Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Gambling Studies
Published in: Journal of Gambling Studies 1/2015

01-03-2015 | Original Paper

Adaptation Study of the Turkish Version of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS-T)

Authors: K. Arcan, A. N. Karanci

Published in: Journal of Gambling Studies | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

This study aimed to adapt and to test the validity and the reliability of the Turkish version of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS-T) that was developed by Raylu and Oei (Addiction 99(6):757–769, 2004a). The significance of erroneous cognitions in the development and the maintenance of gambling problems, the importance of promoting gambling research in different cultures, and the limited information about the gambling individuals in Turkey due to limited gambling research interest inspired the present study. The sample consisted of 354 voluntary male participants who were above age 17 and betting on sports and horse races selected through convenience sampling in betting terminals. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis following the original scale’s five factor structure indicated a good fit for the data. The analyses were carried out with 21 items due to relatively inadequate psychometric properties of two GRCS-T items. Correlational analyses and group comparison tests supported the concurrent and the criterion validity of the GRCS-T. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the whole scale was 0.84 whereas the coefficients ranged between 0.52 and 0.78 for the subscales of GRCS-T. The findings suggesting that GRCS-T is a valid and reliable instrument to identify gambling cognitions in Turkish samples are discussed considering the possible influence of the sample make-up and cultural texture within the limitations of the present study and in the light of the relevant literature.
Literature
Bagby, R. M., Vachon, D., Bulmash, E. L., Toneatto, T., Quilty, L. C., & Costa, P. T. (2007). Pathological gambling and the five factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(4), 873–880.CrossRef
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: New American Library.
Blaszczynski, A. P., Buhrich, N., & McConaghy, N. (1985). Pathological gamblers, heroin addicts and controls compared on the E.P.Q. ‘Addiction Scale’. British Journal of Addiction, 80(3), 315–319.CrossRefPubMed
Bonnaire, C., Bungener, C., & Varescon, I. (2009). Subtypes of French pathological gamblers: Comparison of sensation seeking, alexithymia, and depression scores. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(4), 455–471.CrossRefPubMed
Breen, R. B., & Zuckerman, M. (1999). Chasing in gambling behavior: Personality and cognitive determinants. Personality and Individual Differences, 27(6), 1097–1111.CrossRef
Chiu, J., & Storm, L. (2010). Personality, perceived luck, and gambling attitudes as predictors of gambling involvement. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26(2), 205–227.CrossRefPubMed
Clarke, D., & Clarkson, J. (2009). A preliminary investigation into motivational factors associated with older adults’ problem gambling. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 7(1), 12–28.CrossRef
Cloutier, M., Ladouceur, R., & Sevingy, S. (2006). Responsible gambling tools: Pop-up messages and pauses on video lottery terminals. The Journal of Psychology, 140(5), 434–438.CrossRefPubMed
Coups, E., Haddock, G., & Webley, P. (1998). Correlates and predictors of lottery play in the United Kingdom. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14(3), 285–303.CrossRef
Delfabbro, P., Lambos, C., King, D., & Puglies, S. (2009). Knowledge and beliefs about gambling in Australian secondary school students and their implications for education strategies. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(4), 523–539.CrossRefPubMed
Delfabbro, P. H., & Winefield, A. H. (2000). Predictors of irrational thinking in regular slot machine gamblers. The Journal of Psychology, 134(2), 117–128.CrossRefPubMed
Duvarcı, İ., & Varan, A. (2001). Reliability and validity study of the Turkish Form of the South Oaks Gambling Screen. Turkish Psychiatry Journal, 12(1), 34–45.
Eysenck, S. B., Eysenck, H. J., & Barrett, P. (1985). A revised version of the psychoticism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 6(1), 21–29.CrossRef
Faregh, N., & Leth-Steensen, C. (2011). The gambling profiles of Canadians young and old: Game preferences and play frequencies. International Gambling Studies, 11(1), 23–41.CrossRef
Francis, L. J., Brown, L. B., & Philipchalk, R. (1992). The development of an abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A): Its use among students in England, Canada, the USA and Australia. Personality and Individual Differences, 13(4), 443–449.CrossRef
Gencoz, T. (2000). Positive and negative affect schedule: A study of validity and reliability. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 15(46), 27–28.
Grall-Bronnec, M., Bouju, G., Sebille-Rivain, V., Gorwood, P., Boutin, C., Venisse, J., et al. (2012). A French adaptation of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): A useful tool for assessment of irrational thoughts among gamblers. Journal of Gambling Issues,. doi:10.​4309/​jgi.​2012.​27.​9.
Jefferson, S., & Nicki, R. (2003). A new instrument to measure cognitive distortions in the video lottery terminal users: The Informational Biases Scale (IBS). Journal of Gambling Studies, 19(4), 387–403.CrossRefPubMed
Johansson, A., Grant, J. E., Kim, S. W., Odlaug, B. L., & Götestam, K. G. (2009). Risk factors for problematic gambling: A critical literature review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(1), 67–92.CrossRefPubMed
Joukhador, J., Maccallum, F., & Blaszczynski, A. (2003). Differences in cognitive distortions between problem and social gambler. Psychological Reports, 92(3), 1203–1214.CrossRefPubMed
Kaare, P., Mottus, R., & Konstabel, K. (2009). Pathological gambling in Estonia: Relationships with personality, self esteem, emotional states and cognitive ability. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(3), 377–390.CrossRefPubMed
Karanci, A. N., Dirik, G., & Yorulmaz, O. (2007). Reliability and validity studies of Turkish translation of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated. Turkish Psychiatry Journal, 18(3), 254–261.
Kessler, R. C., Hwang, I., Labries, R., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Winters, K. C., et al. (2008). DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine, 38(9), 1351–1360.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
Lesieur, H. R., & Blume, S. B. (1987). The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(9), 1184–1198.CrossRefPubMed
MacKillop, J., Anderson, E. J., Castelda, B. A., Mattson, R. E., & Donovick, P. J. (2006). Convergent validity of measures of cognitive distortions, impulsivity, and time perspective with pathological gambling. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(1), 75–79.CrossRefPubMed
Matthews, N., Farnsworth, B., & Griffiths, M. D. (2009). A pilot study of problem gambling among student online gamblers: mood states as predictors of problematic behavior. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 12(6), 741–746.CrossRefPubMed
Miller, N. V., & Currie, S. R. (2008). A Canadian population level analysis of the roles of irrational gambling cognitions and risky gambling practices as correlates of gambling intensity and pathological gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 24(3), 257–274.CrossRefPubMed
Mitrovic, D. V., & Brown, J. (2009). Poker mania and problem gambling: A study of distorted cognitions, motivation and alexithymia. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(4), 489–502.CrossRefPubMed
Moodie, C. (2008). Student gambling, erroneous cognitions, and awareness of treatment in Scotland. Journal of Gambling Issues, 21, 30–54.CrossRef
Myrseth, H., Brunborg, G. S., & Eidem, M. (2010). Differences in cognitive distortions between pathological and non-pathological gamblers with preferences for chance or skill games. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26(4), 561–569.CrossRefPubMed
Namrata, R., & Oei, T. P. S. (2009). Factors associated with the severity of gambling problems in community gambling treatment agency. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction, 7(1), 124–137.CrossRef
Oei, T. P. S., Lin, J., & Raylu, N. (2007). Validation of the Chinese Version of the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS-C). Journal of Gambling Studies, 23(3), 309–322.CrossRefPubMed
Petry, N. (2003). A comparison of treatment-seeking pathological gamblers based on preferred gambling activity. Addiction, 98(5), 645–655.CrossRefPubMed
Petry, N. M., Litt, M. D., Kadden, R., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2007). Do coping skills mediate the relationship between cognitive-behavioral therapy and reductions in gambling in pathological gamblers? Addiction, 102(8), 1280–1291.CrossRefPubMed
Petry, N., & Mallya, S. (2004). Gambling participation and problems among employees at a university health center. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20(2), 155–170.CrossRefPubMed
Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. (2002). Pathological gambling: A comprehensive review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(7), 1009–1061.CrossRefPubMed
Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S. (2004a). The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): Development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties. Addiction, 99(6), 757–769.CrossRefPubMed
Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. (2004b). Role of culture in gambling and problem gambling. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(8), 1087–1114.CrossRefPubMed
Sylvain, C., Ladouceur, R., & Boisvert, J. M. (1997). Cognitive and behavioral treatment of pathological gambling: A controlled study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 727–732.CrossRefPubMed
Toneatto, T. (1999). Cognitive psychopathology of problem gambling. Substance Use and Misuse, 34(11), 1593–1604.CrossRefPubMed
Toneatto, T., Blitz-Miller, T., Calderwood, K., Dragonetti, R., & Tsanos, A. (1997). Cognitive distortions in heavy gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13(3), 253–266.CrossRefPubMed
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070.CrossRefPubMed
Wonq, S. S., & Tsanq, S. K. (2012). Validation of the Chinese version of the Gambler’s Belief Questionnaire (GBQ-C). Journal of Gambling Studies, 28(4), 561–572.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Adaptation Study of the Turkish Version of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS-T)
Authors
K. Arcan
A. N. Karanci
Publication date
01-03-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Gambling Studies / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3602
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9414-5

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

Journal of Gambling Studies 1/2015 Go to the issue

Original Paper

Personal Gambling Expectancies Among Asian American and White American College Students

Original Paper

Erroneous Gambling-Related Beliefs as Illusions of Primary and Secondary Control: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Original Paper

The Impulsivity and Sensation-Seeking Mediators of the Psychological Consequences of Pathological Gambling in Adolescence

Original Paper

Delusions of Expertise: The High Standard of Proof Needed to Demonstrate Skills at Horserace Handicapping

Original Paper

Validation of the Gambling Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Chinese Undergraduate Students

Original Paper

On Finding the C in CBT: The Challenges of Applying Gambling-Related Cognitive Approaches to Video-Gaming