Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Addiction Reports 4/2016

01-12-2016 | Gambling (J Derevensky, Section Editor)

Assessing Problem Gambling: a Review of Classic and Specialized Measures

Authors: Kyle Caler, Jose Ricardo Vargas Garcia, Lia Nower

Published in: Current Addiction Reports | Issue 4/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The rapid expansion of legalized gambling opportunities over the past 20 years has generated interest in problem gambling and gambling disorder. This review will provide an overview of classic and newer instruments in the field.

Recent Findings

Early instruments in the field of gambling studies were focused exclusively on population prevalence or diagnosis of disorder. However, a growing body of research, particularly in the clinical and neurobiological areas, have led to the development of a targeted measurement instruments and increased specialization designed for screening of a gambling disorder. Newer instruments and those that with renewed clinical and research interest are focused on specific areas such as cognitive distortions, and control of urges and cravings, which are key components of sustained recovery.

Summary

Measurement in the field of problem gambling is moving away from solely measuring population prevalence and psychiatric disorder toward targeting the specific mechanisms that underlie problem gambling and barriers to recovery. Future advances in measurement will necessitate using standardized measures to assess various facets of problem gambling and adopting a holistic approach to assessing facets synergistically to identify sub-groups and inform targeted treatment strategies.
Literature
1.••
go back to reference Stinchfield R: A review of problem gambling assessment instruments and brief screens. In: David CSR, Blaszczynski A, Nower L, editors. The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of disordered gambling. 2013. The purpose of the assessment should dictate the measure used; the level of problem severity may or may not be relevant to all factors assessed. Stinchfield R: A review of problem gambling assessment instruments and brief screens. In: David CSR, Blaszczynski A, Nower L, editors. The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of disordered gambling. 2013. The purpose of the assessment should dictate the measure used; the level of problem severity may or may not be relevant to all factors assessed.
2.
go back to reference Edgren R, Castrén S, Mäkelä M, Pörtfors P, Alho H, Salonen AH. Reliability of instruments measuring at-risk and problem gambling among young individuals: a systematic review covering years 2009–2015. J Adolesc Health. 2016;58(6):600–15.CrossRefPubMed Edgren R, Castrén S, Mäkelä M, Pörtfors P, Alho H, Salonen AH. Reliability of instruments measuring at-risk and problem gambling among young individuals: a systematic review covering years 2009–2015. J Adolesc Health. 2016;58(6):600–15.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Lesieur HR, Blume SB. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. JAMA Psychiatry. 1987;144(9):1184–8. Lesieur HR, Blume SB. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. JAMA Psychiatry. 1987;144(9):1184–8.
4.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edition. Author; 1980. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd edition. Author; 1980.
5.
go back to reference Stinchfield R. Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). Addict Behav Rep. 2002;27(1):1–9.CrossRef Stinchfield R. Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). Addict Behav Rep. 2002;27(1):1–9.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Goodie AS et al. Evaluating the South Oaks Gambling Screen with DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria results from a diverse community sample of gamblers. Assessment. 2013;20(5):523–31.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Goodie AS et al. Evaluating the South Oaks Gambling Screen with DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria results from a diverse community sample of gamblers. Assessment. 2013;20(5):523–31.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
go back to reference Duvarci İ, Varan A, Coşkunol H, Ersoy MA. DSM-IV and the South Oaks Gambling Screen: diagnosing and assessing pathological gambling in Turkey. J Gambl Stud. 1997;13(3):193–206.CrossRefPubMed Duvarci İ, Varan A, Coşkunol H, Ersoy MA. DSM-IV and the South Oaks Gambling Screen: diagnosing and assessing pathological gambling in Turkey. J Gambl Stud. 1997;13(3):193–206.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Strong DR, Lesieur HR, Breen RB, Stinchfield R, Lejuez CW. Using a Rasch model to examine the utility of the South Oaks Gambling Screen across clinical and community samples. Addict Behav Rep. 2004;29(3):465–81.CrossRef Strong DR, Lesieur HR, Breen RB, Stinchfield R, Lejuez CW. Using a Rasch model to examine the utility of the South Oaks Gambling Screen across clinical and community samples. Addict Behav Rep. 2004;29(3):465–81.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Room R, Turner NE, Ialomiteanu A. Community effects of the opening of the Niagara casino. Br J Addict. 1999;94(10):1449–66.CrossRef Room R, Turner NE, Ialomiteanu A. Community effects of the opening of the Niagara casino. Br J Addict. 1999;94(10):1449–66.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Gerstein D et al. Gambling impact and behavior study: report to the national gambling impact study commission. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center; 1999. Gerstein D et al. Gambling impact and behavior study: report to the national gambling impact study commission. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center; 1999.
