Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Diabetologia
Published in: Diabetologia 10/2011

01-10-2011 | Review

Type 1 diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder: evidence for a biological link

Authors: D. J. Korczak, S. Pereira, K. Koulajian, A. Matejcek, A. Giacca

Published in: Diabetologia | Issue 10/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis

A growing body of research suggests that the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in children and youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus is significantly higher than that of youth without type 1 diabetes and is associated with increased illness severity. The objective of this article is to review the current literature on the pathophysiology of these two common diseases with respect to potential areas of overlapping biological dysfunction.

Methods

A search of English language articles published between 1966 and 2010 was conducted and augmented with manual review of reference lists from the identified publications.

Results

The evidence suggests plausible mechanisms whereby a biological relationship between type 1 diabetes and MDD may exist. These include the effects of circulating cytokines associated with autoimmune diabetes, the direct impact of insulin deficiency on neurogenesis/neurotransmitter metabolism, the effects of the chronic hyperglycaemic state, occurrence of iatrogenic hypoglycaemia and the impact of basal hyperactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.

Conclusions/interpretation

Shared biological vulnerabilities may be implicated in the comorbidity of type 1 diabetes and MDD. Further research is warranted to determine the magnitude of associations and confirm their observation in clinical populations.
Literature
1.
Grey M, Whittemore R, Tamborlane W (2002) Depression in type 1 diabetes in children: natural history and correlates. J Psychosom Res 53:907–911PubMedCrossRef
2.
•• Kovacs M, Goldston D, Obrosky DS, Bonar LK (1997) Psychiatric disorders in youths with IDDM: rates and risk factors. Diabetes Care 20:36–44. This is the longest longitudinal study of psychiatric illness in children with type 1 diabetes, using gold-standard measurement methods for determination of psychopathology PubMedCrossRef
3.
Lawrence JM, Standiford DA, Loots B et al (2006) Prevalence and correlates of depressed mood among youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Pediatrics 117:1348–1358PubMedCrossRef
4.
Stewart SM, Rao U, Emslie GJ, Klein D, White PC (2005) Depressive symptoms predict hospitalization for adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 115:1315–1319PubMedCrossRef
5.
Goldston DB, Kelley AE, Reboussin DM et al (1997) Suicidal ideation and behavior and noncompliance with the medical regimen among diabetic adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:1528–1536PubMed
6.
Leichter SB, See Y (2005) Problems that extend visit time and cost in diabetes care: 1. how depression may affect the efficacy and cost of care of diabetic patients. Clin Diabetes 23:53–54CrossRef
7.
Murphy HR, Rayman G, Skinner TC (2006) Psycho-educational interventions for children and young people with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 23:935–943PubMedCrossRef
8.
McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Konarski JZ et al (2007) Should depressive syndromes be reclassified as “Metabolic Syndrome Type II”? Ann Clin Psychiatry 19:257–264PubMedCrossRef
9.
Hassan K, Loar R, Anderson BJ, Heptulla RA (2006) The role of socioeconomic status, depression, quality of life, and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 149:526–531PubMedCrossRef
10.
Moussa MA, Alsaeid M, Abdella N, Refai TM, Al-Sheikh N, Gomez JE (2005) Social and psychological characteristics of Kuwaiti children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Soc Sci Med 60:1835–1844PubMedCrossRef
11.
Goldbacher EM, Matthews KA (2007) Are psychological characteristics related to risk of the metabolic syndrome? A review of the literature. Ann Behav Med 34:240–252PubMedCrossRef
12.
• Rapoport MJ, Bistritzer T, Aharoni D et al (2005) TH1/TH2 cytokine secretion of first degree relatives of T1DM patients. Cytokine 30:219–227. This study examines cytokine secretion by circulating cells of the family members of patients with type 1 diabetes PubMedCrossRef
13.
Hanifi-Moghaddam P, Schloot NC, Kappler S, Seissler J, Kolb H (2003) An association of autoantibody status and serum cytokine levels in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 52:1137–1142PubMedCrossRef
14.
