Top

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

Published in:

Open Access 01-03-2019 | Guidelines

Joint EANM/EANO/RANO practice guidelines/SNMMI procedure standards for imaging of gliomas using PET with radiolabelled amino acids and [¹⁸F]FDG: version 1.0

Authors: Ian Law, Nathalie L. Albert, Javier Arbizu, Ronald Boellaard, Alexander Drzezga, Norbert Galldiks, Christian la Fougère, Karl-Josef Langen, Egesta Lopci, Val Lowe, Jonathan McConathy, Harald H. Quick, Bernhard Sattler, David M. Schuster, Jörg-Christian Tonn, Michael Weller

Published in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging | Issue 3/2019

Abstract

These joint practice guidelines, or procedure standards, were developed collaboratively by the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM), the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI), the European Association of Neurooncology (EANO), and the working group for Response Assessment in Neurooncology with PET (PET-RANO). Brain PET imaging is being increasingly used to supplement MRI in the clinical management of glioma. The aim of these standards/guidelines is to assist nuclear medicine practitioners in recommending, performing, interpreting and reporting the results of brain PET imaging in patients with glioma to achieve a high-quality imaging standard for PET using FDG and the radiolabelled amino acids MET, FET and FDOPA. This will help promote the appropriate use of PET imaging and contribute to evidence-based medicine that may improve the diagnostic impact of this technique in neurooncological practice. The present document replaces a former version of the guidelines published in 2006 (Vander Borght et al. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 33:1374–80, 2006), and supplements a recent evidence-based recommendation by the PET-RANO working group and EANO on the clinical use of PET imaging in patients with glioma (Albert et al. Neuro Oncol. 18:1199–208, 2016). The information provided should be taken in the context of local conditions and regulations.

Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Fulop J, Liu M, Blanda R, Kromer C, et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2008-2012. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17(Suppl 4):iv1–iv62.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Weller M, van den Bent M, Tonn JC, Stupp R, Preusser M, Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal E, et al. European Association for Neuro-Oncology (EANO) guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of adult astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:e315–29.CrossRefPubMed

Reardon DA, Ballman KV, Buckner JC, Chang SM, Ellingson BM. Impact of imaging measurements on response assessment in glioblastoma clinical trials. Neuro Oncol. 2014;16(Suppl 7):vii24–35.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Okada H, Weller M, Huang R, Finocchiaro G, Gilbert MR, Wick W, et al. Immunotherapy response assessment in neuro-oncology: a report of the RANO working group. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:e534–42.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wen PY, Macdonald DR, Reardon DA, Cloughesy TF, Sorensen AG, Galanis E, et al. Updated response assessment criteria for high-grade gliomas: Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1963–72.CrossRefPubMed

Boellaard R, Delgado-Bolton R, Oyen WJ, Giammarile F, Tatsch K, Eschner W, et al. FDG PET/CT: EANM procedure guidelines for tumour imaging: version 2.0. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42:328–54.CrossRefPubMed

Albert NL, Weller M, Suchorska B, Galldiks N, Soffietti R, Kim MM, et al. Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Working Group and European Association for Neuro-Oncology recommendations for the clinical use of PET imaging in gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2016;18:1199–208.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Langen KJ, Galldiks N, Hattingen E, Shah NJ. Advances in neuro-oncology imaging. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13:279–89.CrossRefPubMed

Langen KJ, Watts C. Neuro-oncology: amino acid PET for brain tumours - ready for the clinic. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12:375–6.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Vander Borght T, Asenbaum S, Bartenstein P, Halldin C, Kapucu Ö, Van Laere K, et al. EANM procedure guidelines for brain tumour imaging using labelled amino acid analogues. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:1374–80.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Fragoso Costa P, Santos A, Testanera G. An insight into the EANM Technologist Committee benchmark document on nuclear medicine technologists’ competencies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:1604–6.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Waxman AD, Herholz K, Lewis DH, Herscovitch P, Minoshima S, Ichise M, et al. Society of Nuclear Medicine Procedure Guideline for FDG PET Brain Imaging Version 1.0. Reston, VA: Society of Nuclear Medicine; 2009. p. 1–12.

13.

