Top

Published in:

01-05-2008

Surgery for Cushing’s Syndrome: An Historical Review and Recent Ten-year Experience

Authors: John R. Porterfield, Geoffrey B. Thompson, William F. Young Jr., John T. Chow, Raymond S. Fryrear, Jon A. van Heerden, David R. Farley, John L. D. Atkinson, Fredric B. Meyer, Charles F. Abboud, Todd B. Nippoldt, Neena Natt, Dana Erickson, Adrian Vella, Paul C. Carpenter, Melanie Richards, J. Aidan Carney, Dirk Larson, Cathy Schleck, Marilyn Churchward, Clive S. Grant

Published in: World Journal of Surgery | Issue 5/2008

Abstract

Background

Cushing’s syndrome (CS), due to multiple etiologies, is a disorder associated with the ravages of cortisol excess. The purpose of this review article is to provide a historical synopsis of surgery for CS, review a recent 10-year period of operative management at a tertiary care facility, and to outline a practical approach to diagnosis and management.

Materials and Methods

From 1996 to 2005, 298 patients underwent 322 operative procedures for CS at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. A retrospective chart review was carried out. Data was gathered regarding demographics, preoperative assessment, procedures performed, and outcomes. Data are presented as counts and percentages. Five-year survival rates were calculated where applicable by the Kaplan-Meier method. Statistical analysis was carried out with SAS, version 9 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC).

Results

Two-hundred thirty-one patients (78%) had ACTH-dependent CS and 67 patients (22%) had ACTH-independent CS. One-hundred ninety-six patients (66%) had pituitary-dependent CS and 35 patients (12%) had ectopic ACTH syndrome. Fifty-four patients (18%) had cortisol-secreting adenomas, 10 patients (3%) had cortisol-producing adrenocortical carcinomas, and 1% had other causes. Cure rates for first time pituitary operations (transsphenoidal, sublabial, and endonasal) were 80% and 55% for reoperations. Most benign adrenal processes could be managed laparoscopically. Five-year survival rates (all causes) were 90%, 51%, and 23% for adrenocortical adenomas, ectopic ACTH syndrome, and adrenocortical carcinomas, respectively.

Conclusions

Surgery for CS is highly successful for pituitary-dependent CS and most ACTH-independent adrenal causes. Bilateral total adrenalectomy can also provide effective palliation from the ravages of hypercortisolism in patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome and for those who have failed transsphenoidal surgery. Unfortunately, to date, adrenocortical carcinomas are rarely cured. Future successes with this disease will likely depend on a better understanding of tumor biology, more effective adjuvant therapies and earlier detection. Clearly, IPSS, advances in cross-sectional imaging, along with developments in transsphenoidal and laparoscopic surgery, have had the greatest impact on today’s management of the complex patient with CS.

Harris DA, Wheeler MH (2005) History of adrenal surgery. In: Linos D, van Heerden JA (eds) Adrenal Glands. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, p. 1–6

Eustachii B. Opuscula Anatomica. Quoted by Harrison TS, Gann DS, Edis AJ et al. (1975) Surgical disorders of the adrenal gland, New York, Grune & Stratton, 1–2

Addison T (1855) On the constitutional and local effects of disease of the suprarenal capsules. S. Highley, London

Trousseau A (1856) Bronze Addison’s disease. Arch Gen Med 8:478

Brown-Séquard E (1856) Recherches éxperimentales sur la physiologie et la pathologie des capsules surrenals. Arch Gen Med (Paris) 8:385–401

Osler W (1896) Six cases of Addison’s disease. Int Med Mag 5:3–11

Abel JJ, Crawford AC (1897) On the blood-pressure raising constituent of the suprarenal capsule. Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull 8:151–157

Rolleston HD (1936) The endocrine organs in health and disease, with a historical review. Oxford University Press, London, p. 355

Kendall EC, Mason HL, Myers CSA et al. (1936) A physiological and chemical investigation of the suprarenal cortex. J Biol Chem 114:57–58

10.