11.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition. Author; 1994. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition. Author; 1994.
12.
go back to reference Hodgins DC. Using the NORC DSM Screen for Gambling Problems as an outcome measure for pathological gambling: psychometric evaluation. Addict Behav Rep. 2004;29(8):1685–90.CrossRef Hodgins DC. Using the NORC DSM Screen for Gambling Problems as an outcome measure for pathological gambling: psychometric evaluation. Addict Behav Rep. 2004;29(8):1685–90.CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Wulfert E, Hartley J, Lee M, Wang N, Franco C, Sodano R. Gambling screens: does shortening the time frame affect their psychometric properties? J Gambl Stud. 2005;21(4):521–36.CrossRefPubMed Wulfert E, Hartley J, Lee M, Wang N, Franco C, Sodano R. Gambling screens: does shortening the time frame affect their psychometric properties? J Gambl Stud. 2005;21(4):521–36.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Wickwire Jr EM, Burke RS, Brown SA, Parker JD, May RK. Psychometric evaluation of the national opinion research center DSM-IV screen for gambling problems (NODS). Am J Addict. 2008;17(5):392–5.CrossRefPubMed Wickwire Jr EM, Burke RS, Brown SA, Parker JD, May RK. Psychometric evaluation of the national opinion research center DSM-IV screen for gambling problems (NODS). Am J Addict. 2008;17(5):392–5.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Toce-Gerstein M, Gerstein DR, Volberg RA. The NODS–CLiP: a rapid screen for adult pathological and problem gambling. J Gambl Stud. 2009;25(4):541–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Toce-Gerstein M, Gerstein DR, Volberg RA. The NODS–CLiP: a rapid screen for adult pathological and problem gambling. J Gambl Stud. 2009;25(4):541–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
go back to reference Volberg RA, Munck IM, Petry NM. A quick and simple screening method for pathological and problem gamblers in addiction programs and practices. Am J Addict. 2011;20(3):220–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Volberg RA, Munck IM, Petry NM. A quick and simple screening method for pathological and problem gamblers in addiction programs and practices. Am J Addict. 2011;20(3):220–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
go back to reference Gebauer L, LaBrie R, Shaffer HJ. Optimizing DSM-IV-TR classification accuracy: a brief biosocial screen for detecting current gambling disorders among gamblers in the general household population. Can J Psychiatr. 2010;55(2):82–90. Gebauer L, LaBrie R, Shaffer HJ. Optimizing DSM-IV-TR classification accuracy: a brief biosocial screen for detecting current gambling disorders among gamblers in the general household population. Can J Psychiatr. 2010;55(2):82–90.
18.
go back to reference Brett EI, Weinstock J, Burton S, Wenzel KR, Weber S, Moran S. Do the DSM-5 diagnostic revisions affect the psychometric properties of the Brief Biosocial Gambling Screen? Int Gambl Stud. 2014;14(3):447–56.CrossRef Brett EI, Weinstock J, Burton S, Wenzel KR, Weber S, Moran S. Do the DSM-5 diagnostic revisions affect the psychometric properties of the Brief Biosocial Gambling Screen? Int Gambl Stud. 2014;14(3):447–56.CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Himelhoch SS et al. Evaluation of brief screens for gambling disorder in the substance use treatment setting. Am J Addict. 2015;24(5):460–6.CrossRefPubMed Himelhoch SS et al. Evaluation of brief screens for gambling disorder in the substance use treatment setting. Am J Addict. 2015;24(5):460–6.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Castrén S, Salonen AH, Alho H, Lahti T, Simojoki K. Past-year gambling behaviour among patients receiving opioid substitution treatment. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2015;10(1):1–6.CrossRef Castrén S, Salonen AH, Alho H, Lahti T, Simojoki K. Past-year gambling behaviour among patients receiving opioid substitution treatment. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2015;10(1):1–6.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference LaPlante DA, Nelson SE, Gray HM. Breadth and depth involvement: understanding internet gambling involvement and its relationship to gambling problems. Psychol Addict Behav. 2014;28(2):396–403.CrossRefPubMed LaPlante DA, Nelson SE, Gray HM. Breadth and depth involvement: understanding internet gambling involvement and its relationship to gambling problems. Psychol Addict Behav. 2014;28(2):396–403.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Tom MA, LaPlante DA, Shaffer HJ. Does Pareto rule internet gambling? Problems among the “vital few” & “trivial many”. Journal of Gambling Business & Economics. 2014;8(1):73–100. Tom MA, LaPlante DA, Shaffer HJ. Does Pareto rule internet gambling? Problems among the “vital few” & “trivial many”. Journal of Gambling Business & Economics. 2014;8(1):73–100.
