Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
Published in: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 9/2015

Open Access 01-09-2015 | Sports Medicine

Platelet-rich plasma: why intra-articular? A systematic review of preclinical studies and clinical evidence on PRP for joint degeneration

Authors: G. Filardo, E. Kon, A. Roffi, B. Di Matteo, M. L. Merli, M. Marcacci

Published in: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy | Issue 9/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this review was to analyze the available evidence on the clinical application of this biological approach for the injective treatment of cartilage lesions and joint degeneration, together with preclinical studies to support the rationale for the use of platelet concentrates, to shed some light and give indications on what to treat and what to expect from intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma (PRP).

Methods

All in vitro, in vivo preclinical and clinical studies on PRP injective treatment in the English language concerning the effect of PRP on cartilage, synovial tissue, menisci, and mesenchymal stem cells were considered. A systematic review on the PubMed database was performed using the following words: (platelet-rich plasma or PRP or platelet concentrate or platelet lysate or platelet supernatant) and (cartilage or chondrocytes or synoviocytes or menisci or mesenchymal stem cells).

Results

Fifty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria: 26 were in vitro, 9 were in vivo, 2 were both in vivo and in vitro, and 22 were clinical studies. The analysis showed an increasing number of published studies over time. Preclinical evidence supports the use of PRP injections that might promote a favourable environment for joint tissues healing. Only a few high-quality clinical trials have been published, which showed a clinical improvement limited over time and mainly documented in younger patients not affected by advanced knee degeneration.

Conclusions

Besides the limits and sometimes controversial findings, the preclinical literature shows an overall support toward this PRP application. An intra-articular injection does not just target cartilage; instead, PRP might influence the entire joint environment, leading to a short-term clinical improvement. Many biological variables might influence the clinical outcome and have to be studied to optimize PRP injective treatment of cartilage degeneration and osteoarthritis.

