Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie 4/2021

01-07-2021 | Retention in Dentistry | Original Article

Evaluation of facial asymmetry by stereophotogrammetry in individuals with unilateral maxillary impacted canine

Authors: Ahmet Oğuz Şahan, Burçin Akan, DDS, PhD

Published in: Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie | Issue 4/2021

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study is to compare the symmetry of the facial and dentoalveolar structures of patients with unilateral impacted maxillary canine teeth with a control group of individuals without impacted teeth using three-dimensional face scans.

Methods

The study included 28 patients (10 females, 18 males) with unilateral impacted maxillary canine teeth and 28 patients (15 females, 13 males) without any impacted maxillary canine between 12 and 25 years of age. The 3dMDface™ (3dMD Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA) imaging system was used to obtain 3D face images. 3dMD Vultus® (3dMD Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA) software was used for the measurements.

Results

According to the study findings, there were differences in linear measurements and volume measurements between the right and left sides of the face in patients with an impacted canine. However, these differences were not statistically significant. In patients with an impacted canine, surface differences between the right and left halves of the face were not found to be statistically different from the control group.

Conclusion

There was no difference in the amount of facial asymmetry between patients with unilateral maxillary impacted canine and patients with normal tooth alignment in the control group.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Holmes S, Hatch C (1938) Personal appearance as related to scholastic records and marriage selection in college women. Hum Biol 10:65 Holmes S, Hatch C (1938) Personal appearance as related to scholastic records and marriage selection in college women. Hum Biol 10:65
2.
go back to reference Rhodes G, Tremewan T (1996) Averageness, exaggeration, and facial attractiveness. Psychol Sci 7:105–110CrossRef Rhodes G, Tremewan T (1996) Averageness, exaggeration, and facial attractiveness. Psychol Sci 7:105–110CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Alley TR, Cunningham MR (1991) Article commentary: averaged faces are attractive, but very attractive faces are not average. Psychol Sci 2:123–125CrossRef Alley TR, Cunningham MR (1991) Article commentary: averaged faces are attractive, but very attractive faces are not average. Psychol Sci 2:123–125CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M (1991) Skeletal asymmetry in esthetically pleasing faces. Angle Orthod 61:43–48PubMed Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M (1991) Skeletal asymmetry in esthetically pleasing faces. Angle Orthod 61:43–48PubMed
5.
6.
go back to reference Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Miani A Jr, Serrao G (1995) A three-dimensional evaluation of human facial asymmetry. J Anat 186:103PubMedPubMedCentral Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Miani A Jr, Serrao G (1995) A three-dimensional evaluation of human facial asymmetry. J Anat 186:103PubMedPubMedCentral
7.
go back to reference Stewart JA, Heo G, Glover KE, Williamson PC, Lam EW, Major PW (2001) Factors that relate to treatment duration for patients with palatally impacted maxillary canines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 119:216–225PubMedCrossRef Stewart JA, Heo G, Glover KE, Williamson PC, Lam EW, Major PW (2001) Factors that relate to treatment duration for patients with palatally impacted maxillary canines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 119:216–225PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Ericson S, Kurol J (1987) Incisor resorption caused by maxillary cuspids: a radiographic study. Angle Orthod 57:332–346PubMed Ericson S, Kurol J (1987) Incisor resorption caused by maxillary cuspids: a radiographic study. Angle Orthod 57:332–346PubMed
9.
