Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Abdominal Radiology 5/2019

Open Access 01-05-2019 | Perspective

Differences in the imaging of Crohn’s disease patients between North America and Europe: are we ready to bridge the divide?

Authors: Stuart A. Taylor, Florian Rieder, Joel G. Fletcher

Published in: Abdominal Radiology | Issue 5/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

The emphasis of treatment in Crohn’s disease has evolved from a reactive model to “treat-to-target” approaches. Cross-sectional imaging has rapidly evolved in parallel, with a growing evidence base supporting its abilities for diagnosis, monitoring and prognostication. Whilst there are differences in emphasis between Europe and North America, particularly around the type of imaging modalities and patterns of multidisciplinary care, there is increasing convergence. This perspective piece provides an overview of the evolving role of cross-sectional imaging in Crohn’s disease, discusses practice differences between North America and Europe and provides suggestions on areas for future collaboration and research priorities.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Khanna R, Bressler B, Levesque BG, Zou G, Stitt LW, Greenberg GR, Panaccione R, Bitton A, Pare P, Vermeire S, D'Haens G, MacIntosh D, Sandborn WJ, Donner A, Vandervoort MK, Morris JC, Feagan BG (2015) Early combined immunosuppression for the management of Crohn's disease (REACT): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) 386(10006):1825-1834. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00068-9 CrossRef Khanna R, Bressler B, Levesque BG, Zou G, Stitt LW, Greenberg GR, Panaccione R, Bitton A, Pare P, Vermeire S, D'Haens G, MacIntosh D, Sandborn WJ, Donner A, Vandervoort MK, Morris JC, Feagan BG (2015) Early combined immunosuppression for the management of Crohn's disease (REACT): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) 386(10006):1825-1834. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​s0140-6736(15)00068-9 CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Taylor SA, Mallett S, Bhatnagar G, Baldwin-Cleland R, Bloom S, Gupta A, Hamlin PJ, Hart AL, Higginson A, Jacobs I, McCartney S, Miles A, Murray CD, Plumb AA, Pollok RC, Punwani S, Quinn L, Rodriguez-Justo M, Shabir Z, Slater A, Tolan D, Travis S, Windsor A, Wylie P, Zealley I, Halligan S (2018) Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance enterography and small bowel ultrasound for the extent and activity of newly diagnosed and relapsed Crohn's disease (METRIC): a multicentre trial. The lancet Gastroenterology & hepatology 3 (8):548-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(18)30161-4 CrossRef Taylor SA, Mallett S, Bhatnagar G, Baldwin-Cleland R, Bloom S, Gupta A, Hamlin PJ, Hart AL, Higginson A, Jacobs I, McCartney S, Miles A, Murray CD, Plumb AA, Pollok RC, Punwani S, Quinn L, Rodriguez-Justo M, Shabir Z, Slater A, Tolan D, Travis S, Windsor A, Wylie P, Zealley I, Halligan S (2018) Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance enterography and small bowel ultrasound for the extent and activity of newly diagnosed and relapsed Crohn's disease (METRIC): a multicentre trial. The lancet Gastroenterology & hepatology 3 (8):548-558. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​s2468-1253(18)30161-4 CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Bruining DH, Zimmermann EM, Loftus EV, Jr., Sandborn WJ, Sauer CG, Strong SA, Society of Abdominal Radiology Crohn's Disease-Focused P (2018) Consensus Recommendations for Evaluation, Interpretation, and Utilization of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Enterography in Patients With Small Bowel Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterology 154 (4):1172-1194. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.11.274 CrossRefPubMed Bruining DH, Zimmermann EM, Loftus EV, Jr., Sandborn WJ, Sauer CG, Strong SA, Society of Abdominal Radiology Crohn's Disease-Focused P (2018) Consensus Recommendations for Evaluation, Interpretation, and Utilization of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Enterography in Patients With Small Bowel Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterology 154 (4):1172-1194. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1053/​j.​gastro.​2017.​11.​274 CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Sturm A, Maaser C, Calabrese E, Annese V, Fiorino G, Kucharzik T, Vavricka SR, Verstockt B, van Rheenen P, Tolan D, Taylor SA, Rimola J, Rieder F, Limdi JK, Laghi A, Krustins E, Kotze PG, Kopylov U, Katsanos K, Halligan S, Gordon H, Gonzalez Lama Y, Ellul P, Eliakim R, Castiglione F, Burisch J, Borralho Nunes P, Bettenworth D, Baumgart DC, Stoker J (2018) ECCO-ESGAR Guideline for Diagnostic Assessment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of Crohn's & colitis. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy114 Sturm A, Maaser C, Calabrese E, Annese V, Fiorino G, Kucharzik T, Vavricka SR, Verstockt B, van Rheenen P, Tolan D, Taylor SA, Rimola J, Rieder F, Limdi JK, Laghi A, Krustins E, Kotze PG, Kopylov U, Katsanos K, Halligan S, Gordon H, Gonzalez Lama Y, Ellul P, Eliakim R, Castiglione F, Burisch J, Borralho Nunes P, Bettenworth D, Baumgart DC, Stoker J (2018) ECCO-ESGAR Guideline for Diagnostic Assessment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of Crohn's & colitis. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​ecco-jcc/​jjy114
5.