23.
go back to reference Ferris J, Wynne H. The Canadian problem gambling index. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse: Ottawa, ON; 2001. Ferris J, Wynne H. The Canadian problem gambling index. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse: Ottawa, ON; 2001.
24.
go back to reference Jackson AC, Wynne H, Dowling NA, Tomnay JE, Thomas SA. Using the CPGI to determine problem gambling prevalence in Australia: measurement issues. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2010;8(4):570–82.CrossRef Jackson AC, Wynne H, Dowling NA, Tomnay JE, Thomas SA. Using the CPGI to determine problem gambling prevalence in Australia: measurement issues. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2010;8(4):570–82.CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Colasante E et al. An assessment of the psychometric properties of Italian version of CPGI. J Gambl Stud. 2013;29(4):765–74.CrossRefPubMed Colasante E et al. An assessment of the psychometric properties of Italian version of CPGI. J Gambl Stud. 2013;29(4):765–74.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Back KJ, Williams RJ, Lee CK. Reliability and validity of three instruments (DSM-IV, CPGI, and PPGM) in the assessment of problem gambling in South Korea. J Gambl Stud. 2015;31(3):775–86.CrossRefPubMed Back KJ, Williams RJ, Lee CK. Reliability and validity of three instruments (DSM-IV, CPGI, and PPGM) in the assessment of problem gambling in South Korea. J Gambl Stud. 2015;31(3):775–86.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Abbott MW, Volberg RA. The measurement of adult problem and pathological gambling. Int Gambl Stud. 2006;6(2):175–200.CrossRef Abbott MW, Volberg RA. The measurement of adult problem and pathological gambling. Int Gambl Stud. 2006;6(2):175–200.CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Boldero JM, Bell RC. An evaluation of the factor structure of the Problem Gambling Severity Index. Int Gambl Stud. 2012;12(1):89–110.CrossRef Boldero JM, Bell RC. An evaluation of the factor structure of the Problem Gambling Severity Index. Int Gambl Stud. 2012;12(1):89–110.CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Miller NV, Currie SR, Hodgins DC, Casey D. Validation of the problem gambling severity index using confirmatory factor analysis and rasch modelling. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2013;22(3):245–55.PubMed Miller NV, Currie SR, Hodgins DC, Casey D. Validation of the problem gambling severity index using confirmatory factor analysis and rasch modelling. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2013;22(3):245–55.PubMed
30.••
go back to reference Currie SR, Hodgins DC, Casey DM. Validity of the problem gambling severity index interpretive categories. J Gambl Stud. 2013;29(2):311–27. In a test of temporal stability, PGSI was valid validity for non-problem and problem gambling categories but not low-risk and moderate-risk categories; the authors suggest scoring changes to better distinguish risk-levels.CrossRefPubMed Currie SR, Hodgins DC, Casey DM. Validity of the problem gambling severity index interpretive categories. J Gambl Stud. 2013;29(2):311–27. In a test of temporal stability, PGSI was valid validity for non-problem and problem gambling categories but not low-risk and moderate-risk categories; the authors suggest scoring changes to better distinguish risk-levels.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Derevensky JL, Gupta R. Prevalence estimates of adolescent gambling: a comparison of the SOGS-RA, DSM-IV-J, and the GA 20 questions. J Gambl Stud. 2000;16(2–3):227–51.CrossRefPubMed Derevensky JL, Gupta R. Prevalence estimates of adolescent gambling: a comparison of the SOGS-RA, DSM-IV-J, and the GA 20 questions. J Gambl Stud. 2000;16(2–3):227–51.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Kuley NB, Jacobs DF. The relationship between dissociative-like experiences and sensation seeking among social and problem gamblers. J Gambl Behav. 1988;4(3):197–207.CrossRef Kuley NB, Jacobs DF. The relationship between dissociative-like experiences and sensation seeking among social and problem gamblers. J Gambl Behav. 1988;4(3):197–207.CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Ursua MP, Uribelarrea LL. 20 questions of gamblers anonymous: a psychometric study with population of Spain. J Gambl Stud. 1998;14(1):3–15.CrossRefPubMed Ursua MP, Uribelarrea LL. 20 questions of gamblers anonymous: a psychometric study with population of Spain. J Gambl Stud. 1998;14(1):3–15.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Toneatto T. Reliability and validity of the gamblers anonymous twenty questions. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2008;30(1):71–8.CrossRef Toneatto T. Reliability and validity of the gamblers anonymous twenty questions. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2008;30(1):71–8.CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Johnson EE, Hamer R, Nora RM, Tan B, Eisenstein N, Engelhart C. The Lie/Bet Questionnaire for screening pathological gamblers. Psychol Rep. 1997;80(1):83–8.CrossRefPubMed Johnson EE, Hamer R, Nora RM, Tan B, Eisenstein N, Engelhart C. The Lie/Bet Questionnaire for screening pathological gamblers. Psychol Rep. 1997;80(1):83–8.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Larsen CV, Curtis T, Bjerregaard P. Gambling behavior and problem gambling reflecting social transition and traumatic childhood events among Greenland Inuit: a cross-sectional study in a large indigenous population undergoing rapid change. J Gambl Stud. 2013;29(4):733–48.CrossRefPubMed Larsen CV, Curtis T, Bjerregaard P. Gambling behavior and problem gambling reflecting social transition and traumatic childhood events among Greenland Inuit: a cross-sectional study in a large indigenous population undergoing rapid change. J Gambl Stud. 2013;29(4):733–48.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Engel RJ, Rosen D. Pathological gambling and treatment outcomes for adults age 50 or older in methadone maintenance treatment. J Gerontol SocWork. 2015;58(3):306–14. Engel RJ, Rosen D. Pathological gambling and treatment outcomes for adults age 50 or older in methadone maintenance treatment. J Gerontol SocWork. 2015;58(3):306–14.