Decochez K, Tits J, Coolens JL et al (2000) High frequency of persisting or increasing islet-specific autoantibody levels after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes presenting before 40 years of age. The Belgian Diabetes Registry. Diabetes Care 23:838–844PubMedCrossRef
15.
Sabbah E, Savola K, Ebeling T et al (2000) Genetic, autoimmune, and clinical characteristics of childhood- and adult-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 23:1326–1332PubMedCrossRef
16.
• Uno S, Imagawa A, Okita K et al. (2007) Macrophages and dendritic cells infiltrating islets with or without beta cells produce tumour necrosis factor-alpha in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 50:596–601. This study reports on the presence of proinflammatory cytokines and immune cells in the islet cells of patients with type 1 diabetes PubMedCrossRef
17.
Foss-Freitas MC, Foss NT, Rassi DM, Donadi EA, Foss MC (2008) Evaluation of cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of type 1 diabetic patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1150:290–296PubMedCrossRef
18.
•• Gordin D, Forsblom C, Ronnback M et al (2008) Acute hyperglycaemia induces an inflammatory response in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Ann Med 40:627–633. This study compares the inflammatory response to hyperglycaemia in type 1 diabetic patients with that in controls PubMedCrossRef
19.
Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL (2009) Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 65:732–741PubMedCrossRef
20.
Ford DE, Erlinger TP (2004) Depression and C-reactive protein in US adults: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 164:1010–1014PubMedCrossRef
21.
Kiecolt-Glaser JK, McGuire L, Robles TF, Glaser R (2002) Emotions, morbidity, and mortality: new perspectives from psychoneuroimmunology. Annu Rev Psychol 53:83–107PubMedCrossRef
22.
Maes M (1999) Major depression and activation of the inflammatory response system. Adv Exp Med Biol 461:25–46PubMedCrossRef
23.
Cyranowski JM, Marsland AL, Bromberger JT, Whiteside TL, Chang Y, Matthews KA (2007) Depressive symptoms and production of proinflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated in vitro. Brain Behav Immun 21:229–237PubMedCrossRef
24.
Raison CL, Capuron L, Miller AH (2006) Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol 27:24–31PubMedCrossRef
25.
Sapolsky R, Rivier C, Yamamoto G, Plotsky P, Vale W (1987) Interleukin-1 stimulates the secretion of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor. Science 238:522–524PubMedCrossRef
26.
Empana JP, Sykes DH, Luc G et al (2005) Contributions of depressive mood and circulating inflammatory markers to coronary heart disease in healthy European men: the Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME). Circulation 111:2299–2305PubMedCrossRef
27.
Lesperance F, Frasure-Smith N, Theroux P, Irwin M (2004) The association between major depression and levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein in patients with recent acute coronary syndromes. Am J Psychiatry 161:271–277PubMedCrossRef
28.
Crowe FL, Skeaff CM, Green TJ, Gray AR (2007) Serum phospholipid n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and physical and mental health in a population-based survey of New Zealand adolescents and adults. Am J Clin Nutr 86:1278–1285PubMed
29.
Mamalakis G, Kiriakakis M, Tsibinos G et al (2008) Lack of an association of depression with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissue and serum phospholipids in healthy adults. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 89:6–10PubMedCrossRef
30.
Bot M, Pouwer F, Assies J et al (2010) Eicosapentaenoic acid as an add-on to antidepressant medication for co-morbid major depression in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 126:282–286PubMedCrossRef
31.
Carney RM, Freedland KE, Rubin EH, Rich MW, Steinmeyer BC, Harris WS (2009) Omega-3 augmentation of sertraline in treatment of depression in patients with coronary heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 302:1651–1657PubMedCrossRef
32.
Miller MR, Yin X, Seifert J et al (2011) Erythrocyte membrane omega-3 fatty acid levels and omega-3 fatty acid intake are not associated with conversion to type 1 diabetes in children with islet autoimmunity: The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY). Pediatr Diabetes. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1399-5448.​2011.​00760.​x
33.
Zipitis CS, Akobeng AK (2008) Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 93:512–517PubMedCrossRef
34.
Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Li T et al (2006) Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 29:650–656PubMedCrossRef
35.
Jorde R, Sneve M, Figenschau Y, Svartberg J, Waterloo K (2008) Effects of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms of depression in overweight and obese subjects: randomized double blind trial. J Intern Med 264:599–609PubMedCrossRef
36.
37.
38.
Elhadd TA, Kennedy G, Hill A et al (1999) Abnormal markers of endothelial cell activation and oxidative stress in children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes with no clinical vascular disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 15:405–411PubMedCrossRef
39.
Evans JL, Goldfine ID, Maddux BA, Grodsky GM (2003) Are oxidative stress-activated signaling pathways mediators of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction? Diabetes 52:1–8PubMedCrossRef
40.
Irie M, Asami S, Ikeda M, Kasai H (2003) Depressive state relates to female oxidative DNA damage via neutrophil activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 311:1014–1018PubMedCrossRef
41.
Collino M, Aragno M, Mastrocola R et al (2006) Modulation of the oxidative stress and inflammatory response by PPAR-γ agonists in the hippocampus of rats exposed to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Eur J Pharmacol 530:70–80PubMedCrossRef
42.
Tiedge M, Lortz S, Drinkgern J, Lenzen S (1997) Relation between antioxidant enzyme gene expression and antioxidative defense status of insulin-producing cells. Diabetes 46:1733–1742PubMedCrossRef
43.
Halliwell B (1994) Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence? Lancet 344:721–724PubMedCrossRef
44.
• Martin-Gallan P, Carrascosa A, Gussinye M, Dominguez C (2007) Oxidative stress in childhood type 1 diabetes: results from a study covering the first 20 years of evolution. Free Radic Res 41:919–928. This clinical study examines markers of oxidative stress in childhood and adolescent onset of type 1 diabetes PubMedCrossRef
45.
Muruganandam A, Drouillard C, Thibert RJ, Cheung RM, Draisey TF, Mutus B (1992) Glutathione metabolic enzyme activities in diabetic platelets as a function of glycemic control. Thromb Res 67:385–397PubMedCrossRef
46.
Mylona-Karayanni C, Gourgiotis D, Bossios A, Kamper EF (2006) Oxidative stress and adhesion molecules in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a possible link. Pediatr Diabetes 7:51–59PubMedCrossRef
47.
Hong JH, Kim MJ, Park MR et al (2004) Effects of vitamin E on oxidative stress and membrane fluidity in brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Clin Chim Acta 340:107–115PubMedCrossRef
48.
Kamboj SS, Chopra K, Sandhir R (2008) Neuroprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine in the development of diabetic encephalopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Metab Brain Dis 23:427–443PubMedCrossRef
49.
Ates O, Cayli SR, Yucel N et al (2007) Central nervous system protection by resveratrol in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Clin Neurosci 14:256–260PubMedCrossRef
50.
51.
Evans JL, Goldfine ID, Maddux BA, Grodsky GM (2002) Oxidative stress and stress-activated signaling pathways: a unifying hypothesis of type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev 23:599–622PubMedCrossRef
52.
Kuhad A, Chopra K (2007) Curcumin attenuates diabetic encephalopathy in rats: behavioral and biochemical evidences. Eur J Pharmacol 576:34–42PubMedCrossRef
53.
Pfeffer KD, Huecksteadt TP, Hoidal JR (1994) Xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase activity and gene expression in renal epithelial cells. Cytokine and steroid regulation. J Immunol 153:1789–1797PubMed
54.
Khanzode SD, Dakhale GN, Khanzode SS, Saoji A, Palasodkar R (2003) Oxidative damage and major depression: the potential antioxidant action of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Redox Rep 8:365–370PubMedCrossRef
55.
Maes M, de Vos N, Pioli R et al (2000) Lower serum vitamin E concentrations in major depression. Another marker of lowered antioxidant defenses in that illness. J Affect Disord 58:241–246PubMedCrossRef
56.
Sarandol A, Sarandol E, Eker SS, Erdinc S, Vatansever E, Kirli S (2007) Major depressive disorder is accompanied with oxidative stress: short-term antidepressant treatment does not alter oxidative-antioxidative systems. Hum Psychopharmacol 22:67–73PubMedCrossRef
57.
Michel TM, Frangou S, Thiemeyer D et al (2007) Evidence for oxidative stress in the frontal cortex in patients with recurrent depressive disorder—a postmortem study. Psychiatry Res 151:145–150PubMedCrossRef
58.
You JM, Yun SJ, Nam KN, Kang C, Won R, Lee EH (2009) Mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced oxidative stress in rat hippocampal slice cultures. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 87:440–447PubMedCrossRef
59.
Bedard K, Krause KH (2007) The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 87:245–313PubMedCrossRef
60.
Eren I, Naziroglu M, Demirdas A et al (2007) Venlafaxine modulates depression-induced oxidative stress in brain and medulla of rat. Neurochem Res 32:497–505PubMedCrossRef
61.
Rezin GT, Amboni G, Zugno AI, Quevedo J, Streck EL (2009) Mitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. Neurochem Res 34:1021–1029PubMedCrossRef
62.
da Silva HA, Sitta A, Barschak AG et al (2007) Oxidative stress parameters in diabetic rats submitted to forced swimming test: the clonazepam effect. Brain Res 1154:137–143CrossRef
63.
Gomez R, Barros HM (2000) Ethopharmacology of the antidepressant effect of clonazepam in diabetic rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 66:329–335PubMedCrossRef
64.
Porsolt RD, Le Pichon M, Jalfre M (1977) Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature 266:730–732PubMedCrossRef
65.
Moretti A, Gorini A, Villa RF (2003) Affective disorders, antidepressant drugs and brain metabolism. Mol Psychiatry 8:773–785PubMedCrossRef
66.
Craft S, Watson GS (2004) Insulin and neurodegenerative disease: shared and specific mechanisms. Lancet Neurol 3:169–178PubMedCrossRef
67.
Huang CC, Lee CC, Hsu KS (2010) The role of insulin receptor signaling in synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. Chang Gung Med J 33:115–125PubMed
68.
Reger MA, Watson GS, Green PS et al (2008) Intranasal insulin improves cognition and modulates β-amyloid in early AD. Neurology 70:440–448PubMedCrossRef
69.
Crandall EA, Gillis MA, Fernstrom JD (1981) Reduction in brain serotonin synthesis rate in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Endocrinology 109:310–312PubMedCrossRef
70.
Fernstrom JD (2005) Branched-chain amino acids and brain function. J Nutr 135:1539S–1546SPubMed
71.
Crandall EA, Fernstrom JD (1983) Effect of experimental diabetes on the levels of aromatic and branched-chain amino acids in rat blood and brain. Diabetes 32:222–230PubMedCrossRef
72.
Herrera R, Manjarrez G, Nishimura E, Hernandez J (2003) Serotonin-related tryptophan in children with insulin-dependent diabetes. Pediatr Neurol 28:20–23PubMedCrossRef
73.
Castellino P, Luzi L, Simonson DC, Haymond M, DeFronzo RA (1987) Effect of insulin and plasma amino acid concentrations on leucine metabolism in man. Role of substrate availability on estimates of whole body protein synthesis. J Clin Invest 80:1784–1793PubMedCrossRef
74.
Meek SE, Persson M, Ford GC, Nair KS (1998) Differential regulation of amino acid exchange and protein dynamics across splanchnic and skeletal muscle beds by insulin in healthy human subjects. Diabetes 47:1824–1835PubMedCrossRef
75.
Inchiostro S, Biolo G, Bruttomesso D et al (1992) Effects of insulin and amino acid infusion on leucine and phenylalanine kinetics in type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol 262:E203–E210PubMed
76.
Manjarrez G, Herrera R, Leon M, Hernandez RJ (2006) A low brain serotonergic neurotransmission in children with type 1 diabetes detected through the intensity dependence of auditory-evoked potentials. Diabetes Care 29:73–77PubMedCrossRef
77.
•• Crandall EA, Fernstrom JD (1980) Acute changes in brain tryptophan and serotonin after carbohydrate or protein ingestion by diabetic rats. Diabetes 29: 460–466. This study investigates insulin-induced effects on brain levels of tryptophan in streptozotocin-treated rats PubMed
78.
• Rosenthal JM, Amiel SA, Yaguez L, et al. (2001) The effect of acute hypoglycemia on brain function and activation: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Diabetes 50:1618–1626. This study shows the effect of hypoglycaemia upon the activation of human brain regions PubMedCrossRef
79.
Hershey T, Perantie DC, Warren SL, Zimmerman EC, Sadler M, White NH (2005) Frequency and timing of severe hypoglycemia affects spatial memory in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:2372–2377PubMedCrossRef
80.
Jacobson AM, Musen G, Ryan CM et al (2007) Long-term effect of diabetes and its treatment on cognitive function. N Engl J Med 356:1842–1852PubMedCrossRef
81.
Ryan CM (1988) Neurobehavioral complications of type I diabetes. Examination of possible risk factors. Diabetes Care 11:86–93PubMedCrossRef
82.
Kaufman FR, Epport K, Engilman R, Halvorson M (1999) Neurocognitive functioning in children diagnosed with diabetes before age 10 years. J Diabetes Complications 13:31–38PubMedCrossRef