go back to reference Maaser C, Sturm A, Vavricka SR, Kucharzik T, Fiorino G, Annese V, Calabrese E, Baumgart DC, Bettenworth D, Borralho Nunes P, Burisch J, Castiglione F, Eliakim R, Ellul P, Gonzalez-Lama Y, Gordon H, Halligan S, Katsanos K, Kopylov U, Kotze PG, Krustins E, Laghi A, Limdi JK, Rieder F, Rimola J, Taylor SA, Tolan D, van Rheenen P, Verstockt B, Stoker J (2018) ECCO-ESGAR Guideline for Diagnostic Assessment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of Crohn's & colitis. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy113 Maaser C, Sturm A, Vavricka SR, Kucharzik T, Fiorino G, Annese V, Calabrese E, Baumgart DC, Bettenworth D, Borralho Nunes P, Burisch J, Castiglione F, Eliakim R, Ellul P, Gonzalez-Lama Y, Gordon H, Halligan S, Katsanos K, Kopylov U, Kotze PG, Krustins E, Laghi A, Limdi JK, Rieder F, Rimola J, Taylor SA, Tolan D, van Rheenen P, Verstockt B, Stoker J (2018) ECCO-ESGAR Guideline for Diagnostic Assessment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of Crohn's & colitis. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​ecco-jcc/​jjy113
7.
go back to reference Kjesbu IE, Laursen CB, Graven T, Holden HM, Romo B, Newton Andersen G, Mjolstad OC, Lassen A, Dalen H (2017) Feasibility and Diagnostic Accuracy of Point-of-Care Abdominal Sonography by Pocket-Sized Imaging Devices, Performed by Medical Residents. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 36 (6):1195-1202. https://doi.org/10.7863/ultra.16.05077 CrossRef Kjesbu IE, Laursen CB, Graven T, Holden HM, Romo B, Newton Andersen G, Mjolstad OC, Lassen A, Dalen H (2017) Feasibility and Diagnostic Accuracy of Point-of-Care Abdominal Sonography by Pocket-Sized Imaging Devices, Performed by Medical Residents. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 36 (6):1195-1202. https://​doi.​org/​10.​7863/​ultra.​16.​05077 CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Novak K, Tanyingoh D, Petersen F, Kucharzik T, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Kaplan GG, Wilson A, Kannengiesser K, Maaser C (2015) Clinic-based Point of Care Transabdominal Ultrasound for Monitoring Crohn's Disease: Impact on Clinical Decision Making. Journal of Crohn's & colitis 9 (9):795-801. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv105 CrossRef Novak K, Tanyingoh D, Petersen F, Kucharzik T, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Kaplan GG, Wilson A, Kannengiesser K, Maaser C (2015) Clinic-based Point of Care Transabdominal Ultrasound for Monitoring Crohn's Disease: Impact on Clinical Decision Making. Journal of Crohn's & colitis 9 (9):795-801. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​ecco-jcc/​jjv105 CrossRef
10.
