Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Diabetologia 6/2008

01-06-2008 | For Debate

Insulin therapy in the intensive care unit should be targeted to maintain blood glucose between 4.4 mmol/l and 6.1 mmol/l

Author: G. Van den Berghe

Published in: Diabetologia | Issue 6/2008

Login to get access

Excerpt

Hyperglycaemia has been repeatedly associated with risk of mortality and morbidity in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, establishing a causal relationship between hyperglycaemia and adverse outcome requires randomised controlled trials assessing the impact of treating/preventing hyperglycaemia in this condition. The only two randomised controlled studies that have addressed this question so far targeted normoglycaemia (4.4–6.1 mmol/l) in ICUs and showed that the link indeed appears causal. The evidence currently available is thus in favour of a ‘normal ≤6.1 mmol/l’ level for blood glucose control in ICUs and is not supportive of J. Miles’s viewpoint in this debate [1], as studies on any other level have not been performed. …
Literature
2.
go back to reference Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345:1359–1367PubMedCrossRef Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345:1359–1367PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Van den Berghe G, Schoonheydt K, Becx P et al (2005) Insulin therapy protects the central and peripheral nervous system of intensive care patients. Neurology 64:1348–1353PubMed Van den Berghe G, Schoonheydt K, Becx P et al (2005) Insulin therapy protects the central and peripheral nervous system of intensive care patients. Neurology 64:1348–1353PubMed
4.
go back to reference Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Kesteloot K et al (2006) Analysis of healthcare resource utilization with intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 34:612–616PubMed Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Kesteloot K et al (2006) Analysis of healthcare resource utilization with intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 34:612–616PubMed
5.
go back to reference Ingels C, Debaveye Y, Milants I et al (2006) Strict blood glucose control with insulin during intensive care after cardiac surgery: impact on 4-years survival, dependency on medical care and quality of life. Eur Heart J 27:2716–2724PubMedCrossRef Ingels C, Debaveye Y, Milants I et al (2006) Strict blood glucose control with insulin during intensive care after cardiac surgery: impact on 4-years survival, dependency on medical care and quality of life. Eur Heart J 27:2716–2724PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Krinsley JS (2004) Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc 79:992–1000PubMedCrossRef Krinsley JS (2004) Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc 79:992–1000PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Krinsley JS, Jones RL (2006) Cost analysis of intensive glycemic control in critically ill adult patients. Chest 129:644–650PubMedCrossRef Krinsley JS, Jones RL (2006) Cost analysis of intensive glycemic control in critically ill adult patients. Chest 129:644–650PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Brunkhorst FM, Kuhnt E, Engel C et al (2005) Intensive insulin therapy in patient with severe sepsis and septic shock is associated with an increased rate of hypoglycemia—results from a randomized multicenter study (VISEP). Infection 33 (Suppl 1):19 (abstract) Brunkhorst FM, Kuhnt E, Engel C et al (2005) Intensive insulin therapy in patient with severe sepsis and septic shock is associated with an increased rate of hypoglycemia—results from a randomized multicenter study (VISEP). Infection 33 (Suppl 1):19 (abstract)
11.
go back to reference Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G et al (2006) Intensive insulin therapy in medical intensive care patients. N Engl J Med 354:449–461PubMedCrossRef Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G et al (2006) Intensive insulin therapy in medical intensive care patients. N Engl J Med 354:449–461PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Hermans G, Wilmer A, Meersseman W et al (2007) Impact of intensive insulin therapy on neuromuscular complications and ventilator dependency in the medical intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175:480–489PubMedCrossRef Hermans G, Wilmer A, Meersseman W et al (2007) Impact of intensive insulin therapy on neuromuscular complications and ventilator dependency in the medical intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175:480–489PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Milants I et al (2006) Intensive insulin therapy in mixed medical/surgical ICU: benefit versus harm. Diabetes 55:3151–3159PubMedCrossRef Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Milants I et al (2006) Intensive insulin therapy in mixed medical/surgical ICU: benefit versus harm. Diabetes 55:3151–3159PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Furnary AP, Gao G, Grunkemeier GL et al (2003) Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 125:1007–1021PubMedCrossRef Furnary AP, Gao G, Grunkemeier GL et al (2003) Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 125:1007–1021PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Furnary AP, Wu Y (2006a) Clinical effects of hyperglycemia in the cardiac surgery population: the Portland Diabetic Project. Endocr Pract 12:22–26PubMed Furnary AP, Wu Y (2006a) Clinical effects of hyperglycemia in the cardiac surgery population: the Portland Diabetic Project. Endocr Pract 12:22–26PubMed
16.
go back to reference Furnary AP, Wu Y (2006b) Eliminating the diabetic disadvantage: the Portland Diabetic Project. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 18:302–308PubMedCrossRef Furnary AP, Wu Y (2006b) Eliminating the diabetic disadvantage: the Portland Diabetic Project. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 18:302–308PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Malmberg K (1997) Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study Group. BMJ 314:1512–1515PubMed Malmberg K (1997) Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study Group. BMJ 314:1512–1515PubMed
18.
go back to reference Malmberg K, Ryden L, Hamsten A, Herlitz J, Waldenstrom A, Wedel H (1996) Effects of insulin treatment on cause-specific one-year mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. DIGAMI Study Group. Diabetes Insulin-Glucose in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Eur Heart J 17:1337–1344PubMed Malmberg K, Ryden L, Hamsten A, Herlitz J, Waldenstrom A, Wedel H (1996) Effects of insulin treatment on cause-specific one-year mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. DIGAMI Study Group. Diabetes Insulin-Glucose in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Eur Heart J 17:1337–1344PubMed
19.