Varrone A, Asenbaum S, Vander Borght T, Booij J, Nobili F, Någren K, et al. EANM procedure guidelines for PET brain imaging using [(18)F]FDG, version 2. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;36:2103–10.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Shellock FG. Reference manual for magnetic resonance safety, implants, and devices: edition 2018. Biomedical Research Publishing Group; 2018.

15.

Lassmann M, Biassoni L, Monsieurs M, Franzius C, Jacobs F, EANM Dosimetry and Paediatrics Committees. The new EANM paediatric dosage card. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:796–8.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Koesters T, Friedman KP, Fenchel M, Zhan Y, Hermosillo G, Babb J, et al. Dixon sequence with superimposed model-based bone compartment provides highly accurate PET/MR attenuation correction of the brain. J Nucl Med. 2016;57:918–24.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Bailey DL, Pichler BJ, Gückel B, Antoch G, Barthel H, Bhujwalla ZM, et al. Combined PET/MRI: global warming—summary report of the 6th International Workshop on PET/MRI, March 27-29, 2017, Tübingen, Germany. Mol Imaging Biol. 2018;20:4–20.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Ladefoged CN, Andersen FL, Kjær A, Højgaard L, Law I. RESOLUTE PET/MRI attenuation correction for O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) in brain tumor patients with metal implants. Front Neurosci. 2017;11:453.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Andersen FL, Ladefoged CN, Beyer T, Keller SH, Hansen AE, Højgaard L, et al. Combined PET/MR imaging in neurology: MR-based attenuation correction implies a strong spatial bias when ignoring bone. Neuroimage. 2014;84:206–16.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Ladefoged CN, Law I, Anazodo U, St Lawrence K, Izquierdo-Garcia D, Catana C, et al. A multi-centre evaluation of eleven clinically feasible brain PET/MRI attenuation correction techniques using a large cohort of patients. Neuroimage. 2017;147:346–59.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Ladefoged CN, Hansen AE, Keller SH, Holm S, Law I, Beyer T, et al. Impact of incorrect tissue classification in Dixon-based MR-AC: fat-water tissue inversion. EJNMMI Phys. 2014;1:101.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Ladefoged CN, Hansen AE, Keller SH, Fischer BM, Rasmussen JH, Law I, et al. Dental artifacts in the head and neck region: implications for Dixon-based attenuation correction in PET/MR. EJNMMI Phys. 2015;2:8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Brendle C, Schmidt H, Oergel A, Bezrukov I, Mueller M, Schraml C, et al. Segmentation-based attenuation correction in positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance: erroneous tissue identification and its impact on positron emission tomography interpretation. Invest Radiol. 2015;50:339–46.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Fuin N, Pedemonte S, Catalano OA, Izquierdo-Garcia D, Soricelli A, Salvatore M, et al. PET/MRI in the presence of metal implants: completion of the attenuation map from PET emission data. J Nucl Med. 2017;58:840–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Ter Voert EEGW, Veit-Haibach P, Ahn S, Wiesinger F, Khalighi MM, Levin CS, et al. Clinical evaluation of TOF versus non-TOF on PET artifacts in simultaneous PET/MR: a dual centre experience. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:1223–33.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Munk OL, Tolbod LP, Hansen SB, Bogsrud TV. Point-spread function reconstructed PET images of sub-centimeter lesions are not quantitative. EJNMMI Phys. 2017;4:5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Minoshima S, Koeppe RA, Mintun MA, Berger KL, Taylor SF, Frey KA, et al. Automated detection of the intercommissural line for stereotactic localization of functional brain images. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:322–9.PubMed

28.

Unterrainer M, Vettermann F, Brendel M, Holzgreve A, Lifschitz M, Zähringer M, et al. Towards standardization of (18)F-FET PET imaging: do we need a consistent method of background activity assessment. EJNMMI Res. 2017;7:48.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Schwarzenberg J, Czernin J, Cloughesy TF, Ellingson BM, Pope WB, Grogan T, et al. Treatment response evaluation using 18F-FDOPA PET in patients with recurrent malignant glioma on bevacizumab therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20:3550–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Graham MM, Muzi M, Spence AM, O'Sullivan F, Lewellen TK, Link JM, et al. The FDG lumped constant in normal human brain. J Nucl Med. 2002;43:1157–66.PubMed

31.