Level of evidence

IV.
Literature
1.
Akeda K, An HS, Okuma M, Attawia M, Miyamoto K, Thonar EJ, Lenz ME, Sah RL, Masuda K (2006) Platelet-rich plasma stimulates porcine articular chondrocyte proliferation and matrix biosynthesis. Osteoarthritis Cartil 14(12):1272–1280CrossRef
2.
Anitua E, Sánchez M, Nurden AT, Zalduendo MM, de la Fuente M, Azofra J, Andía I (2007) Platelet-released growth factors enhance the secretion of hyaluronic acid and induce hepatocyte growth factor production by synovial fibroblasts from arthritic patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 46(12):1769–1772CrossRef
3.
Anitua E, Sánchez M, Orive G (2010) Potential of endogenous regenerative technology for in situ regenerative medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 15;62(7–8):741–752
4.
Battaglia M, Guaraldi F, Vannini F, Buscio T, Buda R, Galletti S, Giannini S (2011) Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) intra-articular ultrasound-guided injections as a possible treatment for hip osteoarthritis: a pilot study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 29(4):754PubMed
5.
Bendinelli P, Matteucci E, Dogliotti G, Corsi MM, Banfi G, Maroni P, Desiderio MA (2010) Molecular basis of anti-inflammatory action of platelet-rich plasma on human chondrocytes: mechanisms of NF-κB inhibition via HGF. J Cell Physiol 225(3):757–766CrossRefPubMed
6.
Browning SR, Weiser AM, Woolf N, Golish SR, SanGiovanni TP, Scuderi GJ, Carballo C, Hanna LS (2012) Platelet-rich plasma increases matrix metalloproteinases in cultures of human synovial fibroblasts. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94(23):e1721–e1727CrossRefPubMed
7.
Carmona JU, Arguelles D, Climent F, Prades M (2007) Autologous platelet concentrates as a treatment of horses with osteoarthritis: a preliminary pilot clinical study. J Equin Vet Sci 27;4:167–170
8.
Cerza F, Carnì S, Carcangiu A, Di Vavo I, Schiavilla V, Pecora A, De Biasi G, Ciuffreda M (2012) Comparison between hyaluronic acid and platelet-rich plasma, intra-articular infiltration in the treatment of gonarthrosis. Am J Sports Med. doi:10.​1177/​0363546512461902​ PubMed
9.
10.
Della Villa S, Kon E, Filardo G, Ricci M, Vincentelli F, Delcogliano M, Marcacci M (2010) Does intensive rehabilitation permit early return to sport without compromising the clinical outcome after arthroscopic autologous chondrocyte implantation in highly competitive athletes? Am J Sports Med 38(1):68–77CrossRefPubMed
11.
Drengk A, Zapf A, Stürmer EK, Stürmer KM, Frosch KH (2009) Influence of platelet-rich plasma on chondrogenic differentiation and proliferation of chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. Cells Tissues Organs 189(5):317–326CrossRefPubMed
12.
Filardo G, Di Matteo B, Kon E (2013) Treatment with platelet-rich plasma is more effective than placebo for knee osteoarthritis: a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. Letter to editor. Am J Sports Med 41(9):NP42–NP44CrossRefPubMed
13.
Filardo G, Kon E, Buda R, Timoncini A, Di Martino A, Cenacchi A, Fornasari PM, Giannini S, Marcacci M (2011) Platelet-rich plasma intra-articular knee injections for the treatment of degenerative cartilage lesions and osteoarthritis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 19(4):528–535CrossRefPubMed
14.
Filardo G, Kon E, Di Martino A, Di Matteo B, Merli ML, Cenacchi A, Fornasari PM, Marcacci M (2012) Platelet-rich plasma vs hyaluronic acid to treat knee degenerative pathology: study design and preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 23;13(1):229
15.
Filardo G, Kon E, Di Martino A, Iacono F, Marcacci M (2011) Arthroscopic second-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation: a prospective 7-year follow-up study. Am J Sports Med 39(10):2153–2160CrossRefPubMed
16.
Filardo G, Kon E, Di Martino A, Patella S, Altadonna G, Balboni F, Bragonzoni L, Visani A, Marcacci M (2012) Second-generation arthroscopic autologous chondrocyte implantation for the treatment of degenerative cartilage lesions. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 20(9):1704–1713CrossRefPubMed
17.
