer liver metastases progressing after hepatic arterial pump and systemic chemotherapy. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2014;13(1):27–36.CrossRefPubMed
137.
Sotirchos VS, et al. Safe and successful Yttrium-90 resin microsphere radioembolization in a heavily pretreated patient with chemorefractory colorectal liver metastases after biliary stent placement above the papilla. Case Reports Hepatol. 2014;2014:921406.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
138.
Ziv E, et al. PI3K pathway mutations are associated with longer time to local progression after radioembolization of colorectal liver metastases. Oncotarget. 2017;8(14):23529–38.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
139.
Braat A, et al. Adequate SIRT activity dose is as important as adequate chemotherapy dose. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(11):e636.CrossRefPubMed
140.
Dutton SJ, et al. FOXFIRE protocol: an open-label, randomised, phase III trial of 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and folinic acid (OxMdG) with or without interventional Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) as first-line treatment for patients with unresectable liver-only or liver-dominant metastatic colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:497.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
141.
Gibbs P, et al. Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) with yttrium-90 resin microspheres plus standard systemic chemotherapy regimen of FOLFOX versus FOLFOX alone as first-line treatment of non-resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer: the SIRFLOX study. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:897.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
142.
Khajornjiraphan N, Thu NA, Chow PK. Yttrium-90 microspheres: a review of its emerging clinical indications. Liver Cancer. 2015;4(1):6–15.CrossRefPubMed
143.
Murray D, McEwan AJ. Radiobiology of systemic radiation therapy. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2007;22(1):1–23.CrossRefPubMed
144.
Campbell AM, Bailey IH, Burton MA. Analysis of the distribution of intra-arterial microspheres in human liver following hepatic yttrium-90 microsphere therapy. Phys Med Biol. 2000;45(4):1023–33.CrossRefPubMed
145.
Kennedy A, et al. Recommendations for radioembolization of hepatic malignancies using yttrium-90 microsphere brachytherapy: a consensus panel report from the radioembolization brachytherapy oncology consortium. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68(1):13–23.CrossRefPubMed
146.
Hendlisz A, et al. Phase III trial comparing protracted intravenous fluorouracil infusion alone or with yttrium-90 resin microspheres radioembolization for liver-limited metastatic colorectal cancer refractory to standard chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(23):3687–94.CrossRefPubMed
147.
Van Hazel G, et al. Randomised phase 2 trial of SIR-Spheres plus fluorouracil/leucovorin chemotherapy versus fluorouracil/leucovorin chemotherapy alone in advanced colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2004;88(2):78–85.CrossRefPubMed
148.
Gray B, et al. Randomised trial of SIR-Spheres plus chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy alone for treating patients with liver metastases from primary large bowel cancer. Ann Oncol. 2001;12(12):1711–20.CrossRefPubMed
149.
Kennedy AS, et al. Pathologic response and microdosimetry of (90)Y microspheres in man: review of four explanted whole livers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60(5):1552–63.CrossRefPubMed
150.
Sharma RA, et al. Radioembolization of liver metastases from colorectal cancer using yttrium-90 microspheres with concomitant systemic oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(9):1099–106.CrossRefPubMed
151.
Vente MA, et al. Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization for the treatment of liver malignancies: a structured meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(4):951–9.CrossRefPubMed
152.
Cosimelli M, et al. Multi-centre phase II clinical trial of yttrium-90 resin microspheres alone in unresectable, chemotherapy refractory colorectal liver metastases. Br J Cancer. 2010;103(3):324–31.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
153.
Kurilova I, et al. (90)Y resin microspheres radioembolization for colon cancer liver metastases using full-strength contrast material. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2018;41(9):1419–27.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
154.
Puippe G, Pfammatter T, Schaefer N. Arterial therapies of non-colorectal liver metastases. Viszeralmedizin. 2015;31(6):414–22.PubMedPubMedCentral
155.
Fan KY, et al. Neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases treated with yttrium-90 radioembolization. Contemp Clin Trials. 2016;50:143–9.CrossRefPubMed
156.
Gordon AC, Salem R, Lewandowski RJ. Yttrium-90 radioembolization for breast cancer liver metastases. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2016;27(9):1316–9.CrossRefPubMed
157.
Bester L, et al. Radioembolisation with Yttrium-90 microspheres: an effective treatment modality for unresectable liver metastases. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2013;57(1):72–80.CrossRefPubMed
158.
Seidensticker R, et al. Matched-pair comparison of radioembolization plus best supportive care versus best supportive care alone for chemotherapy refractory liver-dominant colorectal metastases. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2012;35(5):1066–73.CrossRefPubMed
159.
Burrill J, Hafeli U, Liu DM. Advances in radioembolization—embolics and isotopes. Nucl Med Radiat Ther. 2011;2:107.
160.
Piana PM, et al. Early arterial stasis during resin-based yttrium-90 radioembolization: incidence and preliminary outcomes. HPB (Oxford). 2014;16(4):336–41.CrossRef
161.
Murthy R, et al. Yttrium 90 resin microspheres for the treatment of unresectable colorectal hepatic metastases after failure of multiple chemotherapy regimens: preliminary results. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16(7):937–45.CrossRefPubMed