14.
go back to reference Bruining DH, Siddiki HA, Fletcher JG, Sandborn WJ, Fidler JL, Huprich JE, Mandrekar JN, Harmsen WS, Evans PE, Faubion WA, Hanson KA, Ingle SB, Pardi DS, Schroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Loftus EV, Jr. (2012) Benefit of computed tomography enterography in Crohn's disease: effects on patient management and physician level of confidence. Inflamm Bowel Dis 18 (2):219-225. https://doi.org/10.1002/ibd.21683 CrossRefPubMed Bruining DH, Siddiki HA, Fletcher JG, Sandborn WJ, Fidler JL, Huprich JE, Mandrekar JN, Harmsen WS, Evans PE, Faubion WA, Hanson KA, Ingle SB, Pardi DS, Schroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Loftus EV, Jr. (2012) Benefit of computed tomography enterography in Crohn's disease: effects on patient management and physician level of confidence. Inflamm Bowel Dis 18 (2):219-225. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​ibd.​21683 CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Everhov AH, Halfvarson J, Myrelid P, Sachs MC, Nordenvall C, Soderling J, Ekbom A, Neovius M, Ludvigsson JF, Askling J, Olen O (2018) Incidence and Treatment of Patients Diagnosed With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases at 60 Years or Older in Sweden. Gastroenterology 154 (3):518-528 e515. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.10.034 Everhov AH, Halfvarson J, Myrelid P, Sachs MC, Nordenvall C, Soderling J, Ekbom A, Neovius M, Ludvigsson JF, Askling J, Olen O (2018) Incidence and Treatment of Patients Diagnosed With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases at 60 Years or Older in Sweden. Gastroenterology 154 (3):518-528 e515. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1053/​j.​gastro.​2017.​10.​034
21.
go back to reference Panes J, Bouhnik Y, Reinisch W, Stoker J, Taylor SA, Baumgart DC, Danese S, Halligan S, Marincek B, Matos C, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Rimola J, Rogler G, van Assche G, Ardizzone S, Ba-Ssalamah A, Bali MA, Bellini D, Biancone L, Castiglione F, Ehehalt R, Grassi R, Kucharzik T, Maccioni F, Maconi G, Magro F, Martin-Comin J, Morana G, Pendse D, Sebastian S, Signore A, Tolan D, Tielbeek JA, Weishaupt D, Wiarda B, Laghi A (2013) Imaging techniques for assessment of inflammatory bowel disease: joint ECCO and ESGAR evidence-based consensus guidelines. Journal of Crohn's & colitis 7 (7):556-585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crohns.2013.02.020 CrossRef Panes J, Bouhnik Y, Reinisch W, Stoker J, Taylor SA, Baumgart DC, Danese S, Halligan S, Marincek B, Matos C, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Rimola J, Rogler G, van Assche G, Ardizzone S, Ba-Ssalamah A, Bali MA, Bellini D, Biancone L, Castiglione F, Ehehalt R, Grassi R, Kucharzik T, Maccioni F, Maconi G, Magro F, Martin-Comin J, Morana G, Pendse D, Sebastian S, Signore A, Tolan D, Tielbeek JA, Weishaupt D, Wiarda B, Laghi A (2013) Imaging techniques for assessment of inflammatory bowel disease: joint ECCO and ESGAR evidence-based consensus guidelines. Journal of Crohn's & colitis 7 (7):556-585. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​crohns.​2013.​02.​020 CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Faubion WA, Jr., Fletcher JG, O'Byrne S, Feagan BG, de Villiers WJ, Salzberg B, Plevy S, Proctor DD, Valentine JF, Higgins PD, Harris JM, Diehl L, Wright L, Tew GW, Luca D, Basu K, Keir ME (2013) EMerging BiomARKers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EMBARK) study identifies fecal calprotectin, serum MMP9, and serum IL-22 as a novel combination of biomarkers for Crohn's disease activity: role of cross-sectional imaging. The American journal of gastroenterology 108 (12):1891-1900. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.354 CrossRefPubMed Faubion WA, Jr., Fletcher JG, O'Byrne S, Feagan BG, de Villiers WJ, Salzberg B, Plevy S, Proctor DD, Valentine JF, Higgins PD, Harris JM, Diehl L, Wright L, Tew GW, Luca D, Basu K, Keir ME (2013) EMerging BiomARKers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EMBARK) study identifies fecal calprotectin, serum MMP9, and serum IL-22 as a novel combination of biomarkers for Crohn's disease activity: role of cross-sectional imaging. The American journal of gastroenterology 108 (12):1891-1900. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​ajg.​2013.