Filardo G, Kon E, Pereira Ruiz MT, Vaccaro F, Guitaldi R, Di Martino A, Cenacchi A, Fornasari PM, Marcacci M (2012) Platelet-rich plasma intra-articular injections for cartilage degeneration and osteoarthritis: single- versus double-spinning approach. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 20(10):20–2091CrossRef
18.
Filardo G, Vannini F, Marcacci M, Andriolo L, Ferruzzi A, Giannini S, Kon E (2013) Matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation for cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritic knees: results and failures at midterm follow-up. Am J Sports Med 41(1):95–100CrossRefPubMed
19.
Gaissmaier C, Fritz J, Krackhardt T, Flesch I, Aicher WK, Ashammakhi N (2005) Effect of human platelet supernatant on proliferation and matrix synthesis of human articular chondrocytes in monolayer and three-dimensional alginate cultures. Biomaterials 26(14):1953–1960CrossRefPubMed
20.
Gobbi A, Karnatzikos G, Mahajan V, Malchira S (2012) Platelet-rich plasma treatment in symptomatic patients with knee osteoarthritis: preliminary results in a group of active patients. Sports Health 4(2):162–172PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
21.
Gomoll AH, Filardo G, Almqvist FK, Bugbee WD, Jelic M, Monllau JC, Puddu G, Rodkey WG, Verdonk P, Verdonk R, Zaffagnini S, Marcacci M (2012) Surgical treatment for early osteoarthritis. Part II: allografts and concurrent procedures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 20(3):468–486CrossRefPubMed
22.
Gomoll AH, Filardo G, de Girolamo L, Espregueira-Mendes J, Marcacci M, Rodkey WG, Steadman JR, Zaffagnini S, Kon E (2012) Surgical treatment for early osteoarthritis. Part I: cartilage repair procedures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 20(3):450–466CrossRefPubMed
23.
Gonzales VK, de Mulder EL, de Boer T, Hannink G, van Tienen TG, van Heerde WL, Buma P (2013) Platelet-rich plasma can replace fetal bovine serum in human meniscus cell cultures. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. doi:10.​1089/​ten.​tec.​2013.​0009 PubMed
24.
25.
Hapa O, Çakici H, Yüksel HY, Fırat T, Kükner A, Aygün H (2013) Does platelet-rich plasma enhance microfracture treatment for chronic focal chondral defects? An in vivo study performed in a rat model. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 47(3):201–207CrossRefPubMed
26.
27.
Heijink A, Gomoll AH, Madry H, Drobnič M, Filardo G, Espregueira-Mendes J, Van Dijk CN (2012) Biomechanical considerations in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis of the knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 20(3):423–435PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
28.
Hildner F, Eder MJ, Hofer K, Aberl J, Redl H, van Griensven M, Gabriel C, Peterbauer-Scherb A (2013) Human platelet lysate successfully promotes proliferation and subsequent chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells: a comparison with articular chondrocytes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. doi:10.​1002/​term.​1649 PubMed
29.
Hunter DJ, Felson DT (2006). Osteoarthritis BMJ 18;332(7542):639–642
30.
Ishida K, Kuroda R, Miwa M, Tabata Y, Hokugo A, Kawamoto T, Sasaki K, Doita M, Kurosaka M (2007) The regenerative effects of platelet-rich plasma on meniscal cells in vitro and its in vivo application with biodegradable gelatin hydrogel. Tissue Eng 13(5):1103–1112CrossRefPubMed
31.
Jang SJ, Kim JD, Cha SS (2013) Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections as an effective treatment for early osteoarthritis. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 23(5):573–580CrossRefPubMed
32.
Kakudo N, Minakata T, Mitsui T, Kushida S, Notodihardjo FZ, Kusumoto K (2008) Proliferation-promoting effect of platelet-rich plasma on human adipose-derived stem cells and human dermal fibroblasts. Plast Reconstr Surg 122(5):1352–1360CrossRefPubMed
33.
Kaps C, Loch A, Haisch A, Smolian H, Burmester GR, Häupl T, Sittinger M (2002) Human platelet supernatant promotes proliferation but not differentiation of articular chondrocytes. Med Biol Eng Comput 40(4):485–490CrossRefPubMed
34.
Koh YG, Choi YJ (2012) Infrapatellar fat pad-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for knee osteoarthritis. Knee 19(6):902–907CrossRefPubMed
35.