162.
Chao C, et al. Effect of substituting 50% isovue for sterile water as the delivery medium for SIR-spheres: improved dose delivery and decreased incidence of stasis. Clin Nucl Med. 2017;42(3):176–9.CrossRefPubMed
163.
Prince JF, et al. Efficacy of radioembolization with (166)Ho-microspheres in salvage patients with liver metastases: a phase 2 study. J Nucl Med. 2018;59(4):582–8.CrossRefPubMed
164.
van Hazel GA, et al. SIRFLOX: randomized phase III trial comparing first-line mFOLFOX6 (plus or minus bevacizumab) versus mFOLFOX6 (plus or minus bevacizumab) plus selective internal radiation therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(15):1723–31.CrossRefPubMed
165.
Gibbs P, et al. Effect of primary tumor side on survival outcomes in untreated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer when selective internal radiation therapy is added to chemotherapy: combined analysis of two randomized controlled studies. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2018;17(4):e617–29.CrossRefPubMed
166.
Richardson AJ, Laurence JM, Lam VW. Transarterial chemoembolization with irinotecan beads in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases: systematic review. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(8):1209–17.CrossRefPubMed
167.
Song JE, Kim DY. Conventional vs drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol. 2017;9(18):808–14.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
168.
Jones RP, et al. PARAGON II—a single arm multicentre phase II study of neoadjuvant therapy using irinotecan bead in patients with resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2016;42(12):1866–72.CrossRefPubMed
169.
170.
Caine M, et al. Comparison of microsphere penetration with LC Bead LUMI versus other commercial microspheres. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2018;78:46–55.CrossRefPubMed
171.
Yoshino T, et al. Pan-Asian adapted ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a JSMO–ESMO initiative endorsed by CSCO, KACO, MOS, SSO and TOS. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(1):44–70.CrossRefPubMed
172.
Lahti SJ, et al. KRAS status as an independent prognostic factor for survival after Yttrium-90 radioembolization therapy for unresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015;26(8):1102–11.CrossRefPubMed
173.
Janowski E, et al. Yttrium-90 radioembolization for colorectal cancer liver metastases in KRAS wild-type and mutant patients: clinical and ccfDNA studies. Oncol Rep. 2017;37(1):57–65.CrossRefPubMed
174.
Calandri M, et al. Ablation of colorectal liver metastasis: interaction of ablation margins and RAS mutation profiling on local tumour progression-free survival. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(7):2727–34.CrossRefPubMed
175.
Reimer RP, Reimer P, Mahnken AH. Assessment of therapy response to transarterial radioembolization for liver metastases by means of post-treatment MRI-based texture analysis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2018;41(10):1545–56.CrossRefPubMed
176.
Letzen B, Wang CJ, Chapiro J. The role of artificial intelligence in interventional oncology: a primer. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2019;30(1):38–41.e1.CrossRefPubMed
177.
Ahmed M, et al. Image-guided tumor ablation: standardization of terminology and reporting criteria—a 10-year update. Radiology. 2014;273(1):241–60.CrossRefPubMed
178.
Gaba RC, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for transarterial chemoembolization and embolization of hepatic malignancy. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2017;28(9):1210–1223.e3.CrossRefPubMed
179.
Padia SA, et al. Radioembolization of hepatic malignancies: background, quality improvement guidelines, and future directions. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2017;28(1):1–15.CrossRefPubMed
180.
Gaba RC, et al. Transcatheter therapy for hepatic malignancy: standardization of terminology and reporting criteria. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2016;27(4):457–73.CrossRefPubMed
181.
Kemeny NE, Gonen M. Hepatic arterial infusion after liver resection. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(7):734–5.CrossRefPubMed
182.
Clavien PA, et al. Downstaging of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastases from colorectal cancer by selective intra-arterial chemotherapy. Surgery. 2002;131(4):433–42.CrossRefPubMed
183.
Kemeny N, et al. Phase I trial of systemic oxaliplatin combination chemotherapy with hepatic arterial infusion in patients with unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(22):4888–96.CrossRefPubMed
184.
Kemeny NE, et al. Conversion to resectability using hepatic artery infusion plus systemic chemotherapy for the treatment of unresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(21):3465–71.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
185.
Gallagher DJ, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion plus systemic irinotecan in patients with unresectable hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer previously treated with systemic oxaliplatin: a retrospective analysis. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(12):1995–9.CrossRefPubMed
186.
Goere D, et al. Prolonged survival of initially unresectable hepatic colorectal cancer patients treated with hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin followed by radical surgery of metastases. Ann Surg. 2010;251(4):686–91.CrossRefPubMed
187.
Levi FA, et al. Conversion to resection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer with hepatic artery infusion of combined chemotherapy and systemic cetuximab in multicenter trial OPTILIV. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(2):267–74.CrossRefPubMed
188.
Cercek A, et al. Floxuridine hepatic arterial infusion associated biliary toxicity is increased by concurrent administration of systemic bevacizumab. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(2):479–86.CrossRefPubMed