​354 CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Sandborn WJ (2014) Crohn's disease evaluation and treatment: clinical decision tool. Gastroenterology 147 (3):702-705CrossRefPubMed Sandborn WJ (2014) Crohn's disease evaluation and treatment: clinical decision tool. Gastroenterology 147 (3):702-705CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Coimbra AJ, Rimola J, O'Byrne S, Lu TT, Bengtsson T, de Crespigny A, Luca D, Rutgeerts P, Bruining DH, Fidler JL, Sandborn WJ, Santillan CS, Higgins PD, Al-Hawary MM, Vermeire S, Vanbeckevoort D, Vanslembrouck R, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Laurent V, Herrmann KA, Panes J (2016) Magnetic resonance enterography is feasible and reliable in multicenter clinical trials in patients with Crohn's disease, and may help select subjects with active inflammation. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 43 (1):61-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13453 CrossRef Coimbra AJ, Rimola J, O'Byrne S, Lu TT, Bengtsson T, de Crespigny A, Luca D, Rutgeerts P, Bruining DH, Fidler JL, Sandborn WJ, Santillan CS, Higgins PD, Al-Hawary MM, Vermeire S, Vanbeckevoort D, Vanslembrouck R, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Laurent V, Herrmann KA, Panes J (2016) Magnetic resonance enterography is feasible and reliable in multicenter clinical trials in patients with Crohn's disease, and may help select subjects with active inflammation. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 43 (1):61-72. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​apt.​13453 CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Colombel JF, Panaccione R, Bossuyt P, Lukas M, Baert F, Vanasek T, Danalioglu A, Novacek G, Armuzzi A, Hebuterne X, Travis S, Danese S, Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Hommes D, Schreiber S, Neimark E, Huang B, Zhou Q, Mendez P, Petersson J, Wallace K, Robinson AM, Thakkar RB, D'Haens G (2018) Effect of tight control management on Crohn's disease (CALM): a multicentre, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England) 390 (10114):2779-2789. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32641-7 CrossRef Colombel JF, Panaccione R, Bossuyt P, Lukas M, Baert F, Vanasek T, Danalioglu A, Novacek G, Armuzzi A, Hebuterne X, Travis S, Danese S, Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Hommes D, Schreiber S, Neimark E, Huang B, Zhou Q, Mendez P, Petersson J, Wallace K, Robinson AM, Thakkar RB, D'Haens G (2018) Effect of tight control management on Crohn's disease (CALM): a multicentre, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England) 390 (10114):2779-2789. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S0140-6736(17)32641-7 CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Rimola J, Alfaro I, Fernandez-Clotet A, Castro-Poceiro J, Vas D, Rodriguez S, Masamunt MC, Ordas I, Ricart E, Panes J (2018) Persistent damage on magnetic resonance enterography in patients with Crohn's disease in endoscopic remission. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 48 (11-12):1232-1241. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15013 CrossRef Rimola J, Alfaro I, Fernandez-Clotet A, Castro-Poceiro J, Vas D, Rodriguez S, Masamunt MC, Ordas I, Ricart E, Panes J (2018) Persistent damage on magnetic resonance enterography in patients with Crohn's disease in endoscopic remission. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 48 (11-12):1232-1241. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​apt.​15013 CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Ordas I, Rimola J, Rodriguez S, Paredes JM, Martinez-Perez MJ, Blanc E, Arevalo JA, Aduna M, Andreu M, Radosevic A, Ramirez-Morros AM, Pino S, Gallego M, Jauregui-Amezaga A, Ricart E, Panes J (2014) Accuracy of magnetic resonance enterography in assessing response to therapy and mucosal healing in patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 146 (2):374-382 e371. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.055 Ordas I, Rimola J, Rodriguez S, Paredes JM, Martinez-Perez MJ, Blanc E, Arevalo JA, Aduna M, Andreu M, Radosevic A, Ramirez-Morros AM, Pino S, Gallego M, Jauregui-Amezaga A, Ricart E, Panes J (2014) Accuracy of magnetic resonance enterography in assessing response to therapy and mucosal healing in patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 146 (2):374-382 e371. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1053/​j.​gastro.​2013.​10.​055
34.