Reichstein T (1936) Constituents of the adrenal cortex. Helv Chiim Acta 19:402–412

11.

Simpson SA, Tait JF, Bush JE (1952) Secretion of a salt retaining hormone by the mammalian adrenal cortex. Lancet 2:226–2232PubMed

12.

Cahill GF (1935) Air injections to demonstrate the adrenals by x-ray. J Urol 34:238–243

13.

Melby JC, Spark FF, Dale SL et al. (1967) Diagnosis and localization of aldosterone producing adenomas by adrenal vein catheterization. N Engl J Med 277:1050–1056PubMedCrossRef

14.

Adamson U, Efendic S, Granberg PO et al. (1980) Preoperative localization of aldosterone-producing adenomas. An analysis of the efficiency of different diagnostic procedures made from 11 cases and from a review of the literature. Acta Med Scand 208:101–109PubMedCrossRef

15.

Thrall JH, Freitas JE, Beierwaltes WH (1978) Adrenal scintigraphy. Semin Nucl Med 23–41

16.

Sheedy PF, Stephens DH, Hattery RR et al. (1976) Computed tomography of the body: initial clinical trials with the EMI prototype. Am J Roentgenol 127:23–51

17.

Thornton JK (1890) Abdominal nephrectomy for large sarcoma of the left suprarenal capsule: recovery. Trans Clin Soc Lond 23:150–153

18.

Cushing H (1932) The basophil adenomas of the pituitary body and their clinical manifestations (pituitary basophilism). Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull 50:137–195

19.

Schloffer H (1907) Erfolgreiche operation eines hypophysentumors and nasalem wege. Wien Klin Wochenschr 20:621–624

20.

Cushing H (1909) Partial hypophysectomy for acromegaly. With remarks on the function of the hypophysis. Ann Surg 50:1002–1017PubMed

21.

Cohen-Gadol AA, Liu JK, Laws ER Jr (2005) Cushing’s first case of transsphenoidal surgery: the launch of the pituitary surgery era. J Neurosurg 103:570–574PubMedCrossRef

22.

Fulton JF (1946) Harvey Cushing: A Biography. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL

23.

Halstead AE (1910) Remarks on the operative treatment of tumors of the hypophysis. With the report of two cases operated on by an oronasal method. Surg Gynecol Obstet 10:494–502

24.

Walters W, Wilder RM, Kepler EJ (1934) The suprarenal cortical syndrome. Ann Surg 100:670–688PubMed

25.

Priestley JT, Sprague RG, Walters W et al. (1951) Subtotal adrenalectomy for Cushing’s syndrome. Ann Surg 134:464–475PubMed

26.

von Langenbüch C (1882) Ein fall von exstirpation der gallenblase. Berlin Klin Wochenschr 19:725–727. Quoted by Welbourn RB in The History of Endocrine Surgery, London, Praeger, 1990, p. 151

27.

Broster LR, Hill HG, Greenfield JG (1932) Adreno-genital syndrome and unilateral adrenalectomy. Br J Surg 19:557–570

28.

Mayo CH (1927) Paroxysmal hypertension with tumour of retroperitoneal nerve. JAMA 89:1047–1050

29.

Young HH (1936) Technique for simultaneous exposure and operation on the adrenals. Surg Gynecol Obstet 63:179–188

30.

Russell CF, Hamberger B, van Heerden JA et al. (1982) Adrenalectomy: anterior or posterior approach? Am J Surg 144:322–324PubMed

31.

Gagner M, Lacrois A, Bolte E (1992) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in Cushing’s syndrome and phaeochromocytoma. N Engl J Med 327:1033PubMedCrossRef

32.

Thompson GB, Grant CS, van Heerden JA et al. (1997) Laparoscopic versus open posterior adrenalectomy: a case-control study of 100 patients. Surgery 122:1132–1136PubMed

33.