Lucignani G, Schmidt KC, Moresco RM, Striano G, Colombo F, Sokoloff L, et al. Measurement of regional cerebral glucose utilization with fluorine-18-FDG and PET in heterogeneous tissues: theoretical considerations and practical procedure. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:360–9.PubMed

32.

Pauleit D, Floeth F, Hamacher K, Riemenschneider MJ, Reifenberger G, Müller HW, et al. O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET combined with MRI improves the diagnostic assessment of cerebral gliomas. Brain. 2005;128:678–87.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Kracht LW, Miletic H, Busch S, Jacobs AH, Voges J, Hoevels M, et al. Delineation of brain tumor extent with [11C]L-methionine positron emission tomography: local comparison with stereotactic histopathology. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:7163–70.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G, von Deimling A, Figarella-Branger D, Cavenee WK, et al. The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;131:803–20.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Suchorska B, Giese A, Biczok A, Unterrainer M, Weller M, Drexler M, et al. Identification of time-to-peak on dynamic 18F-FET-PET as a prognostic marker specifically in IDH1/2 mutant diffuse astrocytoma. Neuro Oncol. 2018;20:279–88.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Jansen NL, Schwartz C, Graute V, Eigenbrod S, Lutz J, Egensperger R, et al. Prediction of oligodendroglial histology and LOH 1p/19q using dynamic [(18)F]FET-PET imaging in intracranial WHO grade II and III gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2012;14:1473–80.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Verger A, Stoffels G, Bauer EK, Lohmann P, Blau T, Fink GR, et al. Static and dynamic (18)F-FET PET for the characterization of gliomas defined by IDH and 1p/19q status. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45:443–51.

38.

Lopci E, Riva M, Olivari L, Raneri F, Soffietti R, Piccardo A, et al. Prognostic value of molecular and imaging biomarkers in patients with supratentorial glioma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:1155–64.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Saito T, Maruyama T, Muragaki Y, Tanaka M, Nitta M, Shinoda J, et al. 11C-Methionine uptake correlates with combined 1p and 19q loss of heterozygosity in oligodendroglial tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34:85–91.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Niyazi M, Schnell O, Suchorska B, Schwarz SB, Ganswindt U, Geisler J, et al. FET-PET assessed recurrence pattern after radio-chemotherapy in newly diagnosed patients with glioblastoma is influenced by MGMT methylation status. Radiother Oncol. 2012;104:78–82.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Okita Y, Nonaka M, Shofuda T, Kanematsu D, Yoshioka E, Kodama Y, et al. (11)C-methinine uptake correlates with MGMT promoter methylation in nonenhancing gliomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2014;125:212–6.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Choi H, Bang JI, Cheon GJ, Kim YH, Park CK, Park SH, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-methionine positron emission tomography in relation to methyl-guanine methyltransferase promoter methylation in high-grade gliomas. Nucl Med Commun. 2015;36:211–8.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Bette S, Gempt J, Delbridge C, Kirschke JS, Schlegel J, Foerster S, et al. Prognostic value of O-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine-positron emission tomography imaging for histopathologic characteristics and progression-free survival in patients with low-grade glioma. World Neurosurg. 2016;89:230–9.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Filss CP, Albert NL, Böning G, Kops ER, Suchorska B, Stoffels G, et al. O-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET in gliomas: influence of data processing in different centres. EJNMMI Res. 2017;7:64.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Rapp M, Heinzel A, Galldiks N, Stoffels G, Felsberg J, Ewelt C, et al. Diagnostic performance of 18F-FET PET in newly diagnosed cerebral lesions suggestive of glioma. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:229–35.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Herholz K, Holzer T, Bauer B, Schröder R, Voges J, Ernestus RI, et al. 11C-methionine PET for differential diagnosis of low-grade gliomas. Neurology. 1998;50:1316–22.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Lohmann P, Herzog H, Rota Kops E, Stoffels G, Judov N, Filss C, et al. Dual-time-point O-(2-[F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET for grading of cerebral gliomas. Eur Radiol. 2015;25:3017–24.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Albert NL, Winkelmann I, Suchorska B, Wenter V, Schmid-Tannwald C, Mille E, et al. Early static F-FET-PET scans have a higher accuracy for glioma grading than the standard 20-40 min scans. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43:1105–14.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Galldiks N, Ullrich R, Schroeter M, Fink GR, Kracht LW. Volumetry of [(11)C]-methionine PET uptake and MRI contrast enhancement in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:84–92.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Pafundi DH, Laack NN, Youland RS, Parney IF, Lowe VJ, Giannini C, et al. Biopsy validation of 18F-DOPA PET and biodistribution in gliomas for neurosurgical planning and radiotherapy target delineation: results of a prospective pilot study. Neuro Oncol. 2013;15:1058–67.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