83.
Strachan MW, Deary IJ, Ewing FM, Frier BM (2000) Recovery of cognitive function and mood after severe hypoglycemia in adults with insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetes Care 23:305–312PubMedCrossRef
84.
Lebinger TG, Saenger P, Fukushima DK, Kream J, Wu R, Finkelstein JW (1983) Twenty-four-hour cortisol profiles demonstrate exaggerated nocturnal rise in diabetic children. Diabetes Care 6:506–509PubMedCrossRef
85.
• Roy MS, Roy A, Gallucci WT et al (1993) The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone-stimulation test in type I diabetic patients and controls: suggestion of mild chronic hypercortisolism. Metabolism 42:696–700. This study examines HPA-axis hyperactivity in patients with type 1 diabetes PubMedCrossRef
86.
Hudson JI, Hudson MS, Rothschild AJ, Vignati L, Schatzberg AF, Melby JC (1984) Abnormal results of dexamethasone suppression tests in nondepressed patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:1086–1089PubMed
87.
•• Chan O, Inouye K, Riddell MC, Vranic M, Matthews SG (2003) Diabetes and the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Minerva Endocrinol 28:87–102. This review addresses the mechanism of HPA axis hyperactivation in diabetes PubMed
88.
89.
Nemeroff CB, Krishnan KR, Reed D, Leder R, Beam C, Dunnick NR (1992) Adrenal gland enlargement in major depression. A computed tomographic study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:384–387PubMed
90.
Nemeroff CB, Widerlov E, Bissette G et al (1984) Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science 226:1342–1344PubMedCrossRef
91.
Ribeiro SC, Tandon R, Grunhaus L, Greden JF (1993) The DST as a predictor of outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 150:1618–1629PubMed
92.
Starkman MN, Schteingart DE, Schork MA (1981) Depressed mood and other psychiatric manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome: relationship to hormone levels. Psychosom Med 43:3–18PubMed
93.
Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI (1999) Treatment of depression with antiglucocorticoid drugs. Psychosom Med 61:698–711PubMed
94.
• Chan O, Chan S, Inouye K, Vranic M, Matthews SG (2001) Molecular regulation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis in streptozotocin-induced diabetes: effects of insulin treatment. Endocrinology 142:4872–4879. This study reports the effect of insulin treatment on HPA axis activity PubMedCrossRef
95.
McEwen BS, de Kloet ER, Rostene W (1986) Adrenal steroid receptors and actions in the nervous system. Physiol Rev 66:1121–1188PubMed
96.
Steckler T, Holsboer F, Reul JM (1999) Glucocorticoids and depression. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 13:597–614PubMedCrossRef
97.
Gillespie CF, Nemeroff CB (2005) Hypercortisolemia and depression. Psychosom Med 67(Suppl 1):S26–28PubMedCrossRef
98.
Modell S, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Huber J, Krieg JC, Holsboer F (1998) Hormonal response pattern in the combined DEX-CRH test is stable over time in subjects at high familial risk for affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 18:253–262PubMedCrossRef
99.
Chiodini I, Adda G, Scillitani A et al (2007) Cortisol secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes: relationship with chronic complications. Diabetes Care 30:83–88PubMedCrossRef
100.
Brands AM, Biessels GJ, de Haan EH, Kappelle LJ, Kessels RP (2005) The effects of type 1 diabetes on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 28:726–735PubMedCrossRef
101.
American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
102.
McEwen BS, Magarinos AM, Reagan LP (2002) Studies of hormone action in the hippocampal formation: possible relevance to depression and diabetes. J Psychosom Res 53:883–890PubMedCrossRef
103.
• Reagan LP, Magarinos AM, McEwen BS (1999) Neurological changes induced by stress in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 893:126–137. This study identifies the hippocampus as a vulnerable organ in STZ-treated diabetes PubMedCrossRef
104.
Ferguson SC, Blane A, Wardlaw J et al (2005) Influence of an early-onset age of type 1 diabetes on cerebral structure and cognitive function. Diabetes Care 28:1431–1437PubMedCrossRef
105.
Ho MS, Weller NJ, Ives FJ et al (2008) Prevalence of structural central nervous system abnormalities in early-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 153:385–390PubMedCrossRef
106.
Lobnig BM, Kromeke O, Optenhostert-Porst C, Wolf OT (2006) Hippocampal volume and cognitive performance in long-standing type 1 diabetic patients without macrovascular complications. Diabet Med 23:32–39PubMedCrossRef
