Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Neurotherapeutics
Published in: Neurotherapeutics 4/2018

01-10-2018 | Current Perspectives

Ketogenic Diets for Adult Neurological Disorders

Authors: Tanya J. W. McDonald, Mackenzie C. Cervenka

Published in: Neurotherapeutics | Issue 4/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

The current review highlights the evidence supporting the use of ketogenic diet therapies in the management of a growing number of neurological disorders in adults. An overview of the scientific literature supporting posited mechanisms of therapeutic efficacy is presented including effects on neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and neuro-inflammation. The clinical evidence supporting ketogenic diet use in the management of adult epilepsy, malignant glioma, Alzheimer’s disease, migraine headache, motor neuron disease, and other neurologic disorders is highlighted and reviewed. Lastly, common adverse effects of ketogenic therapy in adults, including gastrointestinal symptoms, weight loss, and transient dyslipidemia are discussed.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
2.
3.
Zupec-Kania BA Spellman E. An overview of the ketogenic diet for pediatric epilepsy. Nutr Clin Pract. 1998;23(6):589–96.CrossRef
4.
Kossoff EH, Rowley H, Sinha SR, Vining EPG. A prospective study of the modified Atkins diet for intractable epilepsy in adults. Epilepsia. 2008;49(2):316–9.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Cervenka MC, Terao NN, Bosarge JL, Henry BJ, Klees AA, Morrison PF, et al. E-mail management of the modified Atkins diet for adults with epilepsy is feasible and effective. Epilepsia. 2012;53(4):728–32.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Neal EG, Cross JH. Efficacy of dietary treatments for epilepsy. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2010;23(2):113–9.CrossRefPubMed
7.
8.
McDonald TJW, Cervenka MC. Ketogenic diets for adults with highly refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr. 2017;17(6).
9.
10.
11.
12.
Tan KN, Carrasco-Pozo C, McDonald TS, Puchowicz M, Borges K. Tridecanoin is anticonvulsant, antioxidant, and improves mitochondrial function. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017;37(6):2035–48.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Wlaź P, Socała K, Nieoczym D, Zarnowski T, Zarnowska I, Czuczwar SJ, et al. Acute anticonvulsant effects of capric acid in seizure tests in mice. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry. 2015;57:110–6.CrossRef
14.
Chang P, Augustin K, Boddum K, Williams S, Sun M, Terschak JA, et al. Seizure control by decanoic acid through direct AMPA receptor inhibition. Brain. 2016;139(2):431–43.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Erecińska M, Nelson D, Daikhin Y, Yudkoff M. Regulation of GABA level in rat brain synaptosomes: fluxes through enzymes of the GABA shunt and effects of glutamate, calcium, and ketone bodies. J Neurochem [Internet]. 1996;67(6):2325–34. Available from: http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​pubmed/​8931464
16.
Melø TM, Nehlig A, Sonnewald U. Neuronal-glial interactions in rats fed a ketogenic diet. Neurochem Int. 2006;48(6–7):498–507.CrossRefPubMed
17.
18.
Wang ZJ, Bergqvist C, Hunter J V., Jin D, Wang DJ, Wehrli S, et al. In vivo measurement of brain metabolites using two-dimensional double-quantum MR spectroscopy—Exploration of GABA levels in a ketogenic diet. Magn Reson Med. 2003;49(4):615–9.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Dahlin M, Elfving Å, Ungerstedt U, Åmark P. The ketogenic diet influences the levels of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the CSF in children with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2005;64(3):115–25.CrossRefPubMed
20.
21.
22.
Sullivan PG, Rippy NA, Dorenbos K, Concepcion RC, Agarwal AK, Rho JM. The Ketogenic Diet Increases Mitochondrial Uncoupling Protein Levels and Activity. 2004;576–80.
23.
Bough KJ, Wetherington J, Hassel B, Pare JF, Gawryluk JW, Greene JG, et al. Mitochondrial Biogenesis in the Anticonvulsant Mechanism of the Ketogenic Diet. 2006;5:223–35.
24.
25.
McDaniel SS, Rensing NR, Thio LL, Yamada KA, Wong M. The ketogenic diet inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Epilepsia. 2011;52(3):7–11.CrossRef
26.
27.
28.
Kim DY, Simeone KA, Simeone TA, Pandya JD, Wilke JC, Ahn Y, et al. Ketone bodies mediate antiseizure effects through mitochondrial permeability transition. Ann Neurol. 2015;78(1):77–87.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Shimazu T, Hirschey M, Newman J, He W, Shirakawa K, Moan N Le, et al. Suppression of Oxidative Stress by. 2013;(January):211–4.
30.
Jeong EA, Jeon BT, Shin HJ, Kim N, Lee DH, Kim HJ, et al. Ketogenic diet-induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation decreases neuroinflammation in the mouse hippocampus after kainic acid-induced seizures. Exp Neurol. Elsevier Inc.; 2011;232(2):195–202.CrossRefPubMed
31.
32.
Ruskin DN, Kawamura M, Masino SA. Reduced Pain and Inflammation in Juvenile and Adult Rats Fed a Ketogenic Diet. 2009;4(12):1–6.
33.
Yang X, Cheng B. Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ketogenic Diet on MPTP-induced Neurotoxicity. 2010;145–53.
34.
Youm Y, Nguyen KY, Grant RW, Goldberg EL, Bodogai M, Kim D, et al. The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nat Med [Internet]. Nature Publishing Group; 2015;21(3):263–9. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​nm.​3804
35.
Cullingford TE. The ketogenic diet; fatty acids, fatty acid-activated receptors and neurological disorders. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat Acids. 2004;70(3):253–64.CrossRef
36.
Rahman M, Muhammad S, Khan MA, Chen H, Ridder DA, Müller-Fielitz H, et al. The b-hydroxybutyrate receptor HCA 2 activates a neuroprotective subset of macrophages. Nat Commun. 2014;5(May):1–11.
37.
Seyfried TN, Sanderson TM, El-Abbadi MM, McGowan R, Mukherjee P. Role of glucose and ketone bodies in the metabolic control of experimental brain cancer. Br J Cancer. 2003;89(7):1375–82.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Marsh J, Mukherjee P, Seyfried TN. Drug/diet synergy for managing malignant astrocytoma in mice: 2-deoxy-D-glucose and the restricted ketogenic diet. Nutr Metab. 2008;5(1):1–5.CrossRef
39.
Poff A, Koutnik AP, Egan KM, Sahebjam S, D’Agostino D, Kumar NB. Targeting the Warburg effect for cancer treatment: Ketogenic diets for management of glioma. Semin Cancer Biol. 2018;(June 2017).
40.
41.
Abdelwahab MG, Fenton KE, Preul MC, Rho JM, Lynch A, Stafford P, et al. The ketogenic diet is an effective adjuvant to radiation therapy for the treatment of malignant glioma. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):1–7.CrossRef
42.
Woolf EC, Curley KL, Liu Q, Turner GH, Charlton JA, Preul MC, et al. The ketogenic diet alters the hypoxic response and affects expression of proteins associated with angiogenesis, invasive potential and vascular permeability in a mouse glioma model. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):1–18.CrossRef
43.
44.
45.
46.
Bowers LW, Rossi EL, O’Flanagan CH, De Graffenried LA, Hursting SD. The role of the insulin/IGF system in cancer: Lessons learned from clinical trials and the energy balance-cancer link. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2015;6(MAY):1–16.
47.
48.
Studzinski CM, MacKay WA, Beckett TL, Henderson ST, Murphy MP, Sullivan PG, et al. Induction of ketosis may improve mitochondrial function and decrease steady-state amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) levels in the aged dog. Brain Res. 2008;1226:209–17.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Van Der Auwera I, Wera S, Van Leuven F, Henderson ST. A ketogenic diet reduces amyloid beta 40 and 42 in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Nutr Metab. 2005;2:1–8.CrossRef
50.
Yin JX, Maalouf M, Han P, Zhao M, Gao M, Dharshaun T, et al. Ketones block amyloid entry and improve cognition in an Alzheimer’s model. Neurobiol Aging. Elsevier Inc; 2016;39:25–37.CrossRefPubMed
51.
52.
Gilbert DL, Pyzik PL, Freeman JM. The ketogenic diet: seizure control correlates better with serum beta-hydroxybutyrate than with urine ketones. J Child Neurol. 2000;15(12):787–90.CrossRefPubMed
53.
van Delft R, Lambrechts D, Verschuure P, Hulsman J, Majoie M. Blood beta-hydroxybutyrate correlates better with seizure reduction due to ketogenic diet than do ketones in the urine. Seizure. 2010;19(1):36–9.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Amark PE, Ballaban-Gil KR, Christina Bergqvist AG, Blackford R, et al. Optimal clinical management of children receiving the ketogenic diet: Recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia. 2009;50(2):304–17.CrossRefPubMed
55.
56.
Buchhalter JR, D’Alfonso S, Connolly M, Fung E, Michoulas A, Sinasac D, et al. The relationship between D-beta-hydroxybutyrate blood concentrations and seizure control in children treated with the ketogenic diet for medically intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia Open [Internet]. 2017;2(3):317–21. Available from: http://​doi.​wiley.​com/​10.​1002/​epi4.​12058
57.
58.
Martin K, Jackson CF, Levy RG, Cooper PN. Ketogenic diet and other dietary treatments for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(2).
59.
C.J. Barborka. Epilepsy in adults: results of treatment by ketogenic diet in one hundred cases. Arch Neurol Psych. 1930;23:904–14.CrossRef
60.
C.J. Barborka. Ketogenic diet treatment of epilepsy in adults. JAMA. 1928;9(2):73–8.CrossRef
61.
Ye F, Li XJ, Jiang WL, Sun H Bin, Liu J. Efficacy of and patient compliance with a ketogenic diet in adults with intractable epilepsy: A meta-analysis. J Clin Neurol. 2015;11(1):26–31.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
62.
Cervenka MC, Henry BJ, Felton EA, Patton K, Kossoff EH. Establishing an Adult Epilepsy Diet Center: Experience, efficacy and challenges. Epilepsy Behav. 2016;58:61–8.CrossRefPubMed
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
Kverneland M, Molteberg E, Iversen PO, Veierød MB, Taubøll E, Selmer KK, et al. Effect of modified Atkins diet in adults with drug-resistant focal epilepsy: A randomized clinical trial. 2018;(May):1–10.
69.
70.
Wusthoff CJ, Kranick SM, Morley JF, Bergqvist AGC. The ketogenic diet in treatment of two adults with prolonged nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2010;51(6):1083–5.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Martikainen MH, Paivarinta M, Jaaskelainen S, Majamaa K., Martikainen M.H. PM. JS. MK. Successful treatment of POLG-related mitochondrial epilepsy. Epileptic Disord. 2012;14(4):438–41.
72.
Nam SH, Lee BL, Lee CG, Yu HJ, Joo EY, Lee J, et al. The role of ketogenic diet in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2011;52(11):e181–4.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Strzelczyk A, Reif PS, Bauer S, Belke M, Oertel WH, Knake S, et al. Intravenous initiation and maintenance of ketogenic diet: Proof of concept in super-refractory status epilepticus. Seizure. 2013;22(7):581–3.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Thakur KT, Probasco JC, Hocker SE, Roehl K, Henry B, Kossoff EH, et al. Ketogenic diet for adults in super-refractory status epilepticus. Neurology. 2014;82(8):665–70.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
75.
76.
Cervenka MC, Hocker SE, Koenig M, Bar B, Henry-Barron B, Kossoff EH, et al. A phase I/II multicenter ketogenic diet study for adult super-refractory status epilepticus. Neurology. 2017;In Press:938–43.
77.
