Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Geriatrics Reports 2/2013

01-06-2013 | Geriatric Urology (TJ Guzzo, Section Editor)

Urinary Incontinence: Diagnosis and Treatment in the Elderly

Authors: Joy A. Greer, Lily A. Arya, Ariana L. Smith

Published in: Current Geriatrics Reports | Issue 2/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Urinary incontinence is a prevalent condition among the elderly. History and physical exam are helpful in delineating the specific type or types of urinary incontinence present. When beginning treatment, clinicians should consider functional status, comorbidity, and goals of therapy. Therapeutic options include behavioral therapy, physical therapy, pharmacologic management, neuromodulation, mechanical devices, and surgery. The treatment options with the most data in the elderly are behavioral therapy and antimuscarinic medications, both showing effectiveness. Limited data are available for the other modalities, but generally show that they are effective in older patients. In this update, data from many recent meta-analyses and systematic reviews are synthesized to help guide treatment decisions for elderly patients suffering from urinary incontinence.
Literature
1.
go back to reference • Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2010;21:5–26. This consensus statement provides consistent terminology to enable clinicians to communicate more effectively regarding care of patients with UI. CrossRef • Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2010;21:5–26. This consensus statement provides consistent terminology to enable clinicians to communicate more effectively regarding care of patients with UI. CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Irwin DE, Milsom I, Hunskaar S, Reilly K, Kopp Z, Herschorn S, et al. Population-based survey of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms in five countries: results of the EPIC study. Eur Urol. 2006;50:1306–14. discussion 1314-5.PubMedCrossRef Irwin DE, Milsom I, Hunskaar S, Reilly K, Kopp Z, Herschorn S, et al. Population-based survey of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms in five countries: results of the EPIC study. Eur Urol. 2006;50:1306–14. discussion 1314-5.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Stewart WF, Van Rooyen JB, Cundiff GW, Abrams P, Herzog AR, Corey R, et al. Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States. World J Urol. 2003;20:327–36.PubMed Stewart WF, Van Rooyen JB, Cundiff GW, Abrams P, Herzog AR, Corey R, et al. Prevalence and burden of overactive bladder in the United States. World J Urol. 2003;20:327–36.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Brown JS, McGhan WF, Chokroverty S. Comorbidities associated with overactive bladder. Am J Manag Care. 2000;6:S574–9.PubMed Brown JS, McGhan WF, Chokroverty S. Comorbidities associated with overactive bladder. Am J Manag Care. 2000;6:S574–9.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Hunter KF, Glazener CM, Moore KN. Conservative management for postprostatectomy urinary incontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 20007;(2):CD001843. Hunter KF, Glazener CM, Moore KN. Conservative management for postprostatectomy urinary incontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 20007;(2):CD001843.
6.
go back to reference • Sandhu JS. Treatment options for male stress urinary incontinence. Nat Rev Urol. 2010;7:222–8. This review article succinctly described options for treatment of male SUI to give primary care clinicians an overview when referring patients for specialty treatment. PubMedCrossRef • Sandhu JS. Treatment options for male stress urinary incontinence. Nat Rev Urol. 2010;7:222–8. This review article succinctly described options for treatment of male SUI to give primary care clinicians an overview when referring patients for specialty treatment. PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference •• Abrams P, Andersson KE, Birder L, Brubaker L, Cardozo L, Chapple C, et al. Fourth International Consultation on Incontinence Recommendations of the International Scientific Committee: Evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and fecal incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29:213–40. This consensus statement provides clinicians with algorithms for treating both men and women with UI. PubMedCrossRef •• Abrams P, Andersson KE, Birder L, Brubaker L, Cardozo L, Chapple C, et al. Fourth International Consultation on Incontinence Recommendations of the International Scientific Committee: Evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and fecal incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29:213–40. This consensus statement provides clinicians with algorithms for treating both men and women with UI. PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Avery K, Donovan J, Peters TJ, Shaw C, Gotoh M, Abrams P. ICIQ: a brief and robust measure for evaluating the symptoms and impact of urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23:322–30.PubMedCrossRef Avery K, Donovan J, Peters TJ, Shaw C, Gotoh M, Abrams P. ICIQ: a brief and robust measure for evaluating the symptoms and impact of urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23:322–30.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference •• DuBeau CE, Kuchel GA, Johnson 2nd T, Palmer MH, Wagg A. Fourth International Consultation on Incontinence. Incontinence in the frail elderly: Report from the 4th International Consultation on Incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29:165–78. This report highlights important considerations when evaluating and treating UI in frail elderly. PubMedCrossRef •• DuBeau CE, Kuchel GA, Johnson 2nd T, Palmer MH, Wagg A. Fourth International Consultation on Incontinence. Incontinence in the frail elderly: Report from the 4th International Consultation on Incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29:165–78. This report highlights important considerations when evaluating and treating UI in frail elderly. PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Resnick NM, Yalla SV. Management of urinary incontinence in the elderly. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:800–5.PubMedCrossRef Resnick NM, Yalla SV. Management of urinary incontinence in the elderly. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:800–5.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Wallace SA, Roe B, Williams K, Palmer M.Bladder training for urinary incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(1):CD001308. Wallace SA, Roe B, Williams K, Palmer M.Bladder training for urinary incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(1):CD001308.