107.
Lunetta M, Damanti AR, Fabbri G, Lombardo M, Di Mauro M, Mughini L (1994) Evidence by magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral alterations of atrophy type in young insulin-dependent diabetic patients. J Endocrinol Invest 17:241–245PubMed
108.
van Harten B, de Leeuw FE, Weinstein HC, Scheltens P, Biessels GJ (2006) Brain imaging in patients with diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 29:2539–2548PubMedCrossRef
109.
• Nestler EJ, Barrot M, DiLeone RJ, Eisch AJ, Gold SJ, Monteggia LM (2002) Neurobiology of depression. Neuron 34:13–25. This review examines the neural circuitry and HPA axis dysfunction in MDD PubMedCrossRef
110.
•• Sheline YI, Wang PW, Gado MH, Csernansky JG, Vannier MW (1996) Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:3908–3913. This study describes the structural hippocampal changes in patients with MDD PubMedCrossRef
111.
Heim C, Nemeroff CB (2001) The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies. Biol Psychiatry 49:1023–1039PubMedCrossRef
112.
Lloyd AJ, Ferrier IN, Barber R, Gholkar A, Young AH, O’Brien JT (2004) Hippocampal volume change in depression: late- and early-onset illness compared. Br J Psychiatry 184:488–495PubMedCrossRef
113.
Reiche EM, Morimoto HK, Nunes SM (2005) Stress and depression-induced immune dysfunction: implications for the development and progression of cancer. Int Rev Psychiatry 17:515–527PubMedCrossRef
114.
Chen B, Dowlatshahi D, MacQueen GM, Wang JF, Young LT (2001) Increased hippocampal BDNF immunoreactivity in subjects treated with antidepressant medication. Biol Psychiatry 50:260–265PubMedCrossRef
115.
Brunoni AR, Lopes M, Fregni F (2008) A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on major depression and BDNF levels: implications for the role of neuroplasticity in depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 11:1169–1180PubMedCrossRef
116.
Krishnan V, Nestler EJ (2010) Linking molecules to mood: new insight into the biology of depression. Am J Psychiatry 167:1305–1320PubMedCrossRef
117.
Chaldakov GN, Tonchev AB, Manni L et al (2007) Comment on: Krabbe KS, Nielsen AR, Krogh-Madsen R et al (2007) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 50:431–438. Diabetologia 50:1781–1782PubMedCrossRef
118.
Krabbe KS, Nielsen AR, Krogh-Madsen R et al (2007) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 50:431–438PubMedCrossRef
119.
Yamanaka M, Itakura Y, Inoue T et al (2006) Protective effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on pancreatic islets in obese diabetic mice. Metabolism 55:1286–1292PubMedCrossRef
120.
Wichers M, Kenis G, Jacobs N et al (2008) The BDNF Val66Met × 5-HTTLPR × child adversity interaction and depressive symptoms: an attempt at replication. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:120–123PubMedCrossRef
121.
Elzinga BM, Molendijk ML, Oude Voshaar RC et al (2011) The impact of childhood abuse and recent stress on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the moderating role of BDNF Val66Met. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 214:319–328CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Type 1 diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder: evidence for a biological link
Authors
D. J. Korczak
S. Pereira
K. Koulajian
A. Matejcek
A. Giacca
Publication date
01-10-2011
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Diabetologia / Issue 10/2011
Print ISSN: 0012-186X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0428
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2240-3

Other articles of this Issue 10/2011

Diabetologia 10/2011 Go to the issue

Article

Nuclear factor of activated T cells mediates oxidised LDL-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells

Article

No evidence for a causal link between uric acid and type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomisation approach

Article

Additive effects of glycaemia and dyslipidaemia on risk of cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes: an observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register

Article

Individual risk assessment and information technology to optimise screening frequency for diabetic retinopathy

Article

Identification of an intracellular metabolic signature impairing beta cell function in the rat beta cell line INS-1E and human islets

Research Letter

No beta cell desensitisation after a median of 68 months on glibenclamide therapy in patients with KCNJ11-associated permanent neonatal diabetes
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits