Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Abdominal Radiology 9/2016

01-09-2016 | Pictorial Essay

Clinical implications for imaging of vascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma

Authors: Akshay D. Baheti, Gregor M. Dunham, Christopher R. Ingraham, Mariam Moshiri, Chandana Lall, James O. Park, David Li, Douglas S. Katz, David C. Madoff, Puneet Bhargava

Published in: Abdominal Radiology | Issue 9/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second largest cause of cancer mortality in the world, with vascular invasion being one of the most important prognostic factors. HCC with tumor thrombus was traditionally considered to have very limited treatment options. However, multiple promising treatment strategies have emerged in recent years, with diagnostic and interventional radiologists playing a major role in patient management. We provide a comprehensive update on the diagnosis and management of HCC with vascular invasion and the role of the radiologist in this condition.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, et al. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013, accessed on 8/22/2015. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, et al. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013, accessed on 8/22/2015. Available from: http://​globocan.​iarc.​fr
3.
go back to reference Manghisi G, Elba S, Mossa A, et al. (1998) A new prognostic system for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 435 patients: the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) investigators. Hepatology 28:751–755 Manghisi G, Elba S, Mossa A, et al. (1998) A new prognostic system for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 435 patients: the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) investigators. Hepatology 28:751–755
4.
go back to reference Cabibbo G, Enea M, Attanasio M, et al. (2010) A meta-analysis of survival rates of untreated patients in randomized clinical trials of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 51:1274–1283CrossRefPubMed Cabibbo G, Enea M, Attanasio M, et al. (2010) A meta-analysis of survival rates of untreated patients in randomized clinical trials of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 51:1274–1283CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Greten TF, Papendorf F, Bleck JS, et al. (2005) Survival rate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 389 patients. Br J Cancer 92:1862–1868CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Greten TF, Papendorf F, Bleck JS, et al. (2005) Survival rate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 389 patients. Br J Cancer 92:1862–1868CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
7.
go back to reference Thuluvath PJ (2009) Vascular invasion is the most important predictor of survival in HCC, but how do we find it? J Clin Gastroenterol 43:101–102CrossRefPubMed Thuluvath PJ (2009) Vascular invasion is the most important predictor of survival in HCC, but how do we find it? J Clin Gastroenterol 43:101–102CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Du M, Chen L, Zhao J, et al. (2014) Microvascular invasion (MVI) is a poorer prognostic predictor for small hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 14:14–38CrossRef Du M, Chen L, Zhao J, et al. (2014) Microvascular invasion (MVI) is a poorer prognostic predictor for small hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 14:14–38CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Subramaniam S, Kelley RK, Venook AP (2013) A review of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) staging systems. Chin Clin Oncol 2:33–41PubMed Subramaniam S, Kelley RK, Venook AP (2013) A review of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) staging systems. Chin Clin Oncol 2:33–41PubMed
10.
go back to reference Chapiro J, Geschwind JF (2014) Hepatocellular carcinoma: have we finally found the ultimate staging system for HCC? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 11:334–336CrossRefPubMed Chapiro J, Geschwind JF (2014) Hepatocellular carcinoma: have we finally found the ultimate staging system for HCC? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 11:334–336CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Yau T, Tang VY, Yao TJ, et al. (2014) Development of Hong Kong Liver Cancer staging system with treatment stratification for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 146(1691–700):e3PubMed Yau T, Tang VY, Yao TJ, et al. (2014) Development of Hong Kong Liver Cancer staging system with treatment stratification for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 146(1691–700):e3PubMed
12.
13.