12.
go back to reference Subak LL, Whitcomb E, Shen H, Saxton J, Vittinghoff E, Brown JS. Weight loss: a novel and effective treatment for urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2005;174:190–5.PubMedCrossRef Subak LL, Whitcomb E, Shen H, Saxton J, Vittinghoff E, Brown JS. Weight loss: a novel and effective treatment for urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2005;174:190–5.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Aslan E, Komurcu N, Beji NK, Yalcin O. Bladder training and Kegel exercises for women with urinary complaints living in a rest home. Gerontology. 2008;54:224–31.PubMedCrossRef Aslan E, Komurcu N, Beji NK, Yalcin O. Bladder training and Kegel exercises for women with urinary complaints living in a rest home. Gerontology. 2008;54:224–31.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Fantl JA, Wyman JF, McClish DK, Harkins SW, Elswick RK, Taylor JR, et al. Efficacy of bladder training in older women with urinary incontinence. JAMA. 1991;265:609–13.PubMedCrossRef Fantl JA, Wyman JF, McClish DK, Harkins SW, Elswick RK, Taylor JR, et al. Efficacy of bladder training in older women with urinary incontinence. JAMA. 1991;265:609–13.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Alhasso AA, McKinlay J, Patrick K, Stewart L. Anticholinergic drugs versus non-drug active therapies for overactive bladder syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(4):CD003193. Alhasso AA, McKinlay J, Patrick K, Stewart L. Anticholinergic drugs versus non-drug active therapies for overactive bladder syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(4):CD003193.
16.
go back to reference Godec C, Cass AS, Ayala GF. Bladder inhibition with functional electrical stimulation. Urology. 1975;6:663–6.PubMedCrossRef Godec C, Cass AS, Ayala GF. Bladder inhibition with functional electrical stimulation. Urology. 1975;6:663–6.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference de Groat WC, Fraser MO, Yoshiyama M, Smerin S, Tai C, Chancellor MB, et al. Neural control of the urethra. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 2001;(207):35-43; discussion 106-25. de Groat WC, Fraser MO, Yoshiyama M, Smerin S, Tai C, Chancellor MB, et al. Neural control of the urethra. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 2001;(207):35-43; discussion 106-25.
18.
go back to reference •• Dumoulin C, Hay-Smith J. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;1:CD005654. This systematic review and meta-analysis with rigorous methodology evaluates the efficacy of PFMT for UI in women. PubMed •• Dumoulin C, Hay-Smith J. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;1:CD005654. This systematic review and meta-analysis with rigorous methodology evaluates the efficacy of PFMT for UI in women. PubMed
19.
go back to reference •• Campbell SE, Glazener CM, Hunter KF, Cody JD, Moore KN. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.. 2012;1. This systematic review and meta-analysis with rigorous methodology evaluates options such as PFMT for the management of postprostatectomy UI. •• Campbell SE, Glazener CM, Hunter KF, Cody JD, Moore KN. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.. 2012;1. This systematic review and meta-analysis with rigorous methodology evaluates options such as PFMT for the management of postprostatectomy UI.
20.
go back to reference Burgio KL, Locher JL, Goode PS, Hardin JM, McDowell BJ, Dombrowski M, et al. Behavioral vs drug treatment for urge urinary incontinence in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;280:1995–2000.PubMedCrossRef Burgio KL, Locher JL, Goode PS, Hardin JM, McDowell BJ, Dombrowski M, et al. Behavioral vs drug treatment for urge urinary incontinence in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;280:1995–2000.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference •• Herderschee R, Hay-Smith EJ, Herbison GP, Roovers JP, Heineman MJ. Feedback or biofeedback to augment pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(7):CD009252. doi:CD009252. This systematic review and meta-analysis with rigorous methodology evaluates the efficacy of biofeedback and PFMT for UI in women. •• Herderschee R, Hay-Smith EJ, Herbison GP, Roovers JP, Heineman MJ. Feedback or biofeedback to augment pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(7):CD009252. doi:CD009252. This systematic review and meta-analysis with rigorous methodology evaluates the efficacy of biofeedback and PFMT for UI in women.
22.
go back to reference Brubaker L, Benson JT, Bent A, Clark A, Shott S. Transvaginal electrical stimulation for female urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177:536–40.PubMedCrossRef Brubaker L, Benson JT, Bent A, Clark A, Shott S. Transvaginal electrical stimulation for female urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177:536–40.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Alves PG, Nunes FR, Guirro EC. Comparison between two different neuromuscular electrical stimulation protocols for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2011;15:393–8.PubMedCrossRef Alves PG, Nunes FR, Guirro EC. Comparison between two different neuromuscular electrical stimulation protocols for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2011;15:393–8.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Amaro JL, Gameiro MO, Kawano PR, Padovani CR. Intravaginal electrical stimulation: a randomized, double-blind study on the treatment of mixed urinary incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85:619–22.PubMedCrossRef Amaro JL, Gameiro MO, Kawano PR, Padovani CR. Intravaginal electrical stimulation: a randomized, double-blind study on the treatment of mixed urinary incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85:619–22.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Wang AC, Wang YY, Chen MC. Single-blind, randomized trial of pelvic floor muscle training, biofeedback-assisted pelvic floor muscle training, and electrical stimulation in the management of overactive bladder. Urology. 2004;63:61–6.PubMedCrossRef Wang AC, Wang YY, Chen MC. Single-blind, randomized trial of pelvic floor muscle training, biofeedback-assisted pelvic floor muscle training, and electrical stimulation in the management of overactive bladder. Urology. 2004;63:61–6.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Pereira VS, de Melo MV, Correia GN, Driusso P. Vaginal cone for postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence: randomized, controlled trial. Climacteric. 2012;15:45–51.PubMedCrossRef Pereira VS, de Melo MV, Correia GN, Driusso P. Vaginal cone for postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence: randomized, controlled trial. Climacteric. 2012;15:45–51.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Roxburgh C, Cook J, Dublin N. Anticholinergic drugs versus other medications for overactive bladder syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;4:CD003190.PubMed Roxburgh C, Cook J, Dublin N. Anticholinergic drugs versus other medications for overactive bladder syndrome in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;4:CD003190.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Meek PD, Evang SD, Tadrous M, Roux-Lirange D, Triller DM, Gumustop B. Overactive bladder drugs and constipation: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56:7–18.PubMedCrossRef Meek PD, Evang SD, Tadrous M, Roux-Lirange D, Triller DM, Gumustop B. Overactive bladder drugs and constipation: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56:7–18.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Schiffers M, Sauermann P, Schurch B, Mehnert U. The effect of tolterodine 4 and 8 mg on the heart rate variability in healthy subjects. World J Urol 201;28:651-656. Schiffers M, Sauermann P, Schurch B, Mehnert U. The effect of tolterodine 4 and 8 mg on the heart rate variability in healthy subjects. World J Urol 201;28:651-656.