51.

Galldiks N, Stoffels G, Filss C, Rapp M, Blau T, Tscherpel C, et al. The use of dynamic O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine PET in the diagnosis of patients with progressive and recurrent glioma. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17:1293–300.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Terakawa Y, Tsuyuguchi N, Iwai Y, Yamanaka K, Higashiyama S, Takami T, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 11C-methionine PET for differentiation of recurrent brain tumors from radiation necrosis after radiotherapy. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:694–9.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Herrmann K, Czernin J, Cloughesy T, Lai A, Pomykala KL, Benz MR, et al. Comparison of visual and semiquantitative analysis of 18F-FDOPA-PET/CT for recurrence detection in glioblastoma patients. Neuro Oncol. 2014;16:603–9.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Galldiks N, Stoffels G, Ruge MI, Rapp M, Sabel M, Reifenberger G, et al. Role of O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET as a diagnostic tool for detection of malignant progression in patients with low-grade glioma. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:2046–54.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Galldiks N, Dunkl V, Stoffels G, Hutterer M, Rapp M, Sabel M, et al. Diagnosis of pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma using O-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;42:685–95.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Kebir S, Fimmers R, Galldiks N, Schäfer N, Mack F, Schaub C, et al. Late pseudoprogression in glioblastoma: diagnostic value of dynamic O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22:2190–6.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Galldiks N, Langen KJ, Holy R, Pinkawa M, Stoffels G, Nolte KW, et al. Assessment of treatment response in patients with glioblastoma using O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET in comparison to MRI. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1048–57.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Hutterer M, Nowosielski M, Putzer D, Waitz D, Tinkhauser G, Kostron H, et al. O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET predicts failure of antiangiogenic treatment in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:856–64.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Galldiks N, Rapp M, Stoffels G, Fink GR, Shah NJ, Coenen HH, et al. Response assessment of bevacizumab in patients with recurrent malignant glioma using [(18)F]fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine PET in comparison to MRI. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40:22–33.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Galldiks N, Kracht LW, Burghaus L, Thomas A, Jacobs AH, Heiss WD, et al. Use of (11)C-methionine PET to monitor the effects of temozolomide chemotherapy in malignant gliomas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:516–24.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Colavolpe C, Chinot O, Metellus P, Mancini J, Barrie M, Bequet-Boucard C, et al. FDG-PET predicts survival in recurrent high-grade gliomas treated with bevacizumab and irinotecan. Neuro Oncol. 2012;14:649–57.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

62.

De Witte O, Lefranc F, Levivier M, Salmon I, Brotchi J, Goldman S. FDG-PET as a prognostic factor in high-grade astrocytoma. J Neurooncol. 2000;49:157–63.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Dunet V, Pomoni A, Hottinger A, Nicod-Lalonde M, Prior JO. Performance of 18F-FET versus 18F-FDG-PET for the diagnosis and grading of brain tumors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuro Oncol. 2016;18:426–34.

64.

Mertens K, Acou M, Van Hauwe J, De Ruyck I, Van den Broecke C, Kalala JP, et al. Validation of 18F-FDG PET at conventional and delayed intervals for the discrimination of high-grade from low-grade gliomas: a stereotactic PET and MRI study. Clin Nucl Med. 2013;38:495–500.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Dankbaar JW, Snijders TJ, Robe PA, Seute T, Eppinga W, Hendrikse J, et al. The use of (18)F-FDG PET to differentiate progressive disease from treatment induced necrosis in high grade glioma. J Neurooncol. 2015;125:167–75.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Imani F, Boada FE, Lieberman FS, Davis DK, Mountz JM. Molecular and metabolic pattern classification for detection of brain glioma progression. Eur J Radiol. 2014;83:e100–5.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Nihashi T, Dahabreh IJ, Terasawa T. Diagnostic accuracy of PET for recurrent glioma diagnosis: a meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34:944–50.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Nihashi T, Dahabreh IJ, Terasawa T. PET in the clinical management of glioma: evidence map. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200:W654–60.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Santra A, Kumar R, Sharma P, Bal C, Kumar A, Julka PK, et al. F-18 FDG PET-CT in patients with recurrent glioma: comparison with contrast enhanced MRI. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81:508–13.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Chen W. Clinical applications of PET in brain tumors. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:1468–81.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Wray R, Solnes L, Mena E, Meoded A, Subramaniam RM. (18)F-Flourodeoxy-glucose PET/computed tomography in brain tumors: value to patient management and survival outcomes. PET Clin. 2015;10:423–30.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Cook GJ, Maisey MN, Fogelman I. Normal variants, artefacts and interpretative pitfalls in PET imaging with 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose and carbon-11 methionine. Eur J Nucl Med. 1999;26:1363–78.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Dethy S, Manto M, Kentos A, Konopnicki D, Pirotte B, Goldman S, et al. PET findings in a brain abscess associated with a silent atrial septal defect. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1995;97:349–53.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Floeth FW, Pauleit D, Sabel M, Reifenberger G, Stoffels G, Stummer W, et al. 18F-FET PET differentiation of ring-enhancing brain lesions. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:776–82.PubMed

75.

Pichler R, Dunzinger A, Wurm G, Pichler J, Weis S, Nussbaumer K, et al. Is there a place for FET PET in the initial evaluation of brain lesions with unknown significance? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:1521–8.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Tsuyuguchi N, Sunada I, Ohata K, Takami T, Nishio A, Hara M, et al. Evaluation of treatment effects in brain abscess with positron emission tomography: comparison of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and carbon-11-methionine. Ann Nucl Med. 2003;17:47–51.CrossRefPubMed

77.

Ogawa T, Hatazawa J, Inugami A, Murakami M, Fujita H, Shimosegawa E, et al. Carbon-11-methionine PET evaluation of intracerebral hematoma: distinguishing neoplastic from non-neoplastic hematoma. J Nucl Med. 1995;36:2175–9.PubMed

78.

Dethy S, Goldman S, Blecic S, Luxen A, Levivier M, Hildebrand J. Carbon-11-methionine and fluorine-18-FDG PET study in brain hematoma. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:1162–6.PubMed

79.

Salber D, Stoffels G, Oros-Peusquens AM, Shah NJ, Reifenberger G, Hamacher K, et al. Comparison of O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine and L-3H-methionine uptake in cerebral hematomas. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:790–7.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Zazulia AR, Videen TO, Powers WJ. Transient focal increase in perihematomal glucose metabolism after acute human intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2009;40:1638–43.CrossRefPubMed

81.

Jacobs A. Amino acid uptake in ischemically compromised brain tissue. Stroke. 1995;26:1859–66.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Salber D, Stoffels G, Pauleit D, Reifenberger G, Sabel M, Shah NJ, et al. Differential uptake of [18F]FET and [3H]l-methionine in focal cortical ischemia. Nucl Med Biol. 2006;33:1029–35.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Law I, Borgwardt L, Højgaard L. Pediatric hybrid imaging of the brain. In: von Schulthess GK, editor. Clinical molecular anatomic imaging - PET/CT, PET/MR and SPECT/CT. Zürich: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2015. p. 218–29.

84.