go back to reference Sandrasegaran K, Tahir B, Nutakki K, et al. (2013) Usefulness of conventional MRI sequences and diffusion-weighted imaging in differentiating malignant from benign portal vein thrombus in cirrhotic patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 201:1211–1219CrossRefPubMed Sandrasegaran K, Tahir B, Nutakki K, et al. (2013) Usefulness of conventional MRI sequences and diffusion-weighted imaging in differentiating malignant from benign portal vein thrombus in cirrhotic patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 201:1211–1219CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Roayaie S, Jibara G, Taouli B, Schwartz M (2013) Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic vascular invasion. Ann Surg Oncol 20:3754–3760CrossRefPubMed Roayaie S, Jibara G, Taouli B, Schwartz M (2013) Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma with macroscopic vascular invasion. Ann Surg Oncol 20:3754–3760CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Bruix J, Raoul JL, Sherman M, et al. (2012) Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: subanalyses of a phase III trial. J Hepatol 57:821–829CrossRefPubMed Bruix J, Raoul JL, Sherman M, et al. (2012) Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: subanalyses of a phase III trial. J Hepatol 57:821–829CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Tsai TJ, Chau GY, Lui WY, et al. (2000) Clinical significance of microscopic tumor venous invasion in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 127:603–608CrossRefPubMed Tsai TJ, Chau GY, Lui WY, et al. (2000) Clinical significance of microscopic tumor venous invasion in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 127:603–608CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Roayaie S, Blume IN, Thung SN, et al. (2009) A system of classifying microvascular invasion to predict outcome after resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 137:850–855CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Roayaie S, Blume IN, Thung SN, et al. (2009) A system of classifying microvascular invasion to predict outcome after resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 137:850–855CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.
go back to reference Maida M, Orlando E, Camma C, Cabibbo G (2014) Staging systems of hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of literature. World J Gastroenterol 20:4141–4150CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Maida M, Orlando E, Camma C, Cabibbo G (2014) Staging systems of hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of literature. World J Gastroenterol 20:4141–4150CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
go back to reference Llovet JM, Fuster J, Bruix J (2004) Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer Group. The Barcelona approach: diagnosis, staging, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 10:S115–S120CrossRefPubMed Llovet JM, Fuster J, Bruix J (2004) Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer Group. The Barcelona approach: diagnosis, staging, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 10:S115–S120CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Keating GM, Santoro A (2009) Sorafenib: a review of its use in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Drugs 69:223–240CrossRefPubMed Keating GM, Santoro A (2009) Sorafenib: a review of its use in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Drugs 69:223–240CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Zhao Y, Cai G, Zhou L, et al. (2013) Transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion or extrahepatic metastasis: a systematic review. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 9:357–364CrossRefPubMed Zhao Y, Cai G, Zhou L, et al. (2013) Transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion or extrahepatic metastasis: a systematic review. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 9:357–364CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Rossi S, Ghittoni G, Ravetta V, et al. (2008) Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and spiral computed tomography in the detection and characterization of portal vein thrombosis complicating hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur Radiol 18:1749–1756CrossRefPubMed Rossi S, Ghittoni G, Ravetta V, et al. (2008) Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and spiral computed tomography in the detection and characterization of portal vein thrombosis complicating hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur Radiol 18:1749–1756CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Rossi S, Rosa L, Ravetta V, et al. (2006) Contrast-enhanced versus conventional and color Doppler sonography for the detection of thrombosis of the portal and hepatic venous systems. AJR Am J Roentgenol 186:763–773CrossRefPubMed Rossi S, Rosa L, Ravetta V, et al. (2006) Contrast-enhanced versus conventional and color Doppler sonography for the detection of thrombosis of the portal and hepatic venous systems. AJR Am J Roentgenol 186:763–773CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Sorrentino P, D’Angelo S, Tarantino L, et al. (2009) Contrast-enhanced sonography versus biopsy for the differential diagnosis of thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. World J Gastroenterol 15:2245–2251CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sorrentino P, D’Angelo S, Tarantino L, et al. (2009) Contrast-enhanced sonography versus biopsy for the differential diagnosis of thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. World J Gastroenterol 15:2245–2251CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
go back to reference Ueno N, Kawamura H, Takahashi H, et al. (2006) Characterization of portal vein thrombus with the use of contrast-enhanced sonography. J Ultrasound Med 25:1147–1152PubMed Ueno N, Kawamura H, Takahashi H, et al. (2006) Characterization of portal vein thrombus with the use of contrast-enhanced sonography. J Ultrasound Med 25:1147–1152PubMed
28.
