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Intensive Care Medicine
Published in: Intensive Care Medicine 10/2017

01-10-2017 | Seven-Day Profile Publication

Optimum support by high-flow nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: effects of increasing flow rates

Authors: Tommaso Mauri, Laura Alban, Cecilia Turrini, Barbara Cambiaghi, Eleonora Carlesso, Paolo Taccone, Nicola Bottino, Alfredo Lissoni, Savino Spadaro, Carlo Alberto Volta, Luciano Gattinoni, Antonio Pesenti, Giacomo Grasselli

Published in: Intensive Care Medicine | Issue 10/2017

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Abstract

Purpose

Limited data exist on the correlation between higher flow rates of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and its physiologic effects in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF). We assessed the effects of HFNC delivered at increasing flow rate on inspiratory effort, work of breathing, minute ventilation, lung volumes, dynamic compliance and oxygenation in AHRF patients.

Methods

A prospective randomized cross-over study was performed in non-intubated patients with patients AHRF and a PaO2/FiO2 (arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen) ratio of ≤300 mmHg. A standard non-occlusive facial mask and HFNC at different flow rates (30, 45 and 60 l/min) were randomly applied, while maintaining constant FiO2 (20 min/step). At the end of each phase, we measured arterial blood gases, inspiratory effort, based on swings in esophageal pressure (ΔPes) and on the esophageal pressure–time product (PTPPes), and lung volume, by electrical impedance tomography.

Results

Seventeen patients with AHRF were enrolled in the study. At increasing flow rate, HFNC reduced ΔPes (p < 0.001) and PTPPes (p < 0.001), while end-expiratory lung volume (ΔEELV), tidal volume to ΔPes ratio (V T/ΔPes, which corresponds to dynamic lung compliance) and oxygenation improved (p < 0.01 for all factors). Higher HFNC flow rate also progressively reduced minute ventilation (p < 0.05) without any change in arterial CO2 tension (p = 0.909). The decrease in ΔPes, PTPPes and minute ventilation at increasing flow rates was better described by exponential fitting, while ΔEELV, V T/ΔPes and oxygenation improved linearly.

Conclusions

In this cohort of patients with AHRF, an increasing HFNC flow rate progressively decreased inspiratory effort and improved lung aeration, dynamic compliance and oxygenation. Most of the effect on inspiratory workload and CO2 clearance was already obtained at the lowest flow rate.
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Metadata
Title
Optimum support by high-flow nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: effects of increasing flow rates
Authors
Tommaso Mauri
Laura Alban
Cecilia Turrini
Barbara Cambiaghi
Eleonora Carlesso
Paolo Taccone
Nicola Bottino
Alfredo Lissoni
Savino Spadaro
Carlo Alberto Volta
Luciano Gattinoni
Antonio Pesenti
Giacomo Grasselli
Publication date
01-10-2017
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Intensive Care Medicine / Issue 10/2017
Print ISSN: 0342-4642
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1238
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-017-4890-1

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