go back to reference Fernandes SR, Rodrigues RV, Bernardo S, Cortez-Pinto J, Rosa I, da Silva JP, Goncalves AR, Valente A, Baldaia C, Santos PM, Correia L, Venancio J, Campos P, Pereira AD, Velosa J (2017) Transmural Healing Is Associated with Improved Long-term Outcomes of Patients with Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 23 (8):1403-1409. https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000001143 CrossRefPubMed Fernandes SR, Rodrigues RV, Bernardo S, Cortez-Pinto J, Rosa I, da Silva JP, Goncalves AR, Valente A, Baldaia C, Santos PM, Correia L, Venancio J, Campos P, Pereira AD, Velosa J (2017) Transmural Healing Is Associated with Improved Long-term Outcomes of Patients with Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 23 (8):1403-1409. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1097/​MIB.​0000000000001143​ CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Bruining DH, Loftus EV, Jr., Ehman EC, Siddiki HA, Nguyen DL, Fidler JL, Huprich JE, Mandrekar JN, Harmsen WS, Sandborn WJ, Fletcher JG (2011) Computed tomography enterography detects intestinal wall changes and effects of treatment in patients with Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 9 (8):679-683 e671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2011.04.025 Bruining DH, Loftus EV, Jr., Ehman EC, Siddiki HA, Nguyen DL, Fidler JL, Huprich JE, Mandrekar JN, Harmsen WS, Sandborn WJ, Fletcher JG (2011) Computed tomography enterography detects intestinal wall changes and effects of treatment in patients with Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 9 (8):679-683 e671. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​cgh.​2011.​04.​025
38.
go back to reference Deepak P, Fletcher JG, Fidler JL, Barlow JM, Sheedy SP, Kolbe AB, Harmsen WS, Loftus EV, Hansel SL, Becker BD, Bruining DH (2016) Radiological Response Is Associated With Better Long-Term Outcomes and Is a Potential Treatment Target in Patients With Small Bowel Crohn's Disease. The American journal of gastroenterology 111 (7):997-1006. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2016.177 CrossRefPubMed Deepak P, Fletcher JG, Fidler JL, Barlow JM, Sheedy SP, Kolbe AB, Harmsen WS, Loftus EV, Hansel SL, Becker BD, Bruining DH (2016) Radiological Response Is Associated With Better Long-Term Outcomes and Is a Potential Treatment Target in Patients With Small Bowel Crohn's Disease. The American journal of gastroenterology 111 (7):997-1006. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​ajg.​2016.​177 CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Deepak P, Fletcher JG, Fidler JL, Barlow JM, Sheedy SP, Kolbe AB, Harmsen WS, Therneau T, Hansel SL, Becker BD, Loftus EV, Jr., Bruining DH (2018) Predictors of Durability of Radiological Response in Patients With Small Bowel Crohn’s Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izy074 Deepak P, Fletcher JG, Fidler JL, Barlow JM, Sheedy SP, Kolbe AB, Harmsen WS, Therneau T, Hansel SL, Becker BD, Loftus EV, Jr., Bruining DH (2018) Predictors of Durability of Radiological Response in Patients With Small Bowel Crohn’s Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​ibd/​izy074
40.