go back to reference Meyer-Marcotty P, Stellzig-Eisenhauer A, Bareis U, Hartmann J, Kochel J (2011) Three-dimensional perception of facial asymmetry. Eur J Orthod 33:647–653PubMedCrossRef Meyer-Marcotty P, Stellzig-Eisenhauer A, Bareis U, Hartmann J, Kochel J (2011) Three-dimensional perception of facial asymmetry. Eur J Orthod 33:647–653PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference McAvinchey G, Maxim F, Nix B, Djordjevic J, Linklater R, Landini G (2014) The perception of facial asymmetry using 3‑dimensional simulated images. Angle Orthod 84:957–965PubMedCrossRef McAvinchey G, Maxim F, Nix B, Djordjevic J, Linklater R, Landini G (2014) The perception of facial asymmetry using 3‑dimensional simulated images. Angle Orthod 84:957–965PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Meyer-Marcotty P, Kochel J, Boehm H, Linz C, Klammert U, Stellzig-Eisenhauer A (2011) Face perception in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and patients with severe class III malocclusion compared to controls. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 39:158–163PubMedCrossRef Meyer-Marcotty P, Kochel J, Boehm H, Linz C, Klammert U, Stellzig-Eisenhauer A (2011) Face perception in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and patients with severe class III malocclusion compared to controls. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 39:158–163PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Ciusa V, Dellavia C, Tartaglia GM (2001) The effect of sex and age on facial asymmetry in healthy subjects: a cross-sectional study from adolescence to mid-adulthood. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 59:382–388PubMedCrossRef Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Ciusa V, Dellavia C, Tartaglia GM (2001) The effect of sex and age on facial asymmetry in healthy subjects: a cross-sectional study from adolescence to mid-adulthood. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 59:382–388PubMedCrossRef
13.
14.
go back to reference Smith WM (1998) Hemispheric and facial asymmetry: faces of academe. J Cogn Neurosci 10:663–667PubMedCrossRef Smith WM (1998) Hemispheric and facial asymmetry: faces of academe. J Cogn Neurosci 10:663–667PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Farkas LG, Cheung G (1981) Facial asymmetry in healthy North American Caucasians: an anthropometrical study. Angle Orthod 51:70–77PubMed Farkas LG, Cheung G (1981) Facial asymmetry in healthy North American Caucasians: an anthropometrical study. Angle Orthod 51:70–77PubMed
16.
go back to reference Severt T, Proffit W (1997) The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population at the University of North Carolina. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 12:171–176PubMed Severt T, Proffit W (1997) The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population at the University of North Carolina. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 12:171–176PubMed
17.
go back to reference O’Grady KF, Antonyshyn OM (1999) Facial asymmetry: three-dimensional analysis using laser surface scanning. Plast Reconstr Surg 104:928–937PubMedCrossRef O’Grady KF, Antonyshyn OM (1999) Facial asymmetry: three-dimensional analysis using laser surface scanning. Plast Reconstr Surg 104:928–937PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Duran GS, Dindaroğlu F, Görgülü S (2017) Three-dimensional evaluation of social smile symmetry. Angle Orthod 87:96–103PubMedCrossRef Duran GS, Dindaroğlu F, Görgülü S (2017) Three-dimensional evaluation of social smile symmetry. Angle Orthod 87:96–103PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A (2007) G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 39:175–191CrossRef Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A (2007) G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 39:175–191CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Dindaroğlu F, Duran GS, Görgülü S, Yetkiner E (2016) Social smile reproducibility using 3‑D stereophotogrammetry and reverse engineering technology. Angle Orthod 86:448–455PubMedCrossRef Dindaroğlu F, Duran GS, Görgülü S, Yetkiner E (2016) Social smile reproducibility using 3‑D stereophotogrammetry and reverse engineering technology. Angle Orthod 86:448–455PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Primožič J, Richmond S, Kau CH, Zhurov A, Ovsenik M (2011) Three-dimensional evaluation of early crossbite correction: a longitudinal study. Eur J Orthod 35:7–13PubMedCrossRef Primožič J, Richmond S, Kau CH, Zhurov A, Ovsenik M (2011) Three-dimensional evaluation of early crossbite correction: a longitudinal study. Eur J Orthod 35:7–13PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Williams A, Shah H, Sandy J, Travess H (2005) Patients’ motivations for treatment and their experiences of orthodontic preparation for orthognathic surgery. J Orthod 32:191–202PubMedCrossRef Williams A, Shah H, Sandy J, Travess H (2005) Patients’ motivations for treatment and their experiences of orthodontic preparation for orthognathic surgery. J Orthod 32:191–202PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Faure JC, Rieffe C, Maltha JC (2002) The influence of different facial components on facial aesthetics. Eur J Orthod 24:1–7PubMedCrossRef Faure JC, Rieffe C, Maltha JC (2002) The influence of different facial components on facial aesthetics. Eur J Orthod 24:1–7PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Henson ST, Lindauer SJ, Gardner WG, Shroff B, Tufekci E, Best AM (2011) Influence of dental esthetics on social perceptions of adolescents judged by peers. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 140:389–395PubMedCrossRef Henson ST, Lindauer SJ, Gardner WG, Shroff B, Tufekci E, Best AM (2011) Influence of dental esthetics on social perceptions of adolescents judged by peers. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 140:389–395PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Linn EL (1966) Social meanings of dental appearance. J Health Soc Behav 7(4):289–295 Linn EL (1966) Social meanings of dental appearance. J Health Soc Behav 7(4):289–295
27.
go back to reference Djordjevic J, Pirttiniemi P, Harila V, Heikkinen T, Toma AM, Zhurov AI et al (2011) Three-dimensional longitudinal assessment of facial symmetry in adolescents. Eur J Orthod 35:143–151PubMedCrossRef Djordjevic J, Pirttiniemi P, Harila V, Heikkinen T, Toma AM, Zhurov AI et al (2011) Three-dimensional longitudinal assessment of facial symmetry in adolescents. Eur J Orthod 35:143–151PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Djordjevic J, Toma AM, Zhurov AI, Richmond S (2011) Three-dimensional quantification of facial symmetry in adolescents using laser surface scanning. Eur J Orthod 36:125–132PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Djordjevic J, Toma AM, Zhurov AI, Richmond S (2011) Three-dimensional quantification of facial symmetry in adolescents using laser surface scanning. Eur J Orthod 36:125–132PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Primožič J, Ovsenik M, Richmond S, Kau CH, Zhurov A (2009) Early crossbite correction: a three-dimensional evaluation. Eur J Orthod 31:352–356PubMedCrossRef Primožič J, Ovsenik M, Richmond S, Kau CH, Zhurov A (2009) Early crossbite correction: a three-dimensional evaluation. Eur J Orthod 31:352–356PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Naini FB, Donaldson ANA, McDonald F, Cobourne MT (2012) Assessing the influence of asymmeftry affecting the mandible and chin point on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, clinician, and layperson. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 70:192–206PubMedCrossRef Naini FB, Donaldson ANA, McDonald F, Cobourne MT (2012) Assessing the influence of asymmeftry affecting the mandible and chin point on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, clinician, and layperson. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 70:192–206PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Chu EA, Farrag TY, Ishii LE, Byrne PJ (2011) Threshold of visual perception of facial asymmetry in a facial paralysis model. Arch Facial Plast Surg 13:14–19PubMedCrossRef Chu EA, Farrag TY, Ishii LE, Byrne PJ (2011) Threshold of visual perception of facial asymmetry in a facial paralysis model. Arch Facial Plast Surg 13:14–19PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Nouraei SR, Pulido MA, Saleh HA (2009) Impact of rhinoplasty on objective measurement and psychophysical appreciation of facial symmetry. Arch Facial Plast Surg 11:198–202PubMedCrossRef Nouraei SR, Pulido MA, Saleh HA (2009) Impact of rhinoplasty on objective measurement and psychophysical appreciation of facial symmetry. Arch Facial Plast Surg 11:198–202PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Bishara SE, Burkey PS, Kharouf JG (1994) Dental and facial asymmetries: a review. Angle Orthod 64(2):89–98PubMed Bishara SE, Burkey PS, Kharouf JG (1994) Dental and facial asymmetries: a review. Angle Orthod 64(2):89–98PubMed
35.
go back to reference Dindaroğlu F, Duran GS, Aras I (2016) Three-dimensional evaluation of morphologic tooth symmetry in various malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 150(3):459–466PubMedCrossRef Dindaroğlu F, Duran GS, Aras I (2016) Three-dimensional evaluation of morphologic tooth symmetry in various malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 150(3):459–466PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Kolar JC, Salter EM (1997) Craniofacial anthropometry: practical measurement of the head and face for clinical, surgical, and research use. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL Kolar JC, Salter EM (1997) Craniofacial anthropometry: practical measurement of the head and face for clinical, surgical, and research use. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL
37.
go back to reference Mortenson PA, Steinbok P (2006) Quantifying positional plagiocephaly: reliability and validity of anthropometric measurements. J Craniofac Surg 17:413–419PubMedCrossRef Mortenson PA, Steinbok P (2006) Quantifying positional plagiocephaly: reliability and validity of anthropometric measurements. J Craniofac Surg 17:413–419PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Mendonca DA, Naidoo SD, Skolnick G, Skladman R, Woo AS (2013) Comparative study of cranial anthropometric measurement by traditional calipers to computed tomography and three-dimensional photogrammetry. J Craniofac Surg 24:1106–1110PubMedCrossRef Mendonca DA, Naidoo SD, Skolnick G, Skladman R, Woo AS (2013) Comparative study of cranial anthropometric measurement by traditional calipers to computed tomography and three-dimensional photogrammetry. J Craniofac Surg 24:1106–1110PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Wong JY, Oh AK, Ohta E, Hunt AT, Rogers GF, Mulliken JB et al (2008) Validity and reliability of craniofacial anthropometric measurement of 3D digital photogrammetric images. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 45:232–239PubMedCrossRef Wong JY, Oh AK, Ohta E, Hunt AT, Rogers GF, Mulliken JB et al (2008) Validity and reliability of craniofacial anthropometric measurement of 3D digital photogrammetric images. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 45:232–239PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Aynechi N, Larson BE, Leon-Salazar V, Beiraghi S (2011) Accuracy and precision of a 3D anthropometric facial analysis with and without landmark labeling before image acquisition. Angle Orthod 81:245–252PubMedCrossRef Aynechi N, Larson BE, Leon-Salazar V, Beiraghi S (2011) Accuracy and precision of a 3D anthropometric facial analysis with and without landmark labeling before image acquisition. Angle Orthod 81:245–252PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Cevidanes LH, Styner MA, Proffit WR (2006) Image analysis and superimposition of 3‑dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 129:611–618PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cevidanes LH, Styner MA, Proffit WR (2006) Image analysis and superimposition of 3‑dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 129:611–618PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Scarfe WC, Farman AG, Levin MD, Gane D (2010) Essentials of maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography. Alpha Omega Fr 103:62–67CrossRef Scarfe WC, Farman AG, Levin MD, Gane D (2010) Essentials of maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography. Alpha Omega Fr 103:62–67CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Germec-Cakan D, Canter HI, Nur B, Arun T (2010) Comparison of facial soft tissue measurements on three-dimensional images and models obtained with different methods. J Craniofac Surg 21:1393–1399PubMedCrossRef Germec-Cakan D, Canter HI, Nur B, Arun T (2010) Comparison of facial soft tissue measurements on three-dimensional images and models obtained with different methods. J Craniofac Surg 21:1393–1399PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Weber DW, Fallis DW, Packer MD (2013) Three-dimensional reproducibility of natural head position. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 143:738–744PubMedCrossRef Weber DW, Fallis DW, Packer MD (2013) Three-dimensional reproducibility of natural head position. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 143:738–744PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Maal T, Verhamme L, van Loon B, Plooij J, Rangel F, Kho A et al (2011) Variation of the face in rest using 3D stereophotogrammetry. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 40:1252–1257CrossRef Maal T, Verhamme L, van Loon B, Plooij J, Rangel F, Kho A et al (2011) Variation of the face in rest using 3D stereophotogrammetry. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 40:1252–1257CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Ras F, Habets LL, van Ginkel FC, Prahl-Andersen B (1995) Method for quantifying facial asymmetry in three dimensions using stereophotogrammetry. Angle Orthod 65:233–239PubMed Ras F, Habets LL, van Ginkel FC, Prahl-Andersen B (1995) Method for quantifying facial asymmetry in three dimensions using stereophotogrammetry. Angle Orthod 65:233–239PubMed
47.