30.
go back to reference Gopal M, Haynes K, Bellamy SL, Arya LA. Discontinuation rates of anticholinergic medications used for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:1311–8.PubMedCrossRef Gopal M, Haynes K, Bellamy SL, Arya LA. Discontinuation rates of anticholinergic medications used for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:1311–8.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kay G, Crook T, Rekeda L, Lima R, Ebinger U, Arguinzoniz M, et al. Differential effects of the antimuscarinic agents darifenacin and oxybutynin ER on memory in older subjects. Eur Urol. 2006;50:317–26.PubMedCrossRef Kay G, Crook T, Rekeda L, Lima R, Ebinger U, Arguinzoniz M, et al. Differential effects of the antimuscarinic agents darifenacin and oxybutynin ER on memory in older subjects. Eur Urol. 2006;50:317–26.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Kessler TM, Bachmann LM, Minder C, Lohrer D, Umbehr M, Schunemann HJ, et al. Adverse event assessment of antimuscarinics for treating overactive bladder: a network meta-analytic approach. PLoS One. 2011;6:e16718.PubMedCrossRef Kessler TM, Bachmann LM, Minder C, Lohrer D, Umbehr M, Schunemann HJ, et al. Adverse event assessment of antimuscarinics for treating overactive bladder: a network meta-analytic approach. PLoS One. 2011;6:e16718.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference • Pagoria D, O'Connor RC, Guralnick ML. Antimuscarinic Drugs: Review of the Cognitive Impact When Used to Treat Overactive Bladder in Elderly Patients. Curr Urol Rep. 2011;12:351–7. This systematic review evaluates the cognitive impact of antimuscarinics in elderly. PubMedCrossRef • Pagoria D, O'Connor RC, Guralnick ML. Antimuscarinic Drugs: Review of the Cognitive Impact When Used to Treat Overactive Bladder in Elderly Patients. Curr Urol Rep. 2011;12:351–7. This systematic review evaluates the cognitive impact of antimuscarinics in elderly. PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference •• Paquette A, Gou P, Tannenbaum C. Systematic review and meta-analysis: do clinical trials testing antimuscarinic agents for overactive bladder adequately measure central nervous system adverse events? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:1332–9. This meta-analyis highlights the need for improved measures of the impact of antimuscarinics on cognition in geriatric patients. PubMedCrossRef •• Paquette A, Gou P, Tannenbaum C. Systematic review and meta-analysis: do clinical trials testing antimuscarinic agents for overactive bladder adequately measure central nervous system adverse events? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:1332–9. This meta-analyis highlights the need for improved measures of the impact of antimuscarinics on cognition in geriatric patients. PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Sand P, Zinner N, Newman D, Lucente V, Dmochowski R, Kelleher C, et al. Oxybutynin transdermal system improves the quality of life in adults with overactive bladder: a multicentre, community-based, randomized study. BJU Int. 2007;99:836–44.PubMedCrossRef Sand P, Zinner N, Newman D, Lucente V, Dmochowski R, Kelleher C, et al. Oxybutynin transdermal system improves the quality of life in adults with overactive bladder: a multicentre, community-based, randomized study. BJU Int. 2007;99:836–44.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Sand PK, Johnson Ii TM, Rovner ES, Ellsworth PI, Oefelein MG, Staskin DR. Trospium chloride once-daily extended release is efficacious and tolerated in elderly subjects (aged >/= 75 years) with overactive bladder syndrome. BJU Int. 2011;107:612–20.PubMedCrossRef Sand PK, Johnson Ii TM, Rovner ES, Ellsworth PI, Oefelein MG, Staskin DR. Trospium chloride once-daily extended release is efficacious and tolerated in elderly subjects (aged >/= 75 years) with overactive bladder syndrome. BJU Int. 2011;107:612–20.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Zinner N, Kobashi KC, Ebinger U, Viegas A, Egermark M, Quebe-Fehling E, et al. Darifenacin treatment for overactive bladder in patients who expressed dissatisfaction with prior extended-release antimuscarinic therapy. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62:1664–74.PubMedCrossRef Zinner N, Kobashi KC, Ebinger U, Viegas A, Egermark M, Quebe-Fehling E, et al. Darifenacin treatment for overactive bladder in patients who expressed dissatisfaction with prior extended-release antimuscarinic therapy. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62:1664–74.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference • Lackner TE, Wyman JF, McCarthy TC, Monigold M, Davey C. Efficacy of oral extended-release oxybutynin in cognitively impaired older nursing home residents with urge urinary incontinence: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12:639–47. In this trial of antimuscarinics for UUI in elderly subjects with cognitive impairment, oxybutynin did not worsen cognitive function in this 4-week trial. There was, however, no significant improvement in UUI with oxybutynin. PubMedCrossRef • Lackner TE, Wyman JF, McCarthy TC, Monigold M, Davey C. Efficacy of oral extended-release oxybutynin in cognitively impaired older nursing home residents with urge urinary incontinence: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12:639–47. In this trial of antimuscarinics for UUI in elderly subjects with cognitive impairment, oxybutynin did not worsen cognitive function in this 4-week trial. There was, however, no significant improvement in UUI with oxybutynin. PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Gomes T, Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM. Comparative adherence to oxybutynin or tolterodine among older patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68:97–9.PubMedCrossRef Gomes T, Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM. Comparative adherence to oxybutynin or tolterodine among older patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68:97–9.