Koh YG, Jo SB, Kwon OR, Suh DS, Lee SW, Park SH, Choi YJ (2013) Mesenchymal stem cell injections improve symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Arthroscopy 29(4):748–755CrossRefPubMed
36.
Kon E, Buda R, Filardo G, Di Martino A, Timoncini A, Cenacchi A, Fornasari PM, Giannini S, Marcacci M (2010) Platelet-rich plasma: intra-articular knee injections produced favorable results on degenerative cartilage lesions. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 18(4):472–479CrossRefPubMed
37.
Kon E, Filardo G, Condello V, Collarile M, Di Martino A, Zorzi C, Marcacci M (2011) Second-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation: results in patients older than 40 years. Am J Sports Med 39(8):1668–1675CrossRefPubMed
38.
Kon E, Filardo G, Di Martino A, Marcacci M (2011) Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to treat sports injuries: evidence to support its use. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 19(4):516–527CrossRefPubMed
39.
Kon E, Filardo G, Drobnic M, Madry H, Jelic M, van Dijk N, Della Villa S (2012) Non-surgical management of early knee osteoarthritis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 20(3):436–449CrossRefPubMed
40.
Kon E, Filardo G, Matteo BD, Marcacci M (2013) PRP for the treatment of cartilage pathology. Open Orthop J 3(7):120–128CrossRef
41.
Kon E, Mandelbaum B, Buda R, Filardo G, Delcogliano M, Timoncini A, Fornasari PM, Giannini S, Marcacci M (2011) Platelet-rich plasma intra-articular injection versus hyaluronicacid viscosupplementation as treatments for cartilage pathology: from early degeneration to osteoarthritis. Arthroscopy 27(11):1490–1501CrossRefPubMed
42.
Krüger JP, Hondke S, Endres M, Pruss A, Siclari A, Kaps C (2012) Human platelet-rich plasma stimulates migration and chondrogenic differentiation of human subchondral progenitor cells. J Orthop Res 30(6):845–852CrossRefPubMed
43.
Kwon DR, Park GY, Lee SU (2012) The effects of intra-articular platelet-rich plasma injection according to the severity of collagenase-induced knee osteoarthritis in a rabbit model. Ann Rehabil Med 36(4):458–465PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
44.
Lee HR, Park KM, Joung YK, Park KD, Do SH (2012) Platelet-rich plasma loaded hydrogel scaffold enhances chondrogenic differentiation and maturation with up-regulation of CB1 and CB2. J Control Release 159(3):332–337CrossRefPubMed
45.
Lippross S, Moeller B, Haas H, Tohidnezhad M, Steubesand N, Wruck CJ, Kurz B, Seekamp A, Pufe T, Varoga D (2011) Intraarticular injection of platelet-rich plasma reduces inflammation in a pig model of rheumatoid arthritis of the knee joint. Arthritis Rheum 63(11):3344–3353CrossRefPubMed
46.
Lories RJ (2008) Joint homeostasis, restoration, and remodeling in osteoarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 22(2):209–220CrossRefPubMed
47.
Mei-Dan O, Carmont MR, Laver L, Mann G, Maffulli N, Nyska M (2012) Platelet-rich plasma or hyaluronate in the management of osteochondral lesions of the talus. Am J Sports Med 40(3):534–541CrossRefPubMed
48.
Mifune Y, Matsumoto T, Takayama K, Ota S, Li H, Meszaros LB, Usas A, Nagamune K, Gharaibeh B, Fu FH, Huard J (2013) The effect of platelet-rich plasma on the regenerative therapy of muscle derived stem cells for articular cartilage repair. Osteoarthritis Cartil 21(1):175–185CrossRef
49.
Milano G, Deriu L, Sanna Passino E, Masala G, Manunta A, Postacchini R, Saccomanno MF, Fabbriciani C (2012) Repeated platelet concentrate injections enhance reparative response of microfractures in the treatment of chondral defects of the knee: an experimental study in an animal model. Arthroscopy 28(5):688–701CrossRefPubMed
50.
Milano G, Deriu L, Sanna Passino E, Masala G, Saccomanno MF, Postacchini R, Fabbriciani C (2011). The effect of autologous conditioned plasma on the treatment of focal chondral defects of the knee. An experimental study. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 24(1 Suppl 2):117–124
51.
Milano G, Sanna Passino E, Deriu L, Careddu G, Manunta L, Manunta A, Saccomanno MF, Fabbriciani C (2010) The effect of platelet rich plasma combined with microfractures on the treatment of chondral defects: an experimental study in a sheep model. Osteoarthritis Cartil 18(7):971–980CrossRef
52.