Shorvon S, Ferlisi M. The outcome of therapies in refractory and super-refractory convulsive status epilepticus and recommendations for therapy. Brain. 2012;135(8):2314–28.CrossRefPubMed
78.
79.
80.
Warburg O. On the origin of cancer cells. Science (80- ). 1956;123:309–14.CrossRef
81.
Seyfried TN, Flores RE, Poff AM, D’Agostino DP. Cancer as a metabolic disease: Implications for novel therapeutics. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(3):515–27.CrossRefPubMed
82.
83.
Derr RL, Ye X, Islas MU, Desideri S, Saudek CD, Grossman SA. Association between hyperglycemia and survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(7):1082–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
84.
McGirt MJ, Chaichana KL, Gathinji M, Attenello F, Than K, Ruiz AJ, et al. Persistent outpatient hyperglycemia is independently associated with decreased survival after primary resection of malignant brain astrocytomas. Neurosurgery. 2008;63(2):286–91.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Mayer A, Vaupel P, Struss HG, Giese A, Stockinger M, Schmidberger H. Ausgeprägt negativer prognostischer Einfluss von hyperglykämischen Episoden während der adjuvanten Radiochemotherapie des Glioblastoma multiforme. Strahlentherapie und Onkol. 2014;190(10):933–8.CrossRef
86.
Adeberg S, Bernhardt D, Foerster R, Bostel T, Koerber SA, Mohr A, et al. The influence of hyperglycemia during radiotherapy on survival in patients with primary glioblastoma. Acta Oncol (Madr). 2016;55(2):201–7.CrossRef
87.
Zuccoli G, Marcello N, Pisanello A, Servadei F, Vaccaro S, Mukherjee P, et al. Metabolic management of glioblastoma multiforme using standard therapy together with a restricted ketogenic diet: Case Report. Nutr Metab. 2010;7:1–7.CrossRef
88.
Champ CE, Palmer JD, Volek JS, Werner-Wasik M, Andrews DW, Evans JJ, et al. Targeting metabolism with a ketogenic diet during the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol. 2014;117(1):125–31.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Schwartz K, Chang HT, Nikolai M, Pernicone J, Rhee S, Olson K, et al. Treatment of glioma patients with ketogenic diets: report of two cases treated with an IRB-approved energy-restricted ketogenic diet protocol and review of the literature. Cancer Metab [Internet]. 2015;3(1):3. Available from: http://​www.​cancerandmetabol​ism.​com/​content/​3/​1/​3
90.
Rieger J, Bähr O, Maurer GD, Hattingen E, Franz K, Brucker D, et al. ERGO: A pilot study of ketogenic diet in recurrent glioblastoma. Int J Oncol. 2014;45(6):1843–52.CrossRef
91.
92.
Wilkins HM, Swerdlow RH. Amyloid precursor protein processing and bioenergetics. Brain Res Bull. Elsevier Inc.; 2017;133:71–9.
93.
Castellano C-A, Nugent S, Paquet N, Tremblay S, Bocti C, Lacombe G, et al. Lower brain 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake but normal 11C-acetoacetate metabolism in mild Alzheimer’s disease dementia. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2015;43(4):1343–53.CrossRef
94.
Winkler EA, Nishida Y, Sagare AP, Rege S V., Bell RD, Perlmutter D, et al. GLUT1 reductions exacerbate Alzheimer’s disease vasculo-neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Nat Neurosci. Nature Publishing Group; 2015;18(4):521–30.
95.
Taylor MK, Sullivan DK, Swerdlow RH, Vidoni ED, Morris JK, Mahnken JD, et al. A high-glycemic diet is associated with cerebral amyloid burden in cognitively normal older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(6):1463–70.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
96.
de la Monte SM. Insulin Resistance and Neurodegeneration: Progress Towards the Development of New Therapeutics for Alzheimer’s Disease. Drugs. Springer International Publishing; 2017;77(1):47–65.
97.
Gaspar JM, Baptista FI, MacEdo MP, Ambrósio AF. Inside the Diabetic Brain: Role of Different Players Involved in Cognitive Decline. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2016;7(2):131–42.CrossRefPubMed
98.