38.
go back to reference Algren MH, Ekholm O, Davidsen M, Larsen CV, Juel K. Health behaviour and body mass index among problem gamblers: results from a nationwide survey. J Gambl Stud. 2015;31(2):547–56.CrossRefPubMed Algren MH, Ekholm O, Davidsen M, Larsen CV, Juel K. Health behaviour and body mass index among problem gamblers: results from a nationwide survey. J Gambl Stud. 2015;31(2):547–56.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Steenbergh TA, Meyers AW, May RK, Whelan JP. Development and validation of the Gamblers’ Beliefs Questionnaire. Psychol Addict Behav. 2002;16(2):143.CrossRefPubMed Steenbergh TA, Meyers AW, May RK, Whelan JP. Development and validation of the Gamblers’ Beliefs Questionnaire. Psychol Addict Behav. 2002;16(2):143.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Joukhador J, Blaszczynski A, Maccallum F. Superstitious beliefs in gambling among problem and non-problem gamblers: preliminary data. J Gambl Stud. 2004;20(2):171–80.CrossRefPubMed Joukhador J, Blaszczynski A, Maccallum F. Superstitious beliefs in gambling among problem and non-problem gamblers: preliminary data. J Gambl Stud. 2004;20(2):171–80.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Myrseth H, Brunborg GS, Eidem M. Differences in cognitive distortions between pathological and non-pathological gamblers with preferences for chance or skill games. J Gambl Stud. 2010;26(4):561–9.CrossRefPubMed Myrseth H, Brunborg GS, Eidem M. Differences in cognitive distortions between pathological and non-pathological gamblers with preferences for chance or skill games. J Gambl Stud. 2010;26(4):561–9.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference MacKillop J, Anderson EJ, Castelda BA, Mattson RE, Donovick PJ. Convergent validity of measures of cognitive distortions, impulsivity, and time perspective with pathological gambling. Psychol Addict Behav. 2006;20(1):75–9.CrossRefPubMed MacKillop J, Anderson EJ, Castelda BA, Mattson RE, Donovick PJ. Convergent validity of measures of cognitive distortions, impulsivity, and time perspective with pathological gambling. Psychol Addict Behav. 2006;20(1):75–9.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Barrault S, Varescon I. Cognitive distortions, anxiety, and depression among regular and pathological gambling online poker players. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2013;16(3):183–8.CrossRefPubMed Barrault S, Varescon I. Cognitive distortions, anxiety, and depression among regular and pathological gambling online poker players. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2013;16(3):183–8.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Broussard J, Wulfert E. Can an accelerated gambling simulation reduce persistence on a gambling task?. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2015:1–11. doi:10.1007/s11469–015–9620-8 Broussard J, Wulfert E. Can an accelerated gambling simulation reduce persistence on a gambling task?. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2015:1–11. doi:10.1007/s11469–015–9620-8
45.
go back to reference Ejova A, Delfabbro PH, Navarro DJ. Erroneous gambling-related beliefs as illusions of primary and secondary control: a confirmatory factor analysis. J Gambl Stud. 2015;31(1):133–60.CrossRefPubMed Ejova A, Delfabbro PH, Navarro DJ. Erroneous gambling-related beliefs as illusions of primary and secondary control: a confirmatory factor analysis. J Gambl Stud. 2015;31(1):133–60.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference MacKay TL, Bard N, Bowling M, Hodgins DC. Do pokers players know how good they are? Accuracy of poker skill estimation in online and offline players. Comput Human Behav. 2014;31:419–24.CrossRef MacKay TL, Bard N, Bowling M, Hodgins DC. Do pokers players know how good they are? Accuracy of poker skill estimation in online and offline players. Comput Human Behav. 2014;31:419–24.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Tanner J, Mazmanian D. Gambling attitudes and beliefs associated with problem gambling: the cohort effect of Baby Boomers. Int Gambl Stud. 2016;16(1):98–115.CrossRef Tanner J, Mazmanian D. Gambling attitudes and beliefs associated with problem gambling: the cohort effect of Baby Boomers. Int Gambl Stud. 2016;16(1):98–115.CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Situ J, Mo Z. Risk propensity, gambling cognition and gambling behavior: the role of family and peer influences. J Educ Develop Psychol. 2016;6(1):77–95.CrossRef Situ J, Mo Z. Risk propensity, gambling cognition and gambling behavior: the role of family and peer influences. J Educ Develop Psychol. 2016;6(1):77–95.CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Marchetti D et al. Psychometric evaluation of the Italian translation of the Gamblers’ Beliefs Questionnaire. Int Gambl Stud. 2016;16(1):17–30.CrossRef Marchetti D et al. Psychometric evaluation of the Italian translation of the Gamblers’ Beliefs Questionnaire. Int Gambl Stud. 2016;16(1):17–30.CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Winfree WR, Meyers AW, Whelan JP. Validation of a Spanish translation of the Gamblers’ Beliefs Questionnaire. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27(1):274–8.CrossRefPubMed Winfree WR, Meyers AW, Whelan JP. Validation of a Spanish translation of the Gamblers’ Beliefs Questionnaire. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27(1):274–8.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Raylu N, Oei TP. The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties. Br J Addict. 2004;99(6):757–69.CrossRef Raylu N, Oei TP. The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties. Br J Addict. 2004;99(6):757–69.CrossRef
52.
go back to reference Arcan K, Karanci AN. Adaptation study of the Turkish version of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS-T). J Gambl Stud. 2015;31(1):211–24.CrossRefPubMed Arcan K, Karanci AN. Adaptation study of the Turkish version of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS-T). J Gambl Stud. 2015;31(1):211–24.CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Grall-Bronnec M et al. A French adaptation of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): a useful tool for assessment of irrational thoughts among gamblers. Journal of Gambling Issues. 2012;27. doi:10.4309/jgi.2012.27.9. Grall-Bronnec M et al. A French adaptation of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): a useful tool for assessment of irrational thoughts among gamblers. Journal of Gambling Issues. 2012;27. doi:10.​4309/​jgi.​2012.​27.​9.
54.
go back to reference Yang Y, Wu D, Wen Y, Lu X, Li M. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale in Chinese mainland sample. Addict Behav. 2014;39(1):341–4.CrossRefPubMed Yang Y, Wu D, Wen Y, Lu X, Li M. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale in Chinese mainland sample. Addict Behav. 2014;39(1):341–4.CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Yokomitsu K, Takahashi T, Kanazawa J, Sakano Y. Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS-J). Asian J Gambl Issues and Public Health. 2015;5(1).doi: 10.1186/s40405–015–0006-4 Yokomitsu K, Takahashi T, Kanazawa J, Sakano Y. Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS-J). Asian J Gambl Issues and Public Health. 2015;5(1).doi: 10.1186/s40405–015–0006-4
56.••
go back to reference Taylor RN, Parker JD, Keefer KV, Kloosterman PH, Summerfeldt LJ. Are gambling related cognitions in adolescence multidimensional?: factor structure of the gambling related cognitions scale. J Gambl Stud. 2014;30(2):453–65. Gambling cognitions were powerful predictors of disordered gambling among adolescents, using the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS); however, strong associations among the subscales call into question the multidimensionality of the GRCS in this population. CrossRefPubMed Taylor RN, Parker JD, Keefer KV, Kloosterman PH, Summerfeldt LJ. Are gambling related cognitions in adolescence multidimensional?: factor structure of the gambling related cognitions scale. J Gambl Stud. 2014;30(2):453–65. Gambling cognitions were powerful predictors of disordered gambling among adolescents, using the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS); however, strong associations among the subscales call into question the multidimensionality of the GRCS in this population. CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Taylor RN, Parker JD, Keefer KV, Kloosterman PH, Summerfeldt LJ. Gambling related cognitive distortions in adolescence: relationships with gambling problems in typically developing and special needs students. J Gambl Stud. 2015;31(4):1417–29.CrossRefPubMed Taylor RN, Parker JD, Keefer KV, Kloosterman PH, Summerfeldt LJ. Gambling related cognitive distortions in adolescence: relationships with gambling problems in typically developing and special needs students. J Gambl Stud. 2015;31(4):1417–29.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Stewart SH, Zack M. Development and psychometric evaluation of a three-dimensional Gambling Motives Questionnaire. Br J Addict. 2008;103(7):1110–7.CrossRef Stewart SH, Zack M. Development and psychometric evaluation of a three-dimensional Gambling Motives Questionnaire. Br J Addict. 2008;103(7):1110–7.CrossRef
59.
go back to reference Parhami I, Siani A, Campos MD, Rosenthal RJ, Fong TW. Gambling in the Iranian-American community and an assessment of motives: a case study. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2012;10(5):710–21.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Parhami I, Siani A, Campos MD, Rosenthal RJ, Fong TW. Gambling in the Iranian-American community and an assessment of motives: a case study. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2012;10(5):710–21.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
60.
go back to reference Hodgins DC, Racicot S. The link between drinking and gambling among undergraduate university students. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27(3):885–92.CrossRefPubMed Hodgins DC, Racicot S. The link between drinking and gambling among undergraduate university students. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27(3):885–92.CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Quinlan CK, Goldstein AL, Stewart SH. An investigation of the link between gambling motives and social context of gambling in young adults. Int Gambl Stud. 2014;14(1):115–31.CrossRef Quinlan CK, Goldstein AL, Stewart SH. An investigation of the link between gambling motives and social context of gambling in young adults. Int Gambl Stud. 2014;14(1):115–31.CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Sztainert T, Wohl MJ, McManus JF, Stead JD. On being attracted to the possibility of a win: reward sensitivity (via gambling motives) undermines treatment seeking among pathological gamblers. J Gambl Stud. 2014;30(4):901–11.CrossRefPubMed Sztainert T, Wohl MJ, McManus JF, Stead JD. On being attracted to the possibility of a win: reward sensitivity (via gambling motives) undermines treatment seeking among pathological gamblers. J Gambl Stud. 2014;30(4):901–11.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Dechant K, Ellery M. The effect of including a monetary motive item on the gambling motives questionnaire in a sample of moderate gamblers. J Gambl Stud. 2011;27(2):331–44.CrossRefPubMed Dechant K, Ellery M. The effect of including a monetary motive item on the gambling motives questionnaire in a sample of moderate gamblers. J Gambl Stud. 2011;27(2):331–44.CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Dechant K. Show me the money: incorporating financial motives into the Gambling Motives Questionnaire. J Gambl Stud. 2014;30(4):949–65.CrossRefPubMed Dechant K. Show me the money: incorporating financial motives into the Gambling Motives Questionnaire. J Gambl Stud. 2014;30(4):949–65.CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Schellenberg BJ, McGrath DS, Dechant K. The Gambling Motives Questionnaire financial: factor structure, measurement invariance, and relationships with gambling behaviour. Int Gambl Stud. 2016;16(1):1–6.CrossRef Schellenberg BJ, McGrath DS, Dechant K. The Gambling Motives Questionnaire financial: factor structure, measurement invariance, and relationships with gambling behaviour. Int Gambl Stud. 2016;16(1):1–6.CrossRef
66.
go back to reference Pilatti A, Benjamín F. Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Gambling Motives Questionnaire in Argentinian young people and adults. Adicciones. 2015;27(1):17–25.CrossRefPubMed Pilatti A, Benjamín F. Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Gambling Motives Questionnaire in Argentinian young people and adults. Adicciones. 2015;27(1):17–25.CrossRefPubMed
67.
go back to reference Rousseau FL, Vallerand RJ, Ratelle CF, Mageau GA, Provencher PJ. Passion and gambling: on the validation of the Gambling Passion Scale (GPS). J Gambl Stud. 2002;18(1):45–66.CrossRefPubMed Rousseau FL, Vallerand RJ, Ratelle CF, Mageau GA, Provencher PJ. Passion and gambling: on the validation of the Gambling Passion Scale (GPS). J Gambl Stud. 2002;18(1):45–66.CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Lee CK, Back KJ, Hodgins DC, Lee TK. Examining antecedents and consequences of gambling passion: the case of gambling on horse races. Psychiatry Investig. 2013;10(4):365–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lee CK, Back KJ, Hodgins DC, Lee TK. Examining antecedents and consequences of gambling passion: the case of gambling on horse races. Psychiatry Investig. 2013;10(4):365–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
69.
go back to reference Lee J, Chen CC, Song HJ, Lee CK. The role of responsible gambling strategy and gambling passion in the online gamblers’ decision-making process: revising the theory of planned behavior. J Gambl Stud. 2014;30(2):403–22.CrossRefPubMed Lee J, Chen CC, Song HJ, Lee CK. The role of responsible gambling strategy and gambling passion in the online gamblers’ decision-making process: revising the theory of planned behavior. J Gambl Stud. 2014;30(2):403–22.CrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Lee CK, Chung N, Bernhard BJ. Examining the structural relationships among gambling motivation, passion, and consequences of internet sports betting. J Gambl Stud. 2014;30(4):845–58.CrossRefPubMed Lee CK, Chung N, Bernhard BJ. Examining the structural relationships among gambling motivation, passion, and consequences of internet sports betting. J Gambl Stud. 2014;30(4):845–58.CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Raylu N, Oei TP. The gambling urge scale: development, confirmatory factor validation, and psychometric properties. Psychol Addict Behav. 2004;18(2):100–5.CrossRefPubMed Raylu N, Oei TP. The gambling urge scale: development, confirmatory factor validation, and psychometric properties. Psychol Addict Behav. 2004;18(2):100–5.CrossRefPubMed
72.••
go back to reference Smith DP, Pols RG, Battersby MW, Harvey PW. The Gambling Urge Scale: reliability and validity in a clinical population. Addict Res Theory. 2013;21(2):113–22. Findings indicate the Gambling Urge Scale (GUS) is a valid and reliable instrument for problem gambling screening and may also predict relapse in problem gambling.CrossRef Smith DP, Pols RG, Battersby MW, Harvey PW. The Gambling Urge Scale: reliability and validity in a clinical population. Addict Res Theory. 2013;21(2):113–22. Findings indicate the Gambling Urge Scale (GUS) is a valid and reliable instrument for problem gambling screening and may also predict relapse in problem gambling.CrossRef
73.
go back to reference Wong SS, Tsang SK. Validation of the Chinese version of the gamblers’ belief questionnaire (GBQ-C). J Gambl Stud. 2012;28(4):561–72.CrossRefPubMed Wong SS, Tsang SK. Validation of the Chinese version of the gamblers’ belief questionnaire (GBQ-C). J Gambl Stud. 2012;28(4):561–72.CrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Oei TP, Gordon LM. Psychosocial factors related to gambling abstinence and relapse in members of gamblers anonymous. J Gambl Stud. 2008;24(1):91–105.CrossRefPubMed Oei TP, Gordon LM. Psychosocial factors related to gambling abstinence and relapse in members of gamblers anonymous. J Gambl Stud. 2008;24(1):91–105.CrossRefPubMed
75.
go back to reference Balodis IM, Lacadie CM, Potenza MN. A preliminary study of the neural correlates of the intensities of self-reported gambling urges and emotions in men with pathological gambling. J Gambl Stud. 2012;28(3):493–513.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Balodis IM, Lacadie CM, Potenza MN. A preliminary study of the neural correlates of the intensities of self-reported gambling urges and emotions in men with pathological gambling. J Gambl Stud. 2012;28(3):493–513.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
76.
go back to reference Callan MJ, Ellard JH, Shead NW, Hodgins DC. Gambling as a search for justice: examining the role of personal relative deprivation in gambling urges and gambling behavior. Personal Soc Psychol Bull. 2008;34(11):1514–29.CrossRef Callan MJ, Ellard JH, Shead NW, Hodgins DC. Gambling as a search for justice: examining the role of personal relative deprivation in gambling urges and gambling behavior. Personal Soc Psychol Bull. 2008;34(11):1514–29.CrossRef
77.
go back to reference Ashrafioun L, McCarthy A, Rosenberg H. Assessing the impact of cue exposure on craving to gamble in university students. J Gambl Stud. 2012;28(3):363–75.CrossRefPubMed Ashrafioun L, McCarthy A, Rosenberg H. Assessing the impact of cue exposure on craving to gamble in university students. J Gambl Stud. 2012;28(3):363–75.CrossRefPubMed
78.
go back to reference Young MM, Wohl MJ. The Gambling Craving Scale: psychometric validation and behavioral outcomes. Psychol Addict Behav. 2009;23(3):512–22.CrossRefPubMed Young MM, Wohl MJ. The Gambling Craving Scale: psychometric validation and behavioral outcomes. Psychol Addict Behav. 2009;23(3):512–22.CrossRefPubMed
79.•
go back to reference Stewart MJ, Wohl MJ. Pop-up messages, dissociation, and craving: how monetary limit reminders facilitate adherence in a session of slot machine gambling. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27(1):268–74. Pop-up messages during slot machine play are an effective money limiting strategy and do not appear to amplify craving.CrossRefPubMed Stewart MJ, Wohl MJ. Pop-up messages, dissociation, and craving: how monetary limit reminders facilitate adherence in a session of slot machine gambling. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27(1):268–74. Pop-up messages during slot machine play are an effective money limiting strategy and do not appear to amplify craving.CrossRefPubMed
80.