go back to reference Tarantino L, Francica G, Sordelli I, et al. (2006) Diagnosis of benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: color Doppler US, contrast-enhanced US, and fine-needle biopsy. Abdom Imaging 31:537–544CrossRefPubMed Tarantino L, Francica G, Sordelli I, et al. (2006) Diagnosis of benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: color Doppler US, contrast-enhanced US, and fine-needle biopsy. Abdom Imaging 31:537–544CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Reynolds AR, Furlan A, Fetzer DT, et al. (2015) Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: what radiologists need to know. Radiographics 35:371–386CrossRefPubMed Reynolds AR, Furlan A, Fetzer DT, et al. (2015) Infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma: what radiologists need to know. Radiographics 35:371–386CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Tirumani SH, Shanbhogue AK, Vikram R, Prasad SR, Menias CO (2014) Imaging of the porta hepatis: spectrum of disease. Radiographics 34:73–92CrossRefPubMed Tirumani SH, Shanbhogue AK, Vikram R, Prasad SR, Menias CO (2014) Imaging of the porta hepatis: spectrum of disease. Radiographics 34:73–92CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Imaeda T, Yamawaki Y, Hirota K, et al. (1989) Tumor thrombus in the branches of the distal portal vein: CT demonstration. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13:262–268CrossRefPubMed Imaeda T, Yamawaki Y, Hirota K, et al. (1989) Tumor thrombus in the branches of the distal portal vein: CT demonstration. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13:262–268CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Tublin ME, Dodd GD 3rd, Baron RL (1997) Benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis: differentiation by CT characteristics. AJR Am J Roentgenol 168:719–723CrossRefPubMed Tublin ME, Dodd GD 3rd, Baron RL (1997) Benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis: differentiation by CT characteristics. AJR Am J Roentgenol 168:719–723CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Mathieu D, Grenier P, Larde D, Vasile N (1984) Portal vein involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma: dynamic CT features. Radiology 152:127–132CrossRefPubMed Mathieu D, Grenier P, Larde D, Vasile N (1984) Portal vein involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma: dynamic CT features. Radiology 152:127–132CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference McBride K, Masterson J (1992) The thread and streak sign of portal vein tumour thrombus demonstrated by colour Doppler imaging. Br J Radiol 65:607–609CrossRefPubMed McBride K, Masterson J (1992) The thread and streak sign of portal vein tumour thrombus demonstrated by colour Doppler imaging. Br J Radiol 65:607–609CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Willatt JM, Hussain HK, Adusumilli S, Marrero JA (2008) MR imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver: challenges and controversies. Radiology 247:311–330CrossRefPubMed Willatt JM, Hussain HK, Adusumilli S, Marrero JA (2008) MR imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver: challenges and controversies. Radiology 247:311–330CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Catalano OA, Choy G, Zhu A, Hahn PF, Sahani DV (2010) Differentiation of malignant thrombus from bland thrombus of the portal vein in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: application of diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology 254:154–162CrossRefPubMed Catalano OA, Choy G, Zhu A, Hahn PF, Sahani DV (2010) Differentiation of malignant thrombus from bland thrombus of the portal vein in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: application of diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology 254:154–162CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Li C, Hu J, Zhou D, et al. (2014) Differentiation of bland from neoplastic thrombus of the portal vein in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: application of susceptibility-weighted MR imaging. BMC Cancer 14:590CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Li C, Hu J, Zhou D, et al. (2014) Differentiation of bland from neoplastic thrombus of the portal vein in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: application of susceptibility-weighted MR imaging. BMC Cancer 14:590CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
go back to reference Gouw AS, Balabaud C, Kusano H, et al. (2011) Markers for microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: where do we stand? Liver Transpl 17(Suppl 2):S72–S80CrossRefPubMed Gouw AS, Balabaud C, Kusano H, et al. (2011) Markers for microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: where do we stand? Liver Transpl 17(Suppl 2):S72–S80CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Sumie S, Kuromatsu R, Okuda K, et al. (2008) Microvascular invasion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and its predictable clinicopathological factors. Ann Surg Oncol 15:1375–1382CrossRefPubMed Sumie S, Kuromatsu R, Okuda K, et al. (2008) Microvascular invasion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and its predictable clinicopathological factors. Ann Surg Oncol 15:1375–1382CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Nishie A, Yoshimitsu K, Irie H, et al. (2009) Radiological detectability of minute hepatic venous invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol 70:517–524CrossRefPubMed Nishie A, Yoshimitsu K, Irie H, et al. (2009) Radiological detectability of minute hepatic venous invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol 70:517–524CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Nishie A, Yoshimitsu K, Asayama Y, et al. (2008) Radiologic detectability of minute portal venous invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 190:81–87CrossRefPubMed Nishie A, Yoshimitsu K, Asayama Y, et al. (2008) Radiologic detectability of minute portal venous invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 190:81–87CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Robinson E, Chandarana H, Droxhinin L, et al. (2009) MRI features of HCC do not predict microvascular invasion in liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma [abstract]. Liver Transpl 15(suppl 7):S111 Robinson E, Chandarana H, Droxhinin L, et al. (2009) MRI features of HCC do not predict microvascular invasion in liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma [abstract]. Liver Transpl 15(suppl 7):S111
43.