Mishra A, Tummala P, King A, Lee B, Kraus M, Tse V, Jacobs CR (2009) Buffered platelet-rich plasma enhances mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 15(3):431–435PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
53.
Moreira Teixeira LS, Leijten JC, Wennink JW, Chatterjea AG, Feijen J, van Blitterswijk CA, Dijkstra PJ, Karperien M (2012) The effect of platelet lysate supplementation of a dextran-based hydrogel on cartilage formation. Biomaterials 33(14):3651–3661CrossRefPubMed
54.
Muraglia A, Ottonello C, Spanò R, Dozin B, Strada P, Grandizio M, Cancedda R, Mastrogiacomo M (2013) Biological activity of a standardized freeze-dried platelet derivative to be used as cell culture medium supplement. Platelets. doi:10.​3109/​09537104.​2013.​803529 PubMed
55.
Murphy MB, Blashki D, Buchanan RM, Yazdi IK, Ferrari M, Simmons PJ, Tasciotti E (2012) Adult and umbilical cord blood-derived platelet-rich plasma for mesenchymal stem cell proliferation, chemotaxis, and cryo-preservation. Biomaterials 33(21):5308–5316CrossRefPubMed
56.
Napolitano M, Matera S, Bossio M, Crescibene A, Costabile E, Almolla J, Almolla H, Togo F, Giannuzzi C, Guido G (2012) Autologous platelet gel for tissue regeneration in degenerative disorders of the knee. Blood Transfus 10(1):72–77PubMedCentralPubMed
57.
Park SI, Lee HR, Kim S, Ahn MW, Do SH (2012) Time-sequential modulation in expression of growth factors from platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the chondrocyte cultures. Mol Cell Biochem 361(1–2):9–17CrossRefPubMed
58.
Patel S, Dhillon MS, Aggarwal S, Marwaha N, Jain A (2013) Treatment with platelet-rich plasma is more effective than placebo for knee osteoarthritis: a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. Am J Sports Med 41(2):356–364CrossRefPubMed
59.
Pereira RC, Scaranari M, Benelli R, Strada P, Reis RL, Cancedda R, Gentili C (2013) Dual effect of platelet lysate on human articular cartilage: a maintenance of chondrogenic potential and a transient proinflammatory activity followed by an inflammation resolution. Tissue Eng Part A 19(11–12):1476–1488CrossRefPubMed
60.
Pettersson S, Wetterö J, Tengvall P, Kratz G (2009) Human articular chondrocytes on macroporous gelatin microcarriers form structurally stable constructs with blood-derived biological glues in vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 3(6):450–460CrossRefPubMed
61.
Saito M, Takahashi KA, Arai Y, Inoue A, Sakao K, Tonomura H, Honjo K, Nakagawa S, Inoue H, Tabata Y, Kubo T (2009) Intraarticular administration of platelet-rich plasma with biodegradable gelatin hydrogel microspheres prevents osteoarthritis progression in the rabbit knee. Clin Exp Rheumatol 27(2):201–207PubMed
62.
Sampson S, Reed M, Silvers H, Meng M, Mandelbaum B (2010) Injection of platelet-rich plasma in patients with primary and secondary knee osteoarthritis: a pilot study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 89(12):961–969CrossRefPubMed
63.
Sánchez M, Anitua E, Azofra J, Aguirre JJ, Andia I (2008) Intra-articular injection of an autologous preparation rich in growth factors for the treatment of knee OA: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 26(5):910–913PubMed
64.
Sánchez M, Fiz N, Azofra J, Usabiaga J, Aduriz Recalde E, Garcia Gutierrez A, Albillos J, Gárate R, Aguirre JJ, Padilla S, Orive G, Anitua E (2012) A randomized clinical trial evaluating plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF-Endoret) versus hyaluronic acid in the short-term treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Arthroscopy 28(8):1070–1078CrossRefPubMed
65.
Sánchez M, Guadilla J, Fiz N, Andia I (2012) Ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma injections for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip. Rheumatology (Oxford) 51(1):144–150CrossRef
66.
Serra CI, Soler C, Carillo JM, Sopena JJ, Redondo JI, Cugat R (2013) Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on the repair of full-thickness articular defects in rabbits. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 21(8):1730–1736PubMed
67.
Smyth NA, Murawski CD, Fortier LA, Cole BJ, Kennedy JG (2013) Platelet-rich plasma in the pathologic processes of cartilage: review of basic science evidence. Arthroscopy 29(8):1399–1409CrossRefPubMed