go back to reference Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Poggio CE, Tartaglia G (1994) Distance from symmetry: a three-dimensional evaluation of facial asymmetry. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 52:1126–1132PubMedCrossRef Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Poggio CE, Tartaglia G (1994) Distance from symmetry: a three-dimensional evaluation of facial asymmetry. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 52:1126–1132PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Taylor HO, Morrison CS, Linden O, Phillips B, Chang J, Byrne ME et al (2014) Quantitative facial asymmetry: using three-dimensional photogrammetry to measure baseline facial surface symmetry. J Craniofac Surg 25:124–128PubMedCrossRef Taylor HO, Morrison CS, Linden O, Phillips B, Chang J, Byrne ME et al (2014) Quantitative facial asymmetry: using three-dimensional photogrammetry to measure baseline facial surface symmetry. J Craniofac Surg 25:124–128PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Langberg BJ, Peck S (2000) Tooth-size reduction associated with occurrence of palatal displacement of canines. Angle Orthod 70:126–128PubMed Langberg BJ, Peck S (2000) Tooth-size reduction associated with occurrence of palatal displacement of canines. Angle Orthod 70:126–128PubMed
50.
go back to reference Yan B, Sun Z, Fields H, Wang L, Luo L (2013) Etiologic factors for buccal and palatal maxillary canine impaction: a perspective based on cone-beam computed tomography analyses. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 143:527–534PubMedCrossRef Yan B, Sun Z, Fields H, Wang L, Luo L (2013) Etiologic factors for buccal and palatal maxillary canine impaction: a perspective based on cone-beam computed tomography analyses. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 143:527–534PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Leonardi R, Muraglie S, Rugeri M, Barbato E (2019) Three-dimensional evaluations of the digital casts of morphologic maxillary teeth symmetry in patients with unilateral palatally displaced canines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 155:339–346PubMedCrossRef Leonardi R, Muraglie S, Rugeri M, Barbato E (2019) Three-dimensional evaluations of the digital casts of morphologic maxillary teeth symmetry in patients with unilateral palatally displaced canines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 155:339–346PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Langberg BJ, Peck S (2000) Adequacy of maxillary dental arch width in patients with palatally displaced canines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 118:220–223PubMedCrossRef Langberg BJ, Peck S (2000) Adequacy of maxillary dental arch width in patients with palatally displaced canines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 118:220–223PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Al-Khateeb S, Abu Alhaija ES, Rwaite A, Burqan BA (2012) Dental arch parameters of the displacement and nondisplacement sides in subjects with unilateral palatal canine ectopia. Angle Orthod 83:259–265PubMedCrossRef Al-Khateeb S, Abu Alhaija ES, Rwaite A, Burqan BA (2012) Dental arch parameters of the displacement and nondisplacement sides in subjects with unilateral palatal canine ectopia. Angle Orthod 83:259–265PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Metzger MC, Hohlweg-Majert B, Schön R, Teschner M, Gellrich N‑C, Schmelzeisen R et al (2007) Verification of clinical precision after computer-aided reconstruction in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 104:1–10CrossRef Metzger MC, Hohlweg-Majert B, Schön R, Teschner M, Gellrich N‑C, Schmelzeisen R et al (2007) Verification of clinical precision after computer-aided reconstruction in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 104:1–10CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Mathis A, Laskin DM, Tüfekçi E, Caricco C, Lindauer SJ (2018) Upper lip asymmetry during smiling: an analysis using three-dimensional images. Turk J Orthod 31:32PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mathis A, Laskin DM, Tüfekçi E, Caricco C, Lindauer SJ (2018) Upper lip asymmetry during smiling: an analysis using three-dimensional images. Turk J Orthod 31:32PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Evaluation of facial asymmetry by stereophotogrammetry in individuals with unilateral maxillary impacted canine
Authors
Ahmet Oğuz Şahan
Burçin Akan, DDS, PhD
Publication date
01-07-2021
Publisher
Springer Medizin
Published in
Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie / Issue 4/2021
Print ISSN: 1434-5293
Electronic ISSN: 1615-6714
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-021-00285-3

Other articles of this Issue 4/2021

Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie 4/2021 Go to the issue

Mitteilungen der DGKFO

Mitteilungen der DGKFO