go back to reference Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM et al (1999) Glucose potassium insulin infusions in the treatment of acute stroke patients with mild to moderate hyperglycemia: the Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST). Stroke 30:793–799PubMed Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM et al (1999) Glucose potassium insulin infusions in the treatment of acute stroke patients with mild to moderate hyperglycemia: the Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST). Stroke 30:793–799PubMed
20.
go back to reference Ellger B, Debaveye Y, Vanhorebeek I et al (2006) Survival benefits of intensive insulin therapy in critical illness. Impact of normoglycemia versus glycemia-independent actions of insulin. Diabetes 55:1096–1105PubMedCrossRef Ellger B, Debaveye Y, Vanhorebeek I et al (2006) Survival benefits of intensive insulin therapy in critical illness. Impact of normoglycemia versus glycemia-independent actions of insulin. Diabetes 55:1096–1105PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Bouillon R et al (2003) Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: insulin dose versus glycemic control. Crit Care Med 31:359–366PubMedCrossRef Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Bouillon R et al (2003) Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: insulin dose versus glycemic control. Crit Care Med 31:359–366PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Vanhorebeek I, De Vos R, Mesotten D et al (2005) Strict blood glucose control with insulin in critically ill patients protects hepatocytic mitochondrial ultrastructure and function. Lancet 365:53–59PubMedCrossRef Vanhorebeek I, De Vos R, Mesotten D et al (2005) Strict blood glucose control with insulin in critically ill patients protects hepatocytic mitochondrial ultrastructure and function. Lancet 365:53–59PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Langouche L, Vanhorebeek I, Vlasselaers D et al (2005) Intensive insulin therapy protects the endothelium of critically ill patients. J Clin Invest 115:2277–2286PubMedCrossRef Langouche L, Vanhorebeek I, Vlasselaers D et al (2005) Intensive insulin therapy protects the endothelium of critically ill patients. J Clin Invest 115:2277–2286PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Weekers F, Giuletti A-P, Michalaki M et al (2003) Endocrine and immune effects of stress hyperglycemia in a rabbit model of prolonged critical illness. Endocrinology 144:5329–5338PubMedCrossRef Weekers F, Giuletti A-P, Michalaki M et al (2003) Endocrine and immune effects of stress hyperglycemia in a rabbit model of prolonged critical illness. Endocrinology 144:5329–5338PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Mesotten D, Swinnen JV, Vanderhoydonc F et al (2004) Contribution of circulating lipids to the improved outcome of critical illness by glycemic control with intensive insulin therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:219–226PubMedCrossRef Mesotten D, Swinnen JV, Vanderhoydonc F et al (2004) Contribution of circulating lipids to the improved outcome of critical illness by glycemic control with intensive insulin therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:219–226PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Hansen TK, Thiel S, Wouters PJ et al (2003) Intensive insulin therapy exerts anti-inflammatory effects in critically ill patients, as indicated by circulating mannose-binding lectin and C-reactive protein levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1082–1088PubMedCrossRef Hansen TK, Thiel S, Wouters PJ et al (2003) Intensive insulin therapy exerts anti-inflammatory effects in critically ill patients, as indicated by circulating mannose-binding lectin and C-reactive protein levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1082–1088PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Vanhorebeek I, Peeters RP, Vander Perre S et al (2006) Cortisol response to critical illness: effect of intensive insulin therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:3803–3813PubMedCrossRef Vanhorebeek I, Peeters RP, Vander Perre S et al (2006) Cortisol response to critical illness: effect of intensive insulin therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:3803–3813PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Van Cromphaut S, Wilmer A, Van den Berghe G (2007) Management of sepsis. N Engl J Med 356:1179–1181; author reply 1181–1182PubMed Van Cromphaut S, Wilmer A, Van den Berghe G (2007) Management of sepsis. N Engl J Med 356:1179–1181; author reply 1181–1182PubMed
29.
go back to reference Vriesendorp TM, DeVries JH, van Santen S et al (2006) Evaluation of short-term consequences of hypoglycemia in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 34:26714–2718 Vriesendorp TM, DeVries JH, van Santen S et al (2006) Evaluation of short-term consequences of hypoglycemia in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 34:26714–2718
30.
go back to reference Mackenzie I, Ingle S, Zaidi S et al (2006) Hypoglycemia? So what! Intensive Care Med 32:620–621CrossRef Mackenzie I, Ingle S, Zaidi S et al (2006) Hypoglycemia? So what! Intensive Care Med 32:620–621CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A et al (2003) Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. J Am Med Assoc 290:2041–2047CrossRef Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A et al (2003) Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. J Am Med Assoc 290:2041–2047CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Langouche L, Vander Perre S, Wouters P, D’Hoore A, Hansen TK, Van den Berghe G (2007) Effect of intensive insulin therapy on insulin sensitivity in the critically ill. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:3890–3897PubMedCrossRef Langouche L, Vander Perre S, Wouters P, D’Hoore A, Hansen TK, Van den Berghe G (2007) Effect of intensive insulin therapy on insulin sensitivity in the critically ill. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:3890–3897PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Jolliet P, Pichard C, Biolog G et al (1998) Enteral nutrition in intensive care patients: a practical approach. Intensive Care Med 24:848–859PubMedCrossRef Jolliet P, Pichard C, Biolog G et al (1998) Enteral nutrition in intensive care patients: a practical approach. Intensive Care Med 24:848–859PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Insulin therapy in the intensive care unit should be targeted to maintain blood glucose between 4.4 mmol/l and 6.1 mmol/l
Author
G. Van den Berghe
Publication date
01-06-2008
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Diabetologia / Issue 6/2008
Print ISSN: 0012-186X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0428
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-007-0878-7

Other articles of this Issue 6/2008

Diabetologia 6/2008 Go to the issue