Lal G, Duh QY (2003) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy—indications and technique. Surg Oncol 12:105–123PubMed

34.

Micali S, Peluso G, De Stefani S et al. (2005) Laparoscopic adrenal surgery: new frontiers. J Endourol 19:272–278PubMed

35.

Porpiglia F, Fiori C, Bovio S et al. (2004) Bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing’s syndrome: a comparison between laparoscopic and open surgery. J Endocrinol Invest 27:654–658PubMed

36.

Saunders BD, Wainess RM, Dimick JB et al. (2004) Trends in utilization of adrenalectomy in the United States: have indications changed? World J Surg 28:1169–1175PubMed

37.

Naya Y, Suzuki H, Komiya A et al. (2005) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in patients with large adrenal tumors. Int J Urol 12:134–139PubMed

38.

Chavez-Rodriguez J, Pasieka JL (2005) Adrenal lesions assessed in the era of laparoscopic adrenalectomy: a modern day series. Am J Surg 189:581–585PubMed

39.

Hara I, Kawabata G, Hara S et al. (2005) Clinical outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy according to tumor size. Int J Urol 12:1015–1021

40.

Gumbs AA, Gagner M (2006) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Best Clin Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 20:483–499

41.

Young WF Jr, Thompson GB (2005) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for patients who have Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 34:489–499PubMed

42.

Mercan S, Seven R, Ozarmagan S et al. (1995) Endoscopic retroperitoneal adrenalectomy. Surgery 118:1071–1075PubMed

43.

Walz MK, Alesina PF, Wenger FA et al. (2006) Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy—results of 560 procedures in 520 patients. Surgery 140:943–950PubMed

44.

Barczyski M, Konturek A, Golkowski F et al. (2007) Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy: a comparison between the initial experience in the invention phase and introductory phase of the new surgical technique. World J Surg 31:65–71

45.

Jacobson L (2005) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis regulation. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 34:271–292PubMed

46.

Stewart PM (2003) The adrenal cortex. In: Larsen PR, Knonenberg HM, Melmed S, Polansky KS (eds) Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, Tenth Edition. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 491–548

47.

Arlt W, Stewart PM (2005) Adrenal corticosteroid biosynthesis, metabolism, and action. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 34:293–313PubMed

48.

Findling JW, Raff H (2005) Screening and diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 34:385–402PubMed

49.

Carpenter PC (1998) Cushing’s syndrome. In: Rakel RE (ed) Conn’s Current Therapy. WB Saunders, Phildelphia, pp. 616–620

50.

Cushing H (1912) The Pituitary Body and its Disorders: Clinical Status Produced by Disorders of the Hypophysis Cerebri. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia

51.

Meador CK, Liddle GW, Island DP et al. (1962) Cause of Cushing’s syndrome in patients with tumors arising from “nonendocrine” tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 22:693–703PubMed

52.

Lindsay JR, Nieman LK (2005) Differential diagnosis and imaging in Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 34:403–421PubMed

53.

Aniszewski JP, Young WF Jr, Thompson GB et al. (2001) Cushing syndrome due to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion. World J Surg 25:934–940PubMed

54.

Vrezas I, Willenberg HS, Mansmann G et al. (2003) Ectopic adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) production in the adrenal gland: basic and clinical aspects. Microsc Res Tech 61:308–314PubMed

55.

Hérnandez I, Ispinosa-de-los-Monteros AL, Mendoza V et al. (2006) Ectopic ACTH-secreting syndrome: a single center experience report with a high prevalence of occult tumor. Arch Med Res 37:976–980PubMed

56.

Kendrick ML, Lloyd R, Erickson L et al. (2001) Adrenocortical carcinoma: surgical progress or status quo? Arch Surg 136:543–549PubMed

57.

Icard P, Chapuis Y, Andreassian B et al. (1992) Adrenocortical carcinoma in surgically treated patients. A retrospective study on 156 cases by the French Association of Endocrine Surgery. Surgery 112:9792

58.

Lacroix A, Bourdeau I (2005) Bilateral adrenal Cushing’s syndrome: macronodular adrenal hyperplasia and primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 34:441–458PubMed

59.

Young WF Jr (2007) The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. N Engl J Med 356:601–610PubMed

60.

Barzon L, Sonino N, Fallo F et al. (2003) Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas. Eur J Endocrinol 149:273–285PubMed

61.

Tsagarakis S, Vassiliadi D, Thalassinos N (2006) Endogenous subclinical hypercortisolism: diagnostic uncertainties and clinical implications. J Endocrinol Invest 29:471–482PubMed

62.

Sippel RS, Chen H (2004) Subclinical Cushing’s syndrome in adrenal incidentaloma. Surg Clin North Am 84:875–885PubMed

63.

Terzolo M, Bovio S, Reimondo G et al. (2005) Subclinical Cushing’s syndrome in adrenal incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 34:423–439PubMed

64.

Izaki H, Fukumori T, Takahashi M et al. (2006) Indications for laparoscopic adrenalectomy for non-functional adrenal tumor with hypertension: usefulness of adrenocortical scintigraphy. Int J Urol 13:677–681PubMed

65.

Midorikawa S, Sanada H, Hashimoto S et al. (2001) The improvement of insulin resistance in patients with adrenal incidentaloma by surgical resection. Clin. Endocrinol. 54:797–804

66.

Young WF Jr, Carney JA, Musa BU et al. (1989) Familial Cushing’s syndrome due to primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease: reinvestigation 50 years later. N Engl J Med 321:1659–1664PubMedCrossRef

67.

Lacroix A, Baldacchino V, Bourdeau I et al. Cushing’s syndrome variants secondary to aberrant hormone receptors. Trends Endocrinol Metab 15:375–382

68.

Christopoulos S, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A (2004) Aberrant expression of hormone receptors in adrenal Cushing’s syndrome. Pituitary 7:231–241

69.

Swain JM, Grant CS, Schlinkert RT et al. (1998) Corticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. A clinicopathologic correlation. Arch Surg 133:541–546PubMed

70.

Storr HL, Mitchell H, Swords FM et al. (2004) Clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and molecular studies in paediatric Cushing’s syndrome due to primary nodular adrenocortical hyperplasia. Clin Endocrinol 61:553–559

71.

Gunther DF, Bourdeau I, Matyakhina L et al. (2004) Cyclical Cushing’s syndrome presenting in infancy: an early form of primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease, or a new entity? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3173–3182PubMed

72.

Contreras LN, Cardosa E, Lozano MP et al. (2000) Detection of preclinical Cushing’s syndrome in overweight type 2 diabetic patients. Medicina 60:326–330PubMed

73.

Davies JS, Ogunko A, Smith J et al. (2000) Diagnostic dilemmas in Cushing’s syndrome. Ann Clin Biochem 37:85–89PubMed

74.

Newell-Price J, Bertagna X, Grossman AB et al. (2006) Cushing’s syndrome. Lancet 367:1605–1617PubMed

75.

Lin DD, Loughlin KR (2005) Diagnosis and management of surgical adrenal disease. Urology 66:476–483PubMed

76.

Nieman LK, Ilias I (2005) Evaluation and treatment of Cushing’s syndrome. Am J Med 118:1340–1346PubMed

77.

Arnaldi G, Angeli A, Atkinson AB et al. (2003) Diagnosis and complications of Cushing’s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5593–5602PubMed

78.

Raff H, Findling JW (2003) A physiologic approach to diagnosis of the Cushing syndrome. Ann Intern Med 138:980–991PubMed

79.

Simard M (2004) The biochemical investigation of Cushing syndrome. Neurosurg Focus 16:1–5

80.

Nieman LK, Cutler GB Jr (1999) The sensitivity of the urine-free cortisol measurement as a screening test for Cushing’s syndrome. In Program and Abstracts of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, Atlanta, Georgia, June, p. 230

81.