68.
Spaková T, Rosocha J, Lacko M, Harvanová D, Gharaibeh A (2012) Treatment of knee joint osteoarthritis with autologous platelet-rich plasma in comparison with hyaluronic acid. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 91(5):411–417CrossRefPubMed
69.
Spreafico A, Chellini F, Frediani B, Bernardini G, Niccolini S, Serchi T, Collodel G, Paffetti A, Fossombroni V, Galeazzi M, Marcolongo R, Santucci A (2009) Biochemical investigation of the effects of human platelet releasates on human articular chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 1;108(5):1153–1165
70.
Torrero JI, Aroles F, Ferrer D (2012) Treatment of knee chondropathy with platelet rich plasma. Preliminary results at 6 months of follow-up with only one injection. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 26((2 Suppl 1)):71S–78SPubMed
71.
Torricelli P, Fini M, Filardo G, Tschon M, Pischedda M, Pacorini A, Kon E, Giardino R (2011) Regenerative medicine for the treatment of musculoskeletal overuse injuries in competition horses. Int Orthop 35(10):1569–1576PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
72.
Tschon M, Fini M, Giardino R, Filardo G, Dallari D, Torricelli P, Martini L, Giavaresi G, Kon E, Maltarello MC, Nicolini A, Carpi A (2011) Lights and shadows concerning platelet products for musculoskeletal regeneration. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 1(3):96–107CrossRef
73.
van Buul GM, Koevoet WL, Kops N, Bos PK, Verhaar JA, Weinans H, Bernsen MR, van Osch GJ (2011) Platelet-rich plasma releasate inhibits inflammatory processes in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Am J Sports Med 39(11):2362–2370CrossRefPubMed
74.
Wang-Saegusa A, Cugat R, Ares O, Seijas R, Cuscó X, Garcia-Balletbó M (2011) Infiltration of plasma rich in growth factors for osteoarthritis of the knee short-term effects on function and quality of life. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 131(3):311–317CrossRefPubMed
75.
Wu CC, Chen WH, Zao B, Lai PL, Lin TC, Lo HY, Shieh YH, Wu CH, Deng WP (2011) Regenerative potentials of platelet-rich plasma enhanced by collagen in retrieving pro-inflammatory cytokine-inhibited chondrogenesis. Biomaterials 32(25):5847–5854CrossRefPubMed
76.
Yang SY, Ahn ST, Rhie JW, Lee KY, Choi JH, Lee BJ, Oh GT (2000) Platelet supernatant promotes proliferation of auricular chondrocytes and formation of chondrocyte mass. Ann Plast Surg 44(4):405–411CrossRefPubMed
77.
Yin Z, Yang X, Jiang Y, Xing L, Xu Y, Lu Y, Ding P, Ma J, Xu Y, Gui J (2013) Platelet-rich plasma combined with agarose as a bioactive scaffold to enhance cartilage repair: an in vitro study. J Biomater Appl. doi:10.​1177/​0885328213492573​
78.
Zaky SH, Ottonello A, Strada P, Cancedda R, Mastrogiacomo M (2008) Platelet lysate favours in vitro expansion of human bone marrow stromal cells for bone and cartilage engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2(8):472–481CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Platelet-rich plasma: why intra-articular? A systematic review of preclinical studies and clinical evidence on PRP for joint degeneration
Authors
G. Filardo
E. Kon
A. Roffi
B. Di Matteo
M. L. Merli
M. Marcacci
Publication date
01-09-2015
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy / Issue 9/2015
Print ISSN: 0942-2056
Electronic ISSN: 1433-7347
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-013-2743-1

Other articles of this Issue 9/2015

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 9/2015 Go to the issue

Elbow

Outcomes of arthroscopic arthrolysis for the post-traumatic elbow stiffness

Shoulder

Pectoralis major tendon repair: a biomechanical study of suture button versus transosseous suture techniques

Shoulder

Foreseeing the danger in the beach chair position: Are standard measurement methods reliable?

Hip

A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the attachment sites of the proximal hamstrings

Sports Medicine

Factors associated with returning to football after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Sports Medicine

Assessment of gastrocnemius tensiomyographic neuromuscular characteristics as risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury in male soccer players