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Gomes T, Juurlink DN, Ho JM, Schneeweiss S, Mamdani MM. Risk of serious falls associated with oxybutynin and tolterodine: a population based study. J Urol. 2011;186:1340–4.PubMedCrossRef Gomes T, Juurlink DN, Ho JM, Schneeweiss S, Mamdani MM. Risk of serious falls associated with oxybutynin and tolterodine: a population based study. J Urol. 2011;186:1340–4.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Herschorn S, Pommerville P, Stothers L, Egerdie B, Gajewski J, Carlson K, et al. Tolerability of solifenacin and oxybutynin immediate release in older (> 65 years) and younger (</= 65 years) patients with overactive bladder: sub-analysis from a Canadian, randomized, double-blind study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27:375–82.PubMedCrossRef Herschorn S, Pommerville P, Stothers L, Egerdie B, Gajewski J, Carlson K, et al. Tolerability of solifenacin and oxybutynin immediate release in older (> 65 years) and younger (</= 65 years) patients with overactive bladder: sub-analysis from a Canadian, randomized, double-blind study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27:375–82.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Kaplan SA, Schneider T, Foote JE, Guan Z, Carlsson M, Gong J. Superior efficacy of fesoterodine over tolterodine extended release with rapid onset: a prospective, head-to-head, placebo-controlled trial. BJU Int. 2011;107:1432–40.PubMedCrossRef Kaplan SA, Schneider T, Foote JE, Guan Z, Carlsson M, Gong J. Superior efficacy of fesoterodine over tolterodine extended release with rapid onset: a prospective, head-to-head, placebo-controlled trial. BJU Int. 2011;107:1432–40.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Herschorn S, Swift S, Guan Z, Carlsson M, Morrow JD, Brodsky M, et al. Comparison of fesoterodine and tolterodine extended release for the treatment of overactive bladder: a head-to-head placebo-controlled trial. BJU Int. 2010;105:58–66.PubMedCrossRef Herschorn S, Swift S, Guan Z, Carlsson M, Morrow JD, Brodsky M, et al. Comparison of fesoterodine and tolterodine extended release for the treatment of overactive bladder: a head-to-head placebo-controlled trial. BJU Int. 2010;105:58–66.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Scarpero H, Sand PK, Kelleher CJ, Berriman S, Bavendam T, Carlsson M. Long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of fesoterodine treatment in men and women with overactive bladder symptoms. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27:921–30.PubMedCrossRef Scarpero H, Sand PK, Kelleher CJ, Berriman S, Bavendam T, Carlsson M. Long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of fesoterodine treatment in men and women with overactive bladder symptoms. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27:921–30.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Sand PK, Heesakkers J, Kraus SR, Carlsson M, Guan Z, Berriman S. Long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of fesoterodine in subjects with overactive bladder symptoms stratified by age: pooled analysis of two open-label extension studies. Drugs Aging. 2012;29:119–31.PubMedCrossRef Sand PK, Heesakkers J, Kraus SR, Carlsson M, Guan Z, Berriman S. Long-term safety, tolerability and efficacy of fesoterodine in subjects with overactive bladder symptoms stratified by age: pooled analysis of two open-label extension studies. Drugs Aging. 2012;29:119–31.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Tyagi P, Tyagi V, Chancellor M. Mirabegron: a safety review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2011;10:287–94.PubMedCrossRef Tyagi P, Tyagi V, Chancellor M. Mirabegron: a safety review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2011;10:287–94.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Tyagi P, Thomas CA, Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB. Investigations into the presence of functional Beta1, Beta2 and Beta3-adrenoceptors in urothelium and detrusor of human bladder. Int Braz J Urol. 2009;35:76–83.PubMedCrossRef Tyagi P, Thomas CA, Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB. Investigations into the presence of functional Beta1, Beta2 and Beta3-adrenoceptors in urothelium and detrusor of human bladder. Int Braz J Urol. 2009;35:76–83.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Chapple C, Wyndaele JJ, Van Kerrebroeck P, et al. Dose-ranging study of once-daily mirabegron (Ym178), A novel selective beta3-adrenoreceptor agonist, in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) 2010;9:249. Chapple C, Wyndaele JJ, Van Kerrebroeck P, et al. Dose-ranging study of once-daily mirabegron (Ym178), A novel selective beta3-adrenoreceptor agonist, in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) 2010;9:249.
49.
go back to reference Chapple CR, Yamaguchi O, Ridder A, et al. Clinical proof of concept study(blossom) shows novel beta 3 adrenoceptor agonist YM178 is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of symptoms of overactive bladder 2008;(Abs 674):239. Chapple CR, Yamaguchi O, Ridder A, et al. Clinical proof of concept study(blossom) shows novel beta 3 adrenoceptor agonist YM178 is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of symptoms of overactive bladder 2008;(Abs 674):239.