Morana G, Piccardo A, Garrè ML, Cabria M, Rossi A. 18F-DOPA uptake of developmental venous anomalies in children with brain tumors. Clin Nucl Med. 2016;41:e351–2.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Schiepers C, Van Hecke P, Vandenberghe R, Van Oostende S, Dupont P, Demaerel P, et al. Positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and proton NMR spectroscopy of white matter in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 1997;3:8–17.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Singhal T, Narayanan TK, Jain V, Mukherjee J, Mantil J. 11C-L-methionine positron emission tomography in the clinical management of cerebral gliomas. Mol Imaging Biol. 2008;10:1–18.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Jansen NL, Suchorska B, Schwarz SB, Eigenbrod S, Lutz J, Graute V, et al. [18F]fluoroethyltyrosine-positron emission tomography-based therapy monitoring after stereotactic iodine-125 brachytherapy in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma. Mol Imaging. 2013;12:137–47.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Hutterer M, Ebner Y, Riemenschneider MJ, Willuweit A, McCoy M, Egger B, et al. Epileptic activity increases cerebral amino acid transport assessed by [18F]-fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine amino acid PET: a potential brain tumor mimic. J Nucl Med. 2017;58:129–37.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Lopci E, Bello L, Chiti A. (11)C-methionine uptake in secondary brain epilepsy. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 2014;33:234–6.PubMed

90.

Novak L, Molnar P, Lengyel Z, Tron L. Does increased 18FDG uptake reflect malignant transformation of a low-grade glioma? A diagnostic dilemma. Neurol India. 2005;53:112–4.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Boellaard R, O’Doherty MJ, Weber WA, Mottaghy FM, Lonsdale MN, Stroobants SG, et al. FDG PET and PET/CT: EANM procedure guidelines for tumour PET imaging: version 1.0. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:181–200.CrossRefPubMed

92.

On behalf of the EANM Physics Committee: Busemann Sokole E, Płachcínska A, Britten A, et al. Routine quality control recommendations for nuclear medicine instrumentation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:662–71.CrossRef

93.

Sattler B, Jochimsen T, Barthel H, Sommerfeld K, Stumpp P, Hoffmann KT, et al. Physical and organizational provision for installation, regulatory requirements and implementation of a simultaneous hybrid PET/MR-imaging system in an integrated research and clinical setting. MAGMA. 2013;26:159–71.CrossRefPubMed

94.

Zanotti-Fregonara P, Lammertsma AA, Innis RB. Suggested pathway to assess radiation safety of 18F-labeled PET tracers for first-in-human studies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40:1781–3.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Mattsson S, Johansson L, Leide Svegborn S, Liniecki J, Noßke D, Riklund KÅ, et al. Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals: a compendium of current information related to frequently used substances. Ann ICRP. 2015;44:7–321.CrossRefPubMed

96.

Langen KJ, Bartenstein P, Boecker H, Brust P, Coenen HH, Drzezga A, et al. German guidelines for brain tumour imaging by PET and SPECT using labelled amino acids. Nuklearmedizin. 2011;50:167–73.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Joint EANM/EANO/RANO practice guidelines/SNMMI procedure standards for imaging of gliomas using PET with radiolabelled amino acids and [18F]FDG: version 1.0
Authors: Ian Law
Nathalie L. Albert
Javier Arbizu
Ronald Boellaard
Alexander Drzezga
Norbert Galldiks
Christian la Fougère
Karl-Josef Langen
Egesta Lopci
Val Lowe
Jonathan McConathy
Harald H. Quick
Bernhard Sattler
David M. Schuster
Jörg-Christian Tonn
Michael Weller
Publication date: 01-03-2019
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging / Issue 3/2019
Print ISSN: 1619-7070
Electronic ISSN: 1619-7089
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-018-4207-9

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Joint EANM/EANO/RANO practice guidelines/SNMMI procedure standards for imaging of gliomas using PET with radiolabelled amino acids and [¹⁸F]FDG: version 1.0

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3/2019

The evolving Editorial Board

Early 18F-FDOPA PET/CT imaging after carbidopa premedication as a valuable diagnostic option in patients with insulinoma

18F-DOPA PET/CT in brain tumors: impact on multidisciplinary brain tumor board decisions

Yttrium-90 glass microspheres radioembolization (RE) for biliary tract cancer: a large single-center experience

Influence of lanreotide on uptake of 68Ga-DOTATATE in patients with neuroendocrine tumours: a prospective intra-patient evaluation

Biodistribution and radiation dose estimates for 68Ga-DOTA-JR11 in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors