Skip to main content
Top
Published in: International Journal of Public Health 2/2018

01-03-2018 | Original Article

Differences in the risk of cardiovascular disease for movers and stayers in New Zealand: a survival analysis

Authors: Frances Darlington-Pollock, Nichola Shackleton, Paul Norman, Arier C. Lee, Daniel Exeter

Published in: International Journal of Public Health | Issue 2/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Objectives

To explore if risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for participants who moved before their first CVD event is higher than for stayers, and examine whether the relationship is moderated by ethnicity.

Methods

The sample comprised 2,068,360 New Zealand residents enrolled in any Primary Health Organisation, aged between 30 and 84 years, had complete demographic information, and no prior history of CVD. Cox proportional regression was used to compare CVD risk between movers and stayers. The analysis was conducted for the whole sample and stratified by ethnicity.

Results

The combined analysis suggested that movers have a lower risk of CVD than stayers. This is consistent for all ethnic groups with some variation according to experience of deprivation change following residential mobility.

Conclusions

Although mobile groups may have a higher risk of CVD than immobile groups overall, risk of CVD in the period following a residential mobility event is lower than for stayers. Results are indicative of a short-term healthy migrant effect comparable to that observed for international migrants.
Literature
go back to reference Bentham G (1988) Migration and morbidity: implications for geographic studies of disease. Soc Sci Med 26:49–54CrossRefPubMed Bentham G (1988) Migration and morbidity: implications for geographic studies of disease. Soc Sci Med 26:49–54CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Blakely T, Ajwani S, Robson B, Tobias M, Bonne M (2004) Decades of disparity: widening ethnic mortality gaps from 1980 to 1999. NZ Med J 117(1199):U995 Blakely T, Ajwani S, Robson B, Tobias M, Bonne M (2004) Decades of disparity: widening ethnic mortality gaps from 1980 to 1999. NZ Med J 117(1199):U995
go back to reference Boyle P, Norman P, Rees P (2002) Does migration exaggerate the relationship between deprivation and limiting long-term illness? A Scottish analysis. Soc Sci Med 55:21–31CrossRefPubMed Boyle P, Norman P, Rees P (2002) Does migration exaggerate the relationship between deprivation and limiting long-term illness? A Scottish analysis. Soc Sci Med 55:21–31CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Bradburn MJ, Clark TG, Love SB, Altman DG (2003) Survival analysis part II: multivariate data analysis—an introduction to concepts and methods. BJC 89:431–436CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bradburn MJ, Clark TG, Love SB, Altman DG (2003) Survival analysis part II: multivariate data analysis—an introduction to concepts and methods. BJC 89:431–436CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
go back to reference Darlington-Pollock F, Norman P, Lee A, Grey C, Mehta S, Exeter D (2016) To move or not to move? Exploring the relationship between residential mobility, risk of cardiovascular disease and ethnicity in New Zealand? Soc Sci Med 165:128–140CrossRefPubMed Darlington-Pollock F, Norman P, Lee A, Grey C, Mehta S, Exeter D (2016) To move or not to move? Exploring the relationship between residential mobility, risk of cardiovascular disease and ethnicity in New Zealand? Soc Sci Med 165:128–140CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Exeter DJ, Boyle P, Norman P (2011) Deprivation (im)mobility and cause-specific premature mortality in Scotland. Soc Sci Med 72:389–397CrossRefPubMed Exeter DJ, Boyle P, Norman P (2011) Deprivation (im)mobility and cause-specific premature mortality in Scotland. Soc Sci Med 72:389–397CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Exeter DJ, Sabel CE, Hanham G, Lee AC, Wells S (2015) Movers and stayers: the geography of residential mobility and CVD hospitalisations in Auckland, New Zealand. Soc Sci Med 133:331–339CrossRefPubMed Exeter DJ, Sabel CE, Hanham G, Lee AC, Wells S (2015) Movers and stayers: the geography of residential mobility and CVD hospitalisations in Auckland, New Zealand. Soc Sci Med 133:331–339CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Finney N (2011) Understanding ethnic differences in the migration of young adults within Britain from a lifecourse perspective. Trans Inst Br Geogr 36(3):455–470CrossRef Finney N (2011) Understanding ethnic differences in the migration of young adults within Britain from a lifecourse perspective. Trans Inst Br Geogr 36(3):455–470CrossRef
go back to reference Grey C, Wells S, Riddell T et al (2010) A comparative analysis of cardiovascular disease risk profiles of five Pacific ethnic groups in New Zealand primary practice: PREDICT CVD-13. NZ Med J 123(1325):41–52 Grey C, Wells S, Riddell T et al (2010) A comparative analysis of cardiovascular disease risk profiles of five Pacific ethnic groups in New Zealand primary practice: PREDICT CVD-13. NZ Med J 123(1325):41–52
go back to reference Grey C, Jackson R, Wells S, Marshall R, Riddell T, Kerr AJ (2014) Twenty-eight day and one-year case fatality after hospitalisation with an acute coronary syndrome: a nationwide data linkage study. Aust N Z J Public Health 38(3):216–220CrossRefPubMed Grey C, Jackson R, Wells S, Marshall R, Riddell T, Kerr AJ (2014) Twenty-eight day and one-year case fatality after hospitalisation with an acute coronary syndrome: a nationwide data linkage study. Aust N Z J Public Health 38(3):216–220CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Kerr AJ, McLachlan A, Furness S, Broad J, Riddell T, Jackson R, Wells S (2008) The burden of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in the coronary care unit by age, ethnicity and socioeconomic status—PREDICT CVD-9. NZ Med J 121(1285):20–33 Kerr AJ, McLachlan A, Furness S, Broad J, Riddell T, Jackson R, Wells S (2008) The burden of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in the coronary care unit by age, ethnicity and socioeconomic status—PREDICT CVD-9. NZ Med J 121(1285):20–33
go back to reference Larson A, Bell M, Young AF (2004) Clarifying the relationships between health and residential mobility. Soc Sci Med 59(10):2149–2160CrossRefPubMed Larson A, Bell M, Young AF (2004) Clarifying the relationships between health and residential mobility. Soc Sci Med 59(10):2149–2160CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Levesque LE, Hanley JA, Kezouh A, Suissa S (2008) Problem of immortal time bias in cohort studies: example using statins for prevention progression of diabetes. BMJ 340:908–911 Levesque LE, Hanley JA, Kezouh A, Suissa S (2008) Problem of immortal time bias in cohort studies: example using statins for prevention progression of diabetes. BMJ 340:908–911
go back to reference Martikainen P, Sipilä P, Blomgren J, van Lenthe FJ (2008) The effects of migration on the relationship between area socioeconomic structure and mortality. Health Place 14:361–366CrossRefPubMed Martikainen P, Sipilä P, Blomgren J, van Lenthe FJ (2008) The effects of migration on the relationship between area socioeconomic structure and mortality. Health Place 14:361–366CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Mehta S, Wells S, Riddell T et al (2014) Initiation and maintenance of cardiovascular medications following cardiovascular risk assessment in a larger primary care cohort: PREDICT CVD-16. Eur J Prev Cardiol 21(2):192–202CrossRefPubMed Mehta S, Wells S, Riddell T et al (2014) Initiation and maintenance of cardiovascular medications following cardiovascular risk assessment in a larger primary care cohort: PREDICT CVD-16. Eur J Prev Cardiol 21(2):192–202CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Mi X, Hammill BG, Curtis LH, Greiner MA, Setoguchi S (2013) Impact of immortal person-time and time scale in comparative effectiveness research for medical devices: a case for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. J Clin Epidemiol 66(8):S138–S144CrossRefPubMed Mi X, Hammill BG, Curtis LH, Greiner MA, Setoguchi S (2013) Impact of immortal person-time and time scale in comparative effectiveness research for medical devices: a case for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. J Clin Epidemiol 66(8):S138–S144CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Ministry of Health (2004) Ethnicity data protocols for the health and disability sector. Ministry of Health, Wellington Ministry of Health (2004) Ethnicity data protocols for the health and disability sector. Ministry of Health, Wellington
go back to reference Ministry of Health (2010) Tatau kahukura: Māori health chart book, 2nd edn. Ministry of Health, Wellington Ministry of Health (2010) Tatau kahukura: Māori health chart book, 2nd edn. Ministry of Health, Wellington
go back to reference Norman P, Boyle P, Rees P (2005) Selective migration, health and deprivation: a longitudinal analysis. Soc Sci Med 60:2755–2771CrossRefPubMed Norman P, Boyle P, Rees P (2005) Selective migration, health and deprivation: a longitudinal analysis. Soc Sci Med 60:2755–2771CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Razum O, Zeeb H, Rohrmann S (2000) The ‘healthy migrant effect’—not merely a fallacy of inaccurate denominator figures. Int J Epidemiol 29(1):191–192CrossRefPubMed Razum O, Zeeb H, Rohrmann S (2000) The ‘healthy migrant effect’—not merely a fallacy of inaccurate denominator figures. Int J Epidemiol 29(1):191–192CrossRefPubMed
go back to reference Riddell T, Jackson R, Wells S, Broad J, Bannink L (2007) Assessing Māori/non-Māori differences in cardiovascular disease risk and risk management in routine primary care practice using web-based clinical decision support: PREDICT CVD-2. NZ Med J 120(1250):U2445 Riddell T, Jackson R, Wells S, Broad J, Bannink L (2007) Assessing Māori/non-Māori differences in cardiovascular disease risk and risk management in routine primary care practice using web-based clinical decision support: PREDICT CVD-2. NZ Med J 120(1250):U2445
go back to reference Salmond C, Crampton P, Atkinson J (2007) NZDep2006 index of deprivation. University of Otago, Wellington Salmond C, Crampton P, Atkinson J (2007) NZDep2006 index of deprivation. University of Otago, Wellington
go back to reference Warin B, Exeter DJ, Zhao J, Kenealy T, Wells S (2016) Geography matters: the prevalence of diabetes in the Auckland region by age, gender and ethnicity. NZ Med J 31(8.1):393 Warin B, Exeter DJ, Zhao J, Kenealy T, Wells S (2016) Geography matters: the prevalence of diabetes in the Auckland region by age, gender and ethnicity. NZ Med J 31(8.1):393
go back to reference Wells S, Riddell T, Kerr A et al (2015) Cohort profile: the PREDICT cardiovascular disease cohort in New Zealand Primary Care (PREDICT-CVD 19). Int J Epidemiol 46(1):22 Wells S, Riddell T, Kerr A et al (2015) Cohort profile: the PREDICT cardiovascular disease cohort in New Zealand Primary Care (PREDICT-CVD 19). Int J Epidemiol 46(1):22
go back to reference Yang X, Kong AP, Luk AO, Ozaki R et al (2014) Validation of methods to control for immortal time bias in a pharmacoepidemiologic analysis of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. J Epidemiol 24(4):267–273CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Yang X, Kong AP, Luk AO, Ozaki R et al (2014) Validation of methods to control for immortal time bias in a pharmacoepidemiologic analysis of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. J Epidemiol 24(4):267–273CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Differences in the risk of cardiovascular disease for movers and stayers in New Zealand: a survival analysis
Authors
Frances Darlington-Pollock
Nichola Shackleton
Paul Norman
Arier C. Lee
Daniel Exeter
Publication date
01-03-2018
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
International Journal of Public Health / Issue 2/2018
Print ISSN: 1661-8556
Electronic ISSN: 1661-8564
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-017-1011-4

Other articles of this Issue 2/2018

International Journal of Public Health 2/2018 Go to the issue