189.
Xu C, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for liver metastases after transarterial chemoembolization: a systemic analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(12):5101–6.CrossRefPubMed
190.
Bloomston M, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization with or without radiofrequency ablation in the management of patients with advanced hepatic malignancy. Am Surg. 2002;68(9):827–31.PubMed
191.
Meiers C, et al. Safety and initial efficacy of radiation segmentectomy for the treatment of hepatic metastases. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2018;9(2):311–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
192.
Vouche M, et al. Unresectable solitary hepatocellular carcinoma not amenable to radiofrequency ablation: multicenter radiology-pathology correlation and survival of radiation segmentectomy. Hepatology. 2014;60(1):192–201.CrossRefPubMed
193.
Teo JY, et al. A systematic review of contralateral liver lobe hypertrophy after unilobar selective internal radiation therapy with Y90. HPB (Oxford). 2016;18(1):7–12.CrossRef
194.
Fernandez-Ros N, et al. Partial liver volume radioembolization induces hypertrophy in the spared hemiliver and no major signs of portal hypertension. HPB (Oxford). 2014;16(3):243–9.CrossRef
195.
Marabelle A, et al. Starting the fight in the tumor: expert recommendations for the development of human intratumoral immunotherapy (HIT-IT). Ann Oncol. 2018;29(11):2163–74.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
196.
Broughton G 2nd, Janis JE, Attinger CE. Wound healing: an overview. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(7 Suppl):1–32e-S.
197.
Li LY, et al. Prospective comparison of five mediators of the systemic response after high-intensity focused ultrasound and targeted cryoablation for localized prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2009;104(8):1063–7.CrossRefPubMed
198.
Schell SR, et al. Pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine production after radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatic tumors. J Am Coll Surg. 2002;195(6):774–81.CrossRefPubMed
199.
de Jong KP, et al. Serum response of hepatocyte growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I, interleukin-6, and acute phase proteins in patients with colorectal liver metastases treated with partial hepatectomy or cryosurgery. J Hepatol. 2001;34(3):422–7.CrossRefPubMed
200.
Erinjeri JP, et al. Image-guided thermal ablation of tumors increases the plasma level of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(8):1105–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
201.
202.
203.
Lemdani K, et al. Improvement of immune response after radiofrequency ablation in colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(5_suppl):102.CrossRef
204.
Katz SC, et al. Phase I hepatic immunotherapy for metastases study of intra-arterial chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy for CEA + liver metastases. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(14):3149–59.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
205.
Fong Y, et al. A herpes oncolytic virus can be delivered via the vasculature to produce biologic changes in human colorectal cancer. Mol Ther. 2009;17(2):389–94.CrossRefPubMed
206.
Mehta A, Oklu R, Sheth RA. Thermal ablative therapies and immune checkpoint modulation: can locoregional approaches effect a systemic response? Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2016;2016:9251375.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
207.
208.
Fagnoni FF, et al. Combination of radiofrequency ablation and immunotherapy. Front Biosci. 2008;13:369–81.CrossRefPubMed
209.
den Brok MH, et al. Saponin-based adjuvants create a highly effective anti-tumor vaccine when combined with in situ tumor destruction. Vaccine. 2012;30(4):737–44.CrossRef
210.
den Brok MH, et al. Saponin-based adjuvants induce cross-presentation in dendritic cells by intracellular lipid body formation. Nat Commun. 2016;7:13324.CrossRef
211.
van den Bijgaart RJ, et al. Thermal and mechanical high-intensity focused ultrasound: perspectives on tumor ablation, immune effects and combination strategies. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2017;66(2):247–58.CrossRefPubMed
212.
Nierkens S, et al. In vivo colocalization of antigen and CpG [corrected] within dendritic cells is associated with the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res. 2008;68(13):5390–6.CrossRefPubMed
213.
214.
Trikha M, et al. Targeted anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody therapy for cancer: a review of the rationale and clinical evidence. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(13):4653–65.PubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Liver-Directed and Systemic Therapies for Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases
Authors
Nancy Kemeny
Ieva Kurilova
Jia Li
Juan C. Camacho
Constantinos T. Sofocleous
Publication date
01-09-2019
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology / Issue 9/2019
Print ISSN: 0174-1551
Electronic ISSN: 1432-086X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-019-02284-9

Other articles of this Issue 9/2019

CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 9/2019 Go to the issue

OriginalPaper

Endovascular Extra-Anatomic Femoro-Popliteal Bypass for Limb Salvage in Chronic Critical Limb Ischemia

Laboratory Investigation

Balloon-Expandable Biodegradable Stents Versus Self-Expandable Metallic Stents: A Comparison Study of Stent-Induced Tissue Hyperplasia in the Rat Urethra

Review

Basic Knowledge in Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Review

Cancer Immunotherapy: A Simple Guide for Interventional Radiologists of New Therapeutic Approaches

Commentary

Chemoembolization of HCC: Time for Technical Standardization, or Is It Too Late?

Technical Note

Usefulness of Amplatzer Vascular Plug for Preoperative Embolization Before Distal Pancreatectomy with En Bloc Celiac Axis Resection