go back to reference Chandarana H, Robinson E, Hajdu CH, et al. (2011) Microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: is it predictable with pretransplant MRI? AJR Am J Roentgenol 196:1083–1089CrossRefPubMed Chandarana H, Robinson E, Hajdu CH, et al. (2011) Microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: is it predictable with pretransplant MRI? AJR Am J Roentgenol 196:1083–1089CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Kim H, Park MS, Choi JY, et al. (2009) Can microvessel invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma be predicted by pre-operative MRI? Eur Radiol 19:1744–1751CrossRefPubMed Kim H, Park MS, Choi JY, et al. (2009) Can microvessel invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma be predicted by pre-operative MRI? Eur Radiol 19:1744–1751CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Renzulli M, Brocchi S, Cucchetti A, et al (2015) Can current preoperative imaging be used to detect microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma? Radiology 150998 Renzulli M, Brocchi S, Cucchetti A, et al (2015) Can current preoperative imaging be used to detect microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma? Radiology 150998
46.
go back to reference Ariizumi S, Kitagawa K, Kotera Y, et al. (2011) A non-smooth tumor margin in the hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging predicts microscopic portal vein invasion, intrahepatic metastasis, and early recurrence after hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 18:575–585CrossRefPubMed Ariizumi S, Kitagawa K, Kotera Y, et al. (2011) A non-smooth tumor margin in the hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging predicts microscopic portal vein invasion, intrahepatic metastasis, and early recurrence after hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 18:575–585CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Kim KA, Kim MJ, Jeon HM, et al. (2012) Prediction of microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of peritumoral hypointensity seen on gadoxetate disodium-enhanced hepatobiliary phase images. J Magn Reson Imaging 35:629–634CrossRefPubMed Kim KA, Kim MJ, Jeon HM, et al. (2012) Prediction of microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma: usefulness of peritumoral hypointensity seen on gadoxetate disodium-enhanced hepatobiliary phase images. J Magn Reson Imaging 35:629–634CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Kim MJ, Lee M, Choi JY, Park YN (2012) Imaging features of small hepatocellular carcinomas with microvascular invasion on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Eur J Radiol 81:2507–2512CrossRefPubMed Kim MJ, Lee M, Choi JY, Park YN (2012) Imaging features of small hepatocellular carcinomas with microvascular invasion on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Eur J Radiol 81:2507–2512CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Vauthey JN, Dixon E, Abdalla EK, et al. (2010) Pretreatment assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma: expert consensus statement. HPB (Oxford) 12:289–299CrossRef Vauthey JN, Dixon E, Abdalla EK, et al. (2010) Pretreatment assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma: expert consensus statement. HPB (Oxford) 12:289–299CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Zhang T, Huang JW, Bai YN, Wu H, Zeng Y (2014) Recurrence and survivals following hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal/hepatic vein tumor thrombus. Hepatol Res 44:761–768CrossRefPubMed Zhang T, Huang JW, Bai YN, Wu H, Zeng Y (2014) Recurrence and survivals following hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with major portal/hepatic vein tumor thrombus. Hepatol Res 44:761–768CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Klein J, Dawson LA (2013) Hepatocellular carcinoma radiation therapy: review of evidence and future opportunities. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 87:22–32CrossRefPubMed Klein J, Dawson LA (2013) Hepatocellular carcinoma radiation therapy: review of evidence and future opportunities. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 87:22–32CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Zhu K, Chen J, Lai L, et al. (2014) Hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: treatment with transarterial chemoembolization combined with sorafenib—a retrospective controlled study. Radiology 272:284–293CrossRefPubMed Zhu K, Chen J, Lai L, et al. (2014) Hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: treatment with transarterial chemoembolization combined with sorafenib—a retrospective controlled study. Radiology 272:284–293CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. (2008) Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 359:378–390CrossRefPubMed Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. (2008) Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 359:378–390CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Llovet JM, Villanueva A, Lachenmayer A, Finn RS (2015) Advances in targeted therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma in the genomic era. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 12:436CrossRefPubMed Llovet JM, Villanueva A, Lachenmayer A, Finn RS (2015) Advances in targeted therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma in the genomic era. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 12:436CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Xue TC, Xie XY, Zhang L, et al. (2013) Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 13:60CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Xue TC, Xie XY, Zhang L, et al. (2013) Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 13:60CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
56.