Puig J, Wagner A, Caballero A et al. (1999) Cost-effectiveness and accuracy of the tests used in the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s. Pituitary 1:125–132PubMed

82.

Raff H, Raff JL, Findling JW (1998) Late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2681–2686PubMed

83.

Lindsay JR, Nieman LK (2005) Differential diagnosis and imaging in Cushing’s syndrome. Endocrinol. Metab Clin North Am 34:403–421PubMed

84.

Yanovski JA, Cutler GB Jr, Chrousos GP et al. (1993) Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation following low-dose dexamethasone administration. JAMA 269:2232–2238PubMed

85.

Rockall AG, Babar SA, Sohaib SA et al. (2004) CT and MR imaging of the adrenal glands in ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome. Radiographics 24:435–452PubMed

86.

Korobkin M, Brodeur FJ, Yutzy GG et al. (1996) Differentiation of adrenal adenomas from nonadenomas using CT attenuation values. Am J Roentgenol 166:531–536

87.

Findling JW, Kehoe ME, Shaker JL et al. (1991) Routine inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: early recognition of the occult ectopic ACTH syndrome. J Clin Endocdrinol Metab 73:408–413

88.

Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Nieman LK et al. (1991) Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropoin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 325:897–905PubMedCrossRef

89.

Bonelli FS, Huston J III, Carpenter PC et al. (2000) Adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: sensitivity and specificity of inferior petrosal sinus sampling. AJNR Am. J Neuroradiol 21:690–696PubMed

90.

Obuobie K, Davies JS, Ogunko A et al. (2002) Venous thrombo-embolism following inferior petrosal sinus sampling in Cushing’s disease. J Endocrinol Invest 3:542–544

91.

Lefournier V, Gatta B, Martinie M et al. (1999) One transient neurological complication (sixth nerve palsy) in 166 consecutive inferior petrosal sinus sampling for the etiological diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3401–3402PubMed

92.

Sturrock ND, Jeffcoate WJ (1997) A neurological complication of inferior petrosal sinus sampling during investigation for Cushing’s disease: a case report. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 62:527–528PubMed

93.

Miller DL, Doppman JL, Peterman SB et al. (1999) Neurological complications of petrosal sinus sampling. Radiology 185:143–147

94.

Kaltsas GA, Giannulis MG, Newell-Price JD et al. (1999) A critical analysis of the value of simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus sampling in Cushing’s disease and the occult ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:487–492PubMed

95.

Doppman JL, Chang R, Oldfield EH et al. (1999) The hypoplastic inferior petrosal sinus: a potential source of false-negative results in petrosal sampling for Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:533–540PubMed

96.

Lienhardt A, Grossman AB, Dacie JE et al. (2001) Relative contributions of inferior petrosal sinus sampling and pituitary imaging in the investigation of children and adolescents with ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5711–5714PubMed

97.

Tabarin A, Vallil N, Chanson P et al. (1999) Usefulness of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in patients with occult ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1193–1202PubMed

98.

Granberg D, Sundin A, Janson ET et al. (2003) Octreoscan in patients with bronchial carcinoid tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 59:793–799

99.

Catargi B, Rigalleau V, Poussin A et al. (2003) Occult Cushing’s syndrome in type II diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5808–5813PubMed

100.

Markou A, Manning P, Kaya B et al. (2005) [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography imaging of thymic carcinoid tumor presenting with recurrent Cushing’s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 152:521–525PubMed

101.

Utz AL, Swearingen B, Biller BMK (2005) Pituitary surgery and postoperative management in Cushing’s disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 34:459–478PubMed

102.

Guilhaume B, Bertagna X, Thomsen M et al. (1988) Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery for the treatment of Cushing’s disease: results in 64 patients and long term follow-up studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66:1056–1064PubMedCrossRef

103.

Arnott RD, Pestell RG, McKelvie PA et al. (1999) A critical evaluation of transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in the treatment of Cushing’s disease: prediction of outcome. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 123:423–430

104.

Pieters GFFM, Hermus ARMM, Meijer E et al. (1989) Predictive factors for initial cure and relapse rate after pituitary surgery for Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocriniol Metab 69:1122–1126

105.

Graham KE, Samuels MH, Raff H et al. (1997) Intraoperative adrenocorticotropin levels during transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease do not predict cure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1776–1779PubMed

106.

Semple CG, Thomson JA, Teasdale GM Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 21:621–629

107.

Friedman RB, Oldfield EH, Nieman LK et al. (1989) Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease. J Neurosurg 71:520–527PubMed

108.

Laws ER, Reigmeyer M, Thapar K et al. (2002) Cushing’s disease resulting from pituitary corticotrophic microadenoma. Treatment results from transsphenoidal microsurgery and gamma knife radiosurgery. Neuro-Chir 48:294–299

109.

Leinung MC, Kane LA, Scheithauer BW et al. (1995) Long term follow-up of transsphenoidal surgery for the treatment of Cushing’s disease in childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2475–2479PubMed

110.

Nasseri SS, Kasperbauer JL, Strome SE et al. (2001) Endoscopic transnasal pituitary surgery: report of 180 cases. Am J Rhinol 15:281–287PubMed

111.

Chow JT, Thompson GB, Grant CS et al. (2007) Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy for ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol In Press, Available online from 29 October 2007

112.

Vella A, Thompson GB, Grant CS et al. (1998) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:348–352

113.

Lairmore TC, Ball DW, Baylin SB et al. (1993) Management of pheochromocytomas in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome. Ann Surg 217:595–601PubMed

114.

Aniszewski JP, Sawka AM, Young WF Jr.(1999) Nelson-Salassa syndrome: a long-term follow-up study. 81st Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, San Diego, CA, June 15, p. 21

115.

Assie G, Bahurel H, Bertherat J et al. (2004) The Nelson’s syndrome ... revisted. Pituitary 7:209–215PubMed

116.

Gil-Cardenas A, Herrera MF, Diaz-Polanco A et al. (2007) Nelson’s syndrome after bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing’s disease. Surgery 141:147–151PubMed

117.

Plowman PN (1994) Pituitary adenoma radiotherapy—when, who, and how? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 51:265–271

118.

Hentschel SJ, McCutcheon IE (2004) Stereotactic radiosurgery for Cushing disease. Neurosurg. Focus 16:1–7

119.

Voges J, Kocher m, Runge M et al. (2006) Linear accelerator radiosurgery for pituitary macroadenomas: a 7-year follow-up study. Cancer 107:1355–1364

120.

Hellman P, Linder F, Hennings J et al. (2006) Bilateral adrenalectomy for ectopic Cushing’s syndrome—discussions on technique and indication. World J Surg 30:909–916PubMed

121.

Kollmorgen CF, Thompson GB, Grant CS et al. (1998) Laparoscopic versus open posterior adrenalectomy: comparison of acute-phase response and wound healing in the cushingoid porcine model. World J Surg 22:613–619PubMed

122.

Walz MK (2004) Extent of adrenalectomy for adrenal neoplasm: cortical sparing (subtotal) versus total adrenalectomy. Surg Clin North Am 84:743–753PubMed

123.

Inoue T, Ishiguro K, Suda T et al. (2006) Laparoscopic bilateral partial adrenalectomy for adrenocortical adenomas causing Cushing’s syndrome: report of a case. Surg Today 36:94–97PubMed

124.

Shen WT, Sturgeon C, Duh Q-Y (2005) From incidentaloma to adrenocortical carcinoma: the surgical management of adrenal tumors. J Surg Oncol 89:186–192PubMed

125.

Sturgeon C, Kebebew E (2004) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for malignancy. Surg Clin North Am 84:755–774PubMed

126.

Schulick RD, Brennan MF (1999) Long-term survival after complete resection and repeat resection in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 6:719–726PubMed

127.

Ritchey M, Kinard R, Novicki DE (1987) Adrenal tumors: involvement of the inferior vena cava. J Urol 138:1134PubMed

128.

Terzolo M, Angeli A, Fassnacht M et al. (2000) Adjuvant mitotane treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma. N Engl J Med 356:2372–2380

129.

Schteingart DE, Doherty GM, Gauger PG et al. (2005) Management of patients with adrenal cancer: recommendations of an international consensus conference. Endocr-Rel Cancer 12:667–680

130.

Berruti A, Terzolo M, Pia A et al. (1998) Mitotane associated with etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin in the treatment of advanced adrenocortical carcinoma. Italian Group for the Study of Adrenal Cancer. Cancer 83:2194–2200PubMed

131.

Figueiredo BC, Stratakis CA, Sandrini R et al. (1999) Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of adrenocortical tumors in childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1116–1121PubMed

132.

Khan TS, Imam H, Juhlin C (2000) Streptozocin and o,p’-DDD in the treatment of adrenocortical cancer patients: long term survival in its adjuvant use. Ann Oncol 11:1281–1287PubMed

133.

Schteingart DE, Homan D (2001) Management of adrenal cancer. In: Margioris AN, Chrousos G (eds) Adrenal Disorders. Humana Press, Totowa, p. 231–247

134.

Wajchenberg B, Albergaria PM, Medonca B et al. (2000) Adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical and laboratory observations. Cancer 88:711–736PubMed

135.

Williamsom SK, Lew D, Miller GJ et al. (2000) Phase II evaluation of cisplatin and etoposide followed by mitotane at disease progression in patients with locally advanced or metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma. A Southwestern Oncology Study. Cancer 88:1159–1165

136.

Riedl M, Maier C, Zetting G et al. (2006) Long term control of hypercortisolism with fluconazole: case report and in vitro studies. Eur J Endocrinol 154:519–524PubMed

137.

Heaney AP (2004) PPAR-γ in Cushing’s disease. Pituitary 7:265–269PubMed

138.

Greening JE, Brain CE, Perry LA et al. (2005) Efficient short-term control of hypercortisolaemia by low-dose etomidate in severe paediatric Cushing’s disease. Horm Res 64:140–143PubMed

139.

Lindsay JR, Nieman LK (2005) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: challenges in disease detection and treatment. Endocrinol Rev 26:775–799

Title: Surgery for Cushing’s Syndrome: An Historical Review and Recent Ten-year Experience
Authors: John R. Porterfield
Geoffrey B. Thompson
William F. Young Jr.
John T. Chow
Raymond S. Fryrear
Jon A. van Heerden
David R. Farley
John L. D. Atkinson
Fredric B. Meyer
Charles F. Abboud
Todd B. Nippoldt
Neena Natt
Dana Erickson
Adrian Vella
Paul C. Carpenter
Melanie Richards
J. Aidan Carney
Dirk Larson
Cathy Schleck
Marilyn Churchward
Clive S. Grant
Publication date: 01-05-2008
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: World Journal of Surgery / Issue 5/2008
Print ISSN: 0364-2313
Electronic ISSN: 1432-2323
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-007-9387-6

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Surgery for Cushing’s Syndrome: An Historical Review and Recent Ten-year Experience

Abstract

Background

Materials and Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Materials and Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 5/2008

Papillary Microcarcinoma

High Success Rate of Parathyroid Reoperation may be Achieved with Improved Localization Diagnosis

Expression of Parafibromin in Distant Metastatic Parathyroid Tumors in Patients with Advanced Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Due to Chronic Kidney Disease

The Value of Positron Emission Tomography in the Surgical Management of Recurrent Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Surgery and Radiofrequency Ablation for Treatment of Liver Metastases from Midgut and Foregut Carcinoids and Endocrine Pancreatic Tumors

Sporadic Paraganglioma