50.
go back to reference Elser DM. Stress urinary incontinence and overactive bladder syndrome: current options and new targets for management. Postgrad Med. 2012;124:42–9.PubMedCrossRef Elser DM. Stress urinary incontinence and overactive bladder syndrome: current options and new targets for management. Postgrad Med. 2012;124:42–9.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Cruz F, Dinis P. Resiniferatoxin and botulinum toxin type A for treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26:920–7.PubMedCrossRef Cruz F, Dinis P. Resiniferatoxin and botulinum toxin type A for treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26:920–7.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Karsenty G, Denys P, Amarenco G, De Seze M, Game X, Haab F, et al. Botulinum toxin A (Botox) intradetrusor injections in adults with neurogenic detrusor overactivity/neurogenic overactive bladder: a systematic literature review. Eur Urol. 2008;53:275–87.PubMedCrossRef Karsenty G, Denys P, Amarenco G, De Seze M, Game X, Haab F, et al. Botulinum toxin A (Botox) intradetrusor injections in adults with neurogenic detrusor overactivity/neurogenic overactive bladder: a systematic literature review. Eur Urol. 2008;53:275–87.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Kuo HC, Liao CH, Chung SD. Adverse events of intravesical botulinum toxin a injections for idiopathic detrusor overactivity: risk factors and influence on treatment outcome. Eur Urol. 2010;58:919–26.PubMedCrossRef Kuo HC, Liao CH, Chung SD. Adverse events of intravesical botulinum toxin a injections for idiopathic detrusor overactivity: risk factors and influence on treatment outcome. Eur Urol. 2010;58:919–26.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference •• Dmochowski R, Chapple C, Nitti VW, Chancellor M, Everaert K, Thompson C, et al. Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA for idiopathic overactive bladder: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized, dose ranging trial. J Urol. 2010;184:2416–22. This randomized controlled trial has been cited as the landmark study on dosing of BoNT/A for idiopathic overactive bladder. PubMedCrossRef •• Dmochowski R, Chapple C, Nitti VW, Chancellor M, Everaert K, Thompson C, et al. Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA for idiopathic overactive bladder: a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized, dose ranging trial. J Urol. 2010;184:2416–22. This randomized controlled trial has been cited as the landmark study on dosing of BoNT/A for idiopathic overactive bladder. PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Bauer RM, Gratzke C, Roosen A, Hocaoglu Y, Mayer ME, Buchner A, et al. Patient-reported side effects of intradetrusor botulinum toxin type a for idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome. Urol Int. 2011;86:68–72.PubMedCrossRef Bauer RM, Gratzke C, Roosen A, Hocaoglu Y, Mayer ME, Buchner A, et al. Patient-reported side effects of intradetrusor botulinum toxin type a for idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome. Urol Int. 2011;86:68–72.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Dowson C, Khan MS, Dasgupta P, Sahai A. Repeat botulinum toxin-A injections for treatment of adult detrusor overactivity. Nat Rev Urol. 2010;7:661–7.PubMedCrossRef Dowson C, Khan MS, Dasgupta P, Sahai A. Repeat botulinum toxin-A injections for treatment of adult detrusor overactivity. Nat Rev Urol. 2010;7:661–7.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Duthie J, Wilson DI, Herbison GP, Wilson D. Botulinum toxin injections for adults with overactive bladder syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;3:CD005493.PubMed Duthie J, Wilson DI, Herbison GP, Wilson D. Botulinum toxin injections for adults with overactive bladder syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;3:CD005493.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Makovey I, Davis T, Guralnick ML, O'Connor RC. Botulinum toxin outcomes for idiopathic overactive bladder stratified by indication: Lack of anticholinergic efficacy versus intolerability. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30:1538–40.PubMedCrossRef Makovey I, Davis T, Guralnick ML, O'Connor RC. Botulinum toxin outcomes for idiopathic overactive bladder stratified by indication: Lack of anticholinergic efficacy versus intolerability. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30:1538–40.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Denys P, Le Normand L, Ghout I, Costa P, Chartier-Kastler E, Grise P, et al. Efficacy and safety of low doses of onabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of refractory idiopathic overactive bladder: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study. Eur Urol. 2012;61:520–9.PubMedCrossRef Denys P, Le Normand L, Ghout I, Costa P, Chartier-Kastler E, Grise P, et al. Efficacy and safety of low doses of onabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of refractory idiopathic overactive bladder: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study. Eur Urol. 2012;61:520–9.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference •• Visco AG, Brubaker L, Richter HE, Nygaard I, Paraiso MF, Menefee SA, et al. Anticholinergic therapy vs. onabotulinumtoxina for urgency urinary incontinence. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1803–13. This trial provides Level 1 evidence for use of BoNT/A earlier in the treatment algorithim for idiopathic UUI. PubMedCrossRef •• Visco AG, Brubaker L, Richter HE, Nygaard I, Paraiso MF, Menefee SA, et al. Anticholinergic therapy vs. onabotulinumtoxina for urgency urinary incontinence. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1803–13. This trial provides Level 1 evidence for use of BoNT/A earlier in the treatment algorithim for idiopathic UUI. PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Carr LK. Botulinum toxin A should not be first-line therapy for overactive bladder. Can Urol Assoc J. 2011;5:204–5.PubMedCrossRef Carr LK. Botulinum toxin A should not be first-line therapy for overactive bladder. Can Urol Assoc J. 2011;5:204–5.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Schaffer J, Fantl JA. Urogenital effects of the menopause. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1996;10:401–17.PubMedCrossRef Schaffer J, Fantl JA. Urogenital effects of the menopause. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1996;10:401–17.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Lose G, Englev E. Oestradiol-releasing vaginal ring versus oestriol vaginal pessaries in the treatment of bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms. BJOG. 2000;107:1029–34.PubMedCrossRef Lose G, Englev E. Oestradiol-releasing vaginal ring versus oestriol vaginal pessaries in the treatment of bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms. BJOG. 2000;107:1029–34.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Cardozo LD, Wise BG, Benness CJ. Vaginal oestradiol for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in postmenopausal women–a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;21:383–5.PubMedCrossRef Cardozo LD, Wise BG, Benness CJ. Vaginal oestradiol for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in postmenopausal women–a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;21:383–5.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Zullo MA, Plotti F, Calcagno M, Palaia I, Muzii L, Manci N, et al. Vaginal estrogen therapy and overactive bladder symptoms in postmenopausal patients after a tension-free vaginal tape procedure: a randomized clinical trial. Menopause. 2005;12:421–7.PubMedCrossRef Zullo MA, Plotti F, Calcagno M, Palaia I, Muzii L, Manci N, et al. Vaginal estrogen therapy and overactive bladder symptoms in postmenopausal patients after a tension-free vaginal tape procedure: a randomized clinical trial. Menopause. 2005;12:421–7.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Long CY, Liu CM, Hsu SC, Chen YH, Wu CH, Tsai EM. A randomized comparative study of the effects of oral and topical estrogen therapy on the lower urinary tract of hysterectomized postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril. 2006;85:155–60.PubMedCrossRef Long CY, Liu CM, Hsu SC, Chen YH, Wu CH, Tsai EM. A randomized comparative study of the effects of oral and topical estrogen therapy on the lower urinary tract of hysterectomized postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril. 2006;85:155–60.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference MacDiarmid SA, Peters KM, Chen A, Armstrong RB, Orman C, Aquilina JW, et al. Efficacy and safety of extended-release oxybutynin in combination with tamsulosin for treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:1002–10.PubMedCrossRef MacDiarmid SA, Peters KM, Chen A, Armstrong RB, Orman C, Aquilina JW, et al. Efficacy and safety of extended-release oxybutynin in combination with tamsulosin for treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:1002–10.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Kaplan SA, Roehrborn CG, Chancellor M, Carlsson M, Bavendam T, Guan Z. Extended-release tolterodine with or without tamsulosin in men with lower urinary tract symptoms and overactive bladder: effects on urinary symptoms assessed by the International Prostate Symptom Score. BJU Int. 2008;102:1133–9.PubMedCrossRef Kaplan SA, Roehrborn CG, Chancellor M, Carlsson M, Bavendam T, Guan Z. Extended-release tolterodine with or without tamsulosin in men with lower urinary tract symptoms and overactive bladder: effects on urinary symptoms assessed by the International Prostate Symptom Score. BJU Int. 2008;102:1133–9.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Yamaguchi O, Kakizaki H, Homma Y, Takeda M, Nishizawa O, Gotoh M, et al. Solifenacin as add-on therapy for overactive bladder symptoms in men treated for lower urinary tract symptoms–ASSIST, randomized controlled study. Urology. 2011;78:126–33.PubMedCrossRef Yamaguchi O, Kakizaki H, Homma Y, Takeda M, Nishizawa O, Gotoh M, et al. Solifenacin as add-on therapy for overactive bladder symptoms in men treated for lower urinary tract symptoms–ASSIST, randomized controlled study. Urology. 2011;78:126–33.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Peters KM, Macdiarmid SA, Wooldridge LS, Leong FC, Shobeiri SA, Rovner ES, et al. Randomized trial of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus extended-release tolterodine: results from the overactive bladder innovative therapy trial. J Urol. 2009;182:1055–61.PubMedCrossRef Peters KM, Macdiarmid SA, Wooldridge LS, Leong FC, Shobeiri SA, Rovner ES, et al. Randomized trial of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus extended-release tolterodine: results from the overactive bladder innovative therapy trial. J Urol. 2009;182:1055–61.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Kohli N, Rosenblatt PL. Neuromodulation techniques for the treatment of the overactive bladder. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2002;45:218–32.PubMedCrossRef Kohli N, Rosenblatt PL. Neuromodulation techniques for the treatment of the overactive bladder. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2002;45:218–32.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Peters KM, Carrico DJ, Perez-Marrero RA, Khan AU, Wooldridge LS, Davis GL, et al. Randomized trial of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus Sham efficacy in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome: results from the SUmiT trial. J Urol. 2010;183:1438–43.PubMedCrossRef Peters KM, Carrico DJ, Perez-Marrero RA, Khan AU, Wooldridge LS, Davis GL, et al. Randomized trial of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation versus Sham efficacy in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome: results from the SUmiT trial. J Urol. 2010;183:1438–43.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Schreiner L, dos Santos TG, Knorst MR, da Silva Filho IG. Randomized trial of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation to treat urge urinary incontinence in older women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2010;21:1065–70.CrossRef Schreiner L, dos Santos TG, Knorst MR, da Silva Filho IG. Randomized trial of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation to treat urge urinary incontinence in older women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2010;21:1065–70.CrossRef
74.