82.
go back to reference May RK, Whelan JP, Steenbergh TA, Meyers AW. The gambling self-efficacy questionnaire: an initial psychometric evaluation. J Gambl Stud. 2003;19(4):339–57.CrossRefPubMed May RK, Whelan JP, Steenbergh TA, Meyers AW. The gambling self-efficacy questionnaire: an initial psychometric evaluation. J Gambl Stud. 2003;19(4):339–57.CrossRefPubMed
83.
go back to reference Luca M, Giannini M, Gori A, Whelan JP, Meyers AW. Gambling Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (GSEQ): psychometric properties of the Italian version. Counseling: Giornale Italiano Di Ricerca E Applicazioni. 2012;5:89–100. Luca M, Giannini M, Gori A, Whelan JP, Meyers AW. Gambling Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (GSEQ): psychometric properties of the Italian version. Counseling: Giornale Italiano Di Ricerca E Applicazioni. 2012;5:89–100.
84.
go back to reference Winfree WR, Meyers AW, Whelan JP. Validation of a Spanish adaptation of the Gambling Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. Int Gambl Stud. 2013;13(2):271–80.CrossRef Winfree WR, Meyers AW, Whelan JP. Validation of a Spanish adaptation of the Gambling Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. Int Gambl Stud. 2013;13(2):271–80.CrossRef
85.
go back to reference Weinstock J, Massura CE, Petry NM. Professional and pathological gamblers: similarities and differences. J Gambl Stud. 2013;29(2):205–16.CrossRefPubMed Weinstock J, Massura CE, Petry NM. Professional and pathological gamblers: similarities and differences. J Gambl Stud. 2013;29(2):205–16.CrossRefPubMed
86.
go back to reference Winfree WR, Ginley MK, Whelan JP, Meyers AW. Psychometric evaluation of the Gambling Self-Efficacy Questionnaire with treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. Psychol Addict Behav. 2014;28(4):1305–10.CrossRefPubMed Winfree WR, Ginley MK, Whelan JP, Meyers AW. Psychometric evaluation of the Gambling Self-Efficacy Questionnaire with treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. Psychol Addict Behav. 2014;28(4):1305–10.CrossRefPubMed
87.
go back to reference Hodgins D, Peden N, Makarchuk K. Self-efficacy in pathological gambling treatment outcome: development of a gambling abstinence self-efficacy scale (GASS). Int Gambl Stud. 2004;4(2):99–108.CrossRef Hodgins D, Peden N, Makarchuk K. Self-efficacy in pathological gambling treatment outcome: development of a gambling abstinence self-efficacy scale (GASS). Int Gambl Stud. 2004;4(2):99–108.CrossRef
88.
go back to reference Casey LM, Oei TP, Melville KM, Bourke E, Newcombe PA. Measuring self-efficacy in gambling: the gambling refusal self-efficacy questionnaire. J Gambl Stud. 2008;24(2):229–46.CrossRefPubMed Casey LM, Oei TP, Melville KM, Bourke E, Newcombe PA. Measuring self-efficacy in gambling: the gambling refusal self-efficacy questionnaire. J Gambl Stud. 2008;24(2):229–46.CrossRefPubMed
89.
go back to reference Holub A, Hodgins DC, Peden NE. Development of the temptations for gambling questionnaire: a measure of temptation in recently quit gamblers. Addict Res Theory. 2005;13(2):179–91.CrossRef Holub A, Hodgins DC, Peden NE. Development of the temptations for gambling questionnaire: a measure of temptation in recently quit gamblers. Addict Res Theory. 2005;13(2):179–91.CrossRef
90.
go back to reference Pallanti S, DeCaria CM, Grant JE, Urpe M, Hollander E. Reliability and validity of the pathological gambling adaptation of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (PG-YBOCS). J Gambl Stud. 2005;21(4):431–43.CrossRefPubMed Pallanti S, DeCaria CM, Grant JE, Urpe M, Hollander E. Reliability and validity of the pathological gambling adaptation of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (PG-YBOCS). J Gambl Stud. 2005;21(4):431–43.CrossRefPubMed
91.
go back to reference Petry NM. Validity of a gambling scale for the Addiction Severity Index. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2003;191(6):399–407.PubMed Petry NM. Validity of a gambling scale for the Addiction Severity Index. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2003;191(6):399–407.PubMed
92.
go back to reference Blaszczynski A, Nower L. A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Br J Addict. 2002;97(5):487–99.CrossRef Blaszczynski A, Nower L. A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Br J Addict. 2002;97(5):487–99.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Assessing Problem Gambling: a Review of Classic and Specialized Measures
Authors
Kyle Caler
Jose Ricardo Vargas Garcia
Lia Nower
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Current Addiction Reports / Issue 4/2016
Electronic ISSN: 2196-2952
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-016-0118-7

Other articles of this Issue 4/2016

Current Addiction Reports 4/2016 Go to the issue

Addiction and College Students (D Foster, Section Editor)

Social Network Factors and Addictive Behaviors Among College Students

Addiction and College Students (D Foster, Section Editor)

Addictive Behavior Interventions Among College Students