go back to reference Peyrin-Biroulet L, Sandborn W, Sands BE, Reinisch W, Bemelman W, Bryant RV, D'Haens G, Dotan I, Dubinsky M, Feagan B, Fiorino G, Gearry R, Krishnareddy S, Lakatos PL, Loftus EV, Jr., Marteau P, Munkholm P, Murdoch TB, Ordas I, Panaccione R, Riddell RH, Ruel J, Rubin DT, Samaan M, Siegel CA, Silverberg MS, Stoker J, Schreiber S, Travis S, Van Assche G, Danese S, Panes J, Bouguen G, O'Donnell S, Pariente B, Winer S, Hanauer S, Colombel JF (2015) Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target. The American journal of gastroenterology 110 (9):1324-1338. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2015.233 CrossRefPubMed Peyrin-Biroulet L, Sandborn W, Sands BE, Reinisch W, Bemelman W, Bryant RV, D'Haens G, Dotan I, Dubinsky M, Feagan B, Fiorino G, Gearry R, Krishnareddy S, Lakatos PL, Loftus EV, Jr., Marteau P, Munkholm P, Murdoch TB, Ordas I, Panaccione R, Riddell RH, Ruel J, Rubin DT, Samaan M, Siegel CA, Silverberg MS, Stoker J, Schreiber S, Travis S, Van Assche G, Danese S, Panes J, Bouguen G, O'Donnell S, Pariente B, Winer S, Hanauer S, Colombel JF (2015) Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target. The American journal of gastroenterology 110 (9):1324-1338. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​ajg.​2015.​233 CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Miles A, Bhatnagar G, Halligan S, Gupta A, Tolan D, Zealley I, Taylor SA (2018) Magnetic resonance enterography, small bowel ultrasound and colonoscopy to diagnose and stage Crohn’s disease: patient acceptability and perceived burden. European radiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5661-2 Miles A, Bhatnagar G, Halligan S, Gupta A, Tolan D, Zealley I, Taylor SA (2018) Magnetic resonance enterography, small bowel ultrasound and colonoscopy to diagnose and stage Crohn’s disease: patient acceptability and perceived burden. European radiology. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00330-018-5661-2
42.
go back to reference Puylaert CAJ, Schuffler PJ, Naziroglu RE, Tielbeek JAW, Li Z, Makanyanga JC, Tutein Nolthenius CJ, Nio CY, Pendse DA, Menys A, Ponsioen CY, Atkinson D, Forbes A, Buhmann JM, Fuchs TJ, Hatzakis H, van Vliet LJ, Stoker J, Taylor SA, Vos FM (2018) Semiautomatic Assessment of the Terminal Ileum and Colon in Patients with Crohn Disease Using MRI (the VIGOR++ Project). Academic radiology 25 (8):1038-1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2017.12.024 CrossRefPubMed Puylaert CAJ, Schuffler PJ, Naziroglu RE, Tielbeek JAW, Li Z, Makanyanga JC, Tutein Nolthenius CJ, Nio CY, Pendse DA, Menys A, Ponsioen CY, Atkinson D, Forbes A, Buhmann JM, Fuchs TJ, Hatzakis H, van Vliet LJ, Stoker J, Taylor SA, Vos FM (2018) Semiautomatic Assessment of the Terminal Ileum and Colon in Patients with Crohn Disease Using MRI (the VIGOR++ Project). Academic radiology 25 (8):1038-1045. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​acra.​2017.​12.​024 CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Rieder F, Bettenworth D, Ma C, Parker CE, Williamson LA, Nelson SA, van Assche G, Di Sabatino A, Bouhnik Y, Stidham RW, Dignass A, Rogler G, Taylor SA, Stoker J, Rimola J, Baker ME, Fletcher JG, Panes J, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Jairath V (2018) An expert consensus to standardise definitions, diagnosis and treatment targets for anti-fibrotic stricture therapies in Crohn's disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 48 (3):347-357. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14853 CrossRef Rieder F, Bettenworth D, Ma C, Parker CE, Williamson LA, Nelson SA, van Assche G, Di Sabatino A, Bouhnik Y, Stidham RW, Dignass A, Rogler G, Taylor SA, Stoker J, Rimola J, Baker ME, Fletcher JG, Panes J, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Jairath V (2018) An expert consensus to standardise definitions, diagnosis and treatment targets for anti-fibrotic stricture therapies in Crohn's disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 48 (3):347-357. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​apt.​14853 CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Differences in the imaging of Crohn’s disease patients between North America and Europe: are we ready to bridge the divide?
Authors
Stuart A. Taylor
Florian Rieder
Joel G. Fletcher
Publication date
01-05-2019
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Abdominal Radiology / Issue 5/2019
Print ISSN: 2366-004X
Electronic ISSN: 2366-0058
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-018-1872-x

Other articles of this Issue 5/2019

Abdominal Radiology 5/2019 Go to the issue

Classics in Abdominal Radiology

The “sigmoid” esophagus