go back to reference Kim KM, Kim JH, Park IS, et al. (2009) Reappraisal of repeated transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24:806–814CrossRefPubMed Kim KM, Kim JH, Park IS, et al. (2009) Reappraisal of repeated transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24:806–814CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Pinter M, Hucke F, Graziadei I, et al. (2012) Advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: transarterial chemoembolization versus sorafenib. Radiology 263:590–599CrossRefPubMed Pinter M, Hucke F, Graziadei I, et al. (2012) Advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: transarterial chemoembolization versus sorafenib. Radiology 263:590–599CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Georgiades CS, Hong K, D’Angelo M, Geschwind JF (2005) Safety and efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16:1653–1659CrossRefPubMed Georgiades CS, Hong K, D’Angelo M, Geschwind JF (2005) Safety and efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16:1653–1659CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Chung GE, Lee JH, Kim HY, et al. (2011) Transarterial chemoembolization can be safely performed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma invading the main portal vein and may improve the overall survival. Radiology 258:627–634CrossRefPubMed Chung GE, Lee JH, Kim HY, et al. (2011) Transarterial chemoembolization can be safely performed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma invading the main portal vein and may improve the overall survival. Radiology 258:627–634CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Kooby DA, Egnatashvili V, Srinivasan S, et al. (2010) Comparison of yttrium-90 radioembolization and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 21:224–230CrossRefPubMed Kooby DA, Egnatashvili V, Srinivasan S, et al. (2010) Comparison of yttrium-90 radioembolization and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 21:224–230CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Lance C, McLennan G, Obuchowski N, et al. (2011) Comparative analysis of the safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and yttrium-90 radioembolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 22:1697–1705CrossRefPubMed Lance C, McLennan G, Obuchowski N, et al. (2011) Comparative analysis of the safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and yttrium-90 radioembolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 22:1697–1705CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Tsai AL, Burke CT, Kennedy AS, et al. (2010) Use of yttrium-90 microspheres in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 21:1377–1384CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Tsai AL, Burke CT, Kennedy AS, et al. (2010) Use of yttrium-90 microspheres in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 21:1377–1384CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
63.
64.
go back to reference Camacho JC, Moncayo V, Kokabi N, et al. (2015) Y90 radioembolization: multimodality imaging pattern approach with angiographic correlation for optimized target therapy delivery. Radiographics 35:1602–1618CrossRefPubMed Camacho JC, Moncayo V, Kokabi N, et al. (2015) Y90 radioembolization: multimodality imaging pattern approach with angiographic correlation for optimized target therapy delivery. Radiographics 35:1602–1618CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Kulik LM, Carr BI, Mulcahy MF, et al. (2008) Safety and efficacy of 90Y radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with and without portal vein thrombosis. Hepatology 47:71–81CrossRefPubMed Kulik LM, Carr BI, Mulcahy MF, et al. (2008) Safety and efficacy of 90Y radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with and without portal vein thrombosis. Hepatology 47:71–81CrossRefPubMed
66.
go back to reference Inarrairaegui M, Thurston KG, Bilbao JI, et al. (2010) Radioembolization with use of yttrium-90 resin microspheres in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 21:1205–1212CrossRefPubMed Inarrairaegui M, Thurston KG, Bilbao JI, et al. (2010) Radioembolization with use of yttrium-90 resin microspheres in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 21:1205–1212CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Shi J, Lai EC, Li N, et al. (2011) A new classification for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 18:74–80CrossRefPubMed Shi J, Lai EC, Li N, et al. (2011) A new classification for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 18:74–80CrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Shin DS, Ingraham CR, Dighe MK, et al. (2014) Surgical resection of a malignant liver lesion: what the surgeon wants the radiologist to know. AJR Am J Roentgenol 203:W21–W33CrossRefPubMed Shin DS, Ingraham CR, Dighe MK, et al. (2014) Surgical resection of a malignant liver lesion: what the surgeon wants the radiologist to know. AJR Am J Roentgenol 203:W21–W33CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference May BJ, Talenfeld AD, Madoff DC (2013) Update on portal vein embolization: evidence-based outcomes, controversies, and novel strategies. J Vasc Interv Radiol 24:241–254CrossRefPubMed May BJ, Talenfeld AD, Madoff DC (2013) Update on portal vein embolization: evidence-based outcomes, controversies, and novel strategies. J Vasc Interv Radiol 24:241–254CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Vennarecci G, Laurenzi A, Santoro R, et al. (2014) The ALPPS procedure: a surgical option for hepatocellular carcinoma with major vascular invasion. World J Surg 38:1498–1503CrossRefPubMed Vennarecci G, Laurenzi A, Santoro R, et al. (2014) The ALPPS procedure: a surgical option for hepatocellular carcinoma with major vascular invasion. World J Surg 38:1498–1503CrossRefPubMed
73.
go back to reference Schnitzbauer AA, Lang SA, Goessmann H, et al. (2012) Right portal vein ligation combined with in situ splitting induces rapid left lateral liver lobe hypertrophy enabling 2-staged extended right hepatic resection in small-for-size settings. Ann Surg 255:405–414CrossRefPubMed Schnitzbauer AA, Lang SA, Goessmann H, et al. (2012) Right portal vein ligation combined with in situ splitting induces rapid left lateral liver lobe hypertrophy enabling 2-staged extended right hepatic resection in small-for-size settings. Ann Surg 255:405–414CrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Neeman Z, Libutti SK, Patti JW, Wood BJ (2003) Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in the presence of portal vein thrombosis. Clin Imaging 27:417–420CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Neeman Z, Libutti SK, Patti JW, Wood BJ (2003) Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in the presence of portal vein thrombosis. Clin Imaging 27:417–420CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
75.
go back to reference Bujold A, Massey CA, Kim JJ, et al. (2013) Sequential phase I and II trials of stereotactic body radiotherapy for locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 31:1631–1639CrossRefPubMed Bujold A, Massey CA, Kim JJ, et al. (2013) Sequential phase I and II trials of stereotactic body radiotherapy for locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 31:1631–1639CrossRefPubMed
76.
go back to reference Li D, Kang J, Golas BJ, Yeung VW, Madoff DC (2014) Minimally invasive local therapies for liver cancer. Cancer Biol Med 11:217–236PubMedPubMedCentral Li D, Kang J, Golas BJ, Yeung VW, Madoff DC (2014) Minimally invasive local therapies for liver cancer. Cancer Biol Med 11:217–236PubMedPubMedCentral
77.
go back to reference Hong TS (2013) Radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor vascular thrombus: ready for prime time? J Clin Oncol 31:1619–1620CrossRefPubMed Hong TS (2013) Radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor vascular thrombus: ready for prime time? J Clin Oncol 31:1619–1620CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Clinical implications for imaging of vascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors
Akshay D. Baheti
Gregor M. Dunham
Christopher R. Ingraham
Mariam Moshiri
Chandana Lall
James O. Park
David Li
Douglas S. Katz
David C. Madoff
Puneet Bhargava
Publication date
01-09-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Abdominal Radiology / Issue 9/2016
Print ISSN: 2366-004X
Electronic ISSN: 2366-0058
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-016-0763-2

Other articles of this Issue 9/2016

Abdominal Radiology 9/2016 Go to the issue