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Pediatric Radiology
Published in: Pediatric Radiology 4/2020

01-04-2020 | Human Immunodeficiency Virus | Original Article

Computer-aided diagnosis for World Health Organization-defined chest radiograph primary-endpoint pneumonia in children

Authors: Nasreen Mahomed, Bram van Ginneken, Rick H. H. M. Philipsen, Jaime Melendez, David P. Moore, Halvani Moodley, Tanusha Sewchuran, Denny Mathew, Shabir A. Madhi

Published in: Pediatric Radiology | Issue 4/2020

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Abstract

Background

The chest radiograph is the most common imaging modality to assess childhood pneumonia. It has been used in epidemiological and vaccine efficacy/effectiveness studies on childhood pneumonia.

Objective

To develop computer-aided diagnosis (CAD4Kids) for chest radiography in children and to evaluate its accuracy in identifying World Health Organization (WHO)-defined chest radiograph primary-endpoint pneumonia compared to a consensus interpretation.

Materials and methods

Chest radiographs were independently evaluated by three radiologists based on WHO criteria. Automatic lung field segmentation was followed by manual inspection and correction, training, feature extraction and classification. Radiographs were filtered with Gaussian derivatives on multiple scales, extracting texture features to classify each pixel in the lung region. To obtain an image score, the 95th percentile score of the pixels was used. Training and testing were done in 10-fold cross validation.

Results

The radiologist majority consensus reading of 858 interpretable chest radiographs included 333 (39%) categorised as primary-endpoint pneumonia, 208 (24%) as other infiltrate only and 317 (37%) as no primary-endpoint pneumonia or other infiltrate. Compared to the reference radiologist consensus reading, CAD4Kids had an area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.850 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.823–0.876), with a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 80% for identifying primary-endpoint pneumonia on chest radiograph. Furthermore, the ROC curve was 0.810 (95% CI 0.772–0.846) for CAD4Kids identifying primary-endpoint pneumonia compared to other infiltrate only.

Conclusion

Further development of the CAD4Kids software and validation in multicentre studies are important for future research on computer-aided diagnosis and artificial intelligence in paediatric radiology.
Appendix
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Metadata
Title
Computer-aided diagnosis for World Health Organization-defined chest radiograph primary-endpoint pneumonia in children
Authors
Nasreen Mahomed
Bram van Ginneken
Rick H. H. M. Philipsen
Jaime Melendez
David P. Moore
Halvani Moodley
Tanusha Sewchuran
Denny Mathew
Shabir A. Madhi
Publication date
01-04-2020
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Pediatric Radiology / Issue 4/2020
Print ISSN: 0301-0449
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1998
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-019-04593-0

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