go back to reference • Burton C, Sajja A, Latthe PM. Effectiveness of percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation for overactive bladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurourol Urodyn. 2012;31:1206–16. This meta-analysis shows that PTNS is comparable to medication management for short-term treatment of OAB. PubMedCrossRef • Burton C, Sajja A, Latthe PM. Effectiveness of percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation for overactive bladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurourol Urodyn. 2012;31:1206–16. This meta-analysis shows that PTNS is comparable to medication management for short-term treatment of OAB. PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Occhino JA, Siegel SW. Sacral nerve modulation in overactive bladder. Curr Urol Rep. 2010;11:348–52.PubMedCrossRef Occhino JA, Siegel SW. Sacral nerve modulation in overactive bladder. Curr Urol Rep. 2010;11:348–52.PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Herbison GP, Arnold EP. Sacral neuromodulation with implanted devices for urinary storage and voiding dysfunction in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2:CD004202.PubMed Herbison GP, Arnold EP. Sacral neuromodulation with implanted devices for urinary storage and voiding dysfunction in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2:CD004202.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Siegel SW, Catanzaro F, Dijkema HE, Elhilali MM, Fowler CJ, Gajewski JB, et al. Long-term results of a multicenter study on sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of urinary urge incontinence, urgency-frequency, and retention. Urology. 2000;56:87–91.PubMedCrossRef Siegel SW, Catanzaro F, Dijkema HE, Elhilali MM, Fowler CJ, Gajewski JB, et al. Long-term results of a multicenter study on sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of urinary urge incontinence, urgency-frequency, and retention. Urology. 2000;56:87–91.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Edlund C, Dijkema HE, Hassouna MM, Van Kerrebroeck PE, Peeker R, Van den Hombergh U, et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for refractory urge symptoms in elderly patients. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2004;38:131–5.PubMedCrossRef Edlund C, Dijkema HE, Hassouna MM, Van Kerrebroeck PE, Peeker R, Van den Hombergh U, et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for refractory urge symptoms in elderly patients. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2004;38:131–5.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Amundsen CL, Webster GD. Sacral neuromodulation in an older, urge-incontinent population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187:1462–5. discussion 1465.PubMedCrossRef Amundsen CL, Webster GD. Sacral neuromodulation in an older, urge-incontinent population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187:1462–5. discussion 1465.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference White WM, Mobley 3rd JD, Doggweiler R, Dobmeyer-Dittrich C, Klein FA. Sacral nerve stimulation for refractory overactive bladder in the elderly population. J Urol. 2009;182:1449–52.PubMedCrossRef White WM, Mobley 3rd JD, Doggweiler R, Dobmeyer-Dittrich C, Klein FA. Sacral nerve stimulation for refractory overactive bladder in the elderly population. J Urol. 2009;182:1449–52.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference • Griebling TL. Sacral nerve stimulation in the elderly. Int Urogynecol J. 2010;21 Suppl 2:S485–9. This review reports the available data on SNM in geriatric patients. PubMedCrossRef • Griebling TL. Sacral nerve stimulation in the elderly. Int Urogynecol J. 2010;21 Suppl 2:S485–9. This review reports the available data on SNM in geriatric patients. PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Brazzelli M, Murray A, Fraser C. Efficacy and safety of sacral nerve stimulation for urinary urge incontinence: a systematic review. J Urol. 2006;175:835–41.PubMedCrossRef Brazzelli M, Murray A, Fraser C. Efficacy and safety of sacral nerve stimulation for urinary urge incontinence: a systematic review. J Urol. 2006;175:835–41.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Fujishiro T, Takahashi S, Enomoto H, Ugawa Y, Ueno S, Kitamura T. Magnetic stimulation of the sacral roots for the treatment of urinary frequency and urge incontinence: an investigational study and placebo controlled trial. J Urol. 2002;168:1036–9.PubMedCrossRef Fujishiro T, Takahashi S, Enomoto H, Ugawa Y, Ueno S, Kitamura T. Magnetic stimulation of the sacral roots for the treatment of urinary frequency and urge incontinence: an investigational study and placebo controlled trial. J Urol. 2002;168:1036–9.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference McFarlane JP, Foley SJ, de Winter P, Shah PJ, Craggs MD. Acute suppression of idiopathic detrusor instability with magnetic stimulation of the sacral nerve roots. Br J Urol. 1997;80:734–41.PubMedCrossRef McFarlane JP, Foley SJ, de Winter P, Shah PJ, Craggs MD. Acute suppression of idiopathic detrusor instability with magnetic stimulation of the sacral nerve roots. Br J Urol. 1997;80:734–41.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference But I, Faganelj M, Sostaric A. Functional magnetic stimulation for mixed urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2005;173:1644–6.PubMedCrossRef But I, Faganelj M, Sostaric A. Functional magnetic stimulation for mixed urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2005;173:1644–6.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Wallis MC, Davies EA, Thalib L, Griffiths S. Pelvic static magnetic stimulation to control urinary incontinence in older women: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Med Res. 2012;10:7–14.PubMedCrossRef Wallis MC, Davies EA, Thalib L, Griffiths S. Pelvic static magnetic stimulation to control urinary incontinence in older women: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Med Res. 2012;10:7–14.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference •• Lipp A, Shaw C, Glavind K. Mechanical devices for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(7):CD001756. This systematic review and meta-analysis with rigorous methodology evaluates the efficacy of mechanical devices for UI in women. •• Lipp A, Shaw C, Glavind K. Mechanical devices for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(7):CD001756. This systematic review and meta-analysis with rigorous methodology evaluates the efficacy of mechanical devices for UI in women.
88.
go back to reference Moore KN, Schieman S, Ackerman T, Dzus HY, Metcalfe JB, Voaklander DC. Assessing comfort, safety, and patient satisfaction with three commonly used penile compression devices. Urology. 2004;63:150–4.PubMedCrossRef Moore KN, Schieman S, Ackerman T, Dzus HY, Metcalfe JB, Voaklander DC. Assessing comfort, safety, and patient satisfaction with three commonly used penile compression devices. Urology. 2004;63:150–4.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Vaughan CP, Goode PS, Burgio KL, Markland AD. Urinary incontinence in older adults. Mt Sinai J Med. 2011;78:558–70.PubMedCrossRef Vaughan CP, Goode PS, Burgio KL, Markland AD. Urinary incontinence in older adults. Mt Sinai J Med. 2011;78:558–70.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Griebling T. Geriatric urology In: Solomon DH, LoCicero L, Rosenthal R (eds) New Frontiers in Geriatric Research. American Geriatric Society, 2004. pp 269-302. Griebling T. Geriatric urology In: Solomon DH, LoCicero L, Rosenthal R (eds) New Frontiers in Geriatric Research. American Geriatric Society, 2004. pp 269-302.
91.
go back to reference Monga AK, Robinson D, Stanton SL. Periurethral collagen injections for genuine stress incontinence: a 2-year follow-up. Br J Urol. 1995;76:156–60.PubMedCrossRef Monga AK, Robinson D, Stanton SL. Periurethral collagen injections for genuine stress incontinence: a 2-year follow-up. Br J Urol. 1995;76:156–60.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Ghoniem G, Corcos J, Comiter C, Westney OL, Herschorn S. Durability of urethral bulking agent injection for female stress urinary incontinence: 2-year multicenter study results. J Urol. 2010;183:1444–9.PubMedCrossRef Ghoniem G, Corcos J, Comiter C, Westney OL, Herschorn S. Durability of urethral bulking agent injection for female stress urinary incontinence: 2-year multicenter study results. J Urol. 2010;183:1444–9.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Herschorn S, Bruschini H, Comiter C, Grise P, Hanus T, Kirschner-Hermanns R, et al. Surgical treatment of stress incontinence in men. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29:179–90.PubMedCrossRef Herschorn S, Bruschini H, Comiter C, Grise P, Hanus T, Kirschner-Hermanns R, et al. Surgical treatment of stress incontinence in men. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29:179–90.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Ku JH, Oh JG, Shin JW, Kim SW, Paick JS. Age is not a limiting factor for midurethral sling procedures in the elderly with urinary incontinence. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2006;61:194–9.PubMedCrossRef Ku JH, Oh JG, Shin JW, Kim SW, Paick JS. Age is not a limiting factor for midurethral sling procedures in the elderly with urinary incontinence. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2006;61:194–9.PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Kim J, Lucioni A, Govier F, Kobashi K. Worse long-term surgical outcomes in elderly patients undergoing SPARC retropubic midurethral sling placement. BJU Int. 2011;108:708–12.PubMedCrossRef Kim J, Lucioni A, Govier F, Kobashi K. Worse long-term surgical outcomes in elderly patients undergoing SPARC retropubic midurethral sling placement. BJU Int. 2011;108:708–12.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Albo ME, Richter HE, Brubaker L, Norton P, Kraus SR, Zimmern PE, et al. Burch colposuspension versus fascial sling to reduce urinary stress incontinence. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2143–55.PubMedCrossRef Albo ME, Richter HE, Brubaker L, Norton P, Kraus SR, Zimmern PE, et al. Burch colposuspension versus fascial sling to reduce urinary stress incontinence. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2143–55.PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Comiter CV. Male incontinence surgery in the 21st century: past, present, and future. Curr Opin Urol. 2010;20:302–8.PubMedCrossRef Comiter CV. Male incontinence surgery in the 21st century: past, present, and future. Curr Opin Urol. 2010;20:302–8.PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Blaganje M, Lukanovic A. Intrasphincteric autologous myoblast injections with electrical stimulation for stress urinary incontinence. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;117:164–7.PubMedCrossRef Blaganje M, Lukanovic A. Intrasphincteric autologous myoblast injections with electrical stimulation for stress urinary incontinence. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012;117:164–7.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference •• Vinsnes AG, Helbostad JL, Nyronning S, Harkless GE, Granbo R, Seim A. Effect of physical training on urinary incontinence: a randomized parallel group trial in nursing homes. Clin Interv Aging. 2012;7:45–50. This trial highlights the importance of treating co-existing conditions, specifically decreased activities of daily living, to improve UI. PubMedCrossRef •• Vinsnes AG, Helbostad JL, Nyronning S, Harkless GE, Granbo R, Seim A. Effect of physical training on urinary incontinence: a randomized parallel group trial in nursing homes. Clin Interv Aging. 2012;7:45–50. This trial highlights the importance of treating co-existing conditions, specifically decreased activities of daily living, to improve UI. PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Urinary Incontinence: Diagnosis and Treatment in the Elderly
Authors
Joy A. Greer
Lily A. Arya
Ariana L. Smith
Publication date
01-06-2013
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Geriatrics Reports / Issue 2/2013
Electronic ISSN: 2196-7865
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-013-0037-6

Other articles of this Issue 2/2013

Current Geriatrics Reports 2/2013 Go to the issue

Geriatric Orthopedics (EG Meinberg, Section Editor)

Management of Severe Osteoporosis in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty

Geriatric Urology (TJ Guzzo, Section Editor)

Perioperative Assessment of Elderly Surgical Patients

Geriatric Orthopedics (EG Meinberg, Section Editor)

Medical Management of Osteoporosis When Bisphosphonates Fail

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.