Reger MA, Henderson ST, Hale C, Cholerton B, Baker LD, Watson GS, et al. Effects of β-hydroxybutyrate on cognition in memory-impaired adults. Neurobiol Aging. 2004;25(3):311–4.CrossRefPubMed
99.
Ota M, Matsuo J, Ishida I, Hattori K, Teraishi T, Tonouchi H, et al. Effect of a ketogenic meal on cognitive function in elderly adults: potential for cognitive enhancement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) [Internet]. Psychopharmacology; 2016;233(21–22):3797–802. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00213-016-4414-7
100.
Krikorian R, Shidler MD, Dangelo K, Couch SC, Benoit SC, Clegg DJ. Dietary ketosis enhances memory in mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging. Elsevier Inc.; 2012;33(2):425.e19–425.e27.
101.
Newport MT, Vanitallie TB, Kashiwaya Y, King MT, Veech RL. A new way to produce hyperketonemia: Use of ketone ester in a case of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. Elsevier Inc; 2015;11(1):99–103.CrossRef
102.
Taylor MK, Sullivan DK, Mahnken JD, Burns JM, Swerdlow RH. Feasibility and efficacy data from a ketogenic diet intervention in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement Transl Res Clin Interv. Elsevier Inc.; 2018;4:28–36.CrossRef
103.
104.
Rebello CJ, Keller JN, Liu AG, Johnson WD, Greenway FL. Pilot feasibility and safety study examining the effect of medium chain triglyceride supplementation in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. BBA Clin. The Authors; 2015;3:123–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
105.
Ohnuma T, Toda A, Kimoto A, Takebayashi Y, Higashiyama R, Tagata Y, et al. Benefits of use, and tolerance of, medium-chain triglyceride medical food in the management of Japanese patients with Alzheimer’s disease: A prospective, open-label pilot study. Clin Interv Aging. 2016;11:29–36.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
106.
Croteau E, Castellano C-A, Richard MA, Fortier M, Nugent S, Lepage M, et al. Ketogenic Medium Chain Triglycerides Increase Brain Energy Metabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;1–2.
107.
Barbanti P, Fofi L, Aurilia C, Egeo G, Caprio M. Ketogenic diet in migraine: rationale, findings and perspectives. Neurol Sci. 2017;38:111–5.CrossRefPubMed
108.
de Almeida Rabello Oliveira M, da Rocha Ataíde T, de Oliveira SL, de Melo Lucena AL, de Lira CEPR, Soares AA, et al. Effects of short-term and long-term treatment with medium- and long-chain triglycerides ketogenic diet on cortical spreading depression in young rats. Neurosci Lett. 2008;434(1):66–70.CrossRefPubMed
109.
Schnabel T. An experience with a ketogenic dietary in migraine. Ann Intern Med. 1928;2:341–7.CrossRef
110.
111.
Di Lorenzo C, Coppola G, Sirianni G, Di Lorenzo G, Bracaglia M, Di Lenola D, et al. Migraine improvement during short lasting ketogenesis: A proof-of-concept study. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(1):170–7.CrossRefPubMed
112.
Di Lorenzo C, Coppola G, Bracaglia M, Di Lenola D, Evangelista M, Sirianni G, et al. Cortical functional correlates of responsiveness to short-lasting preventive intervention with ketogenic diet in migraine: a multimodal evoked potentials study. J Headache Pain. 2016;17(1):2377.CrossRef
113.
Di Lorenzo C, Curra A, Sirianni G, Coppola G, Bracaglia M, Cardillo A, et al. Diet transiently improves migraine in twin sisters: possible role of ketogenesis? Funct Neurol. 2013;28(4):305–8.PubMed
114.
Di Lorenzo C, Coppola G, Di Lenola D, Evangelista M, Sirianni G, Rossi P, et al. Efficacy of modified atkins ketogenic diet in chronic cluster headache: An open-label, single-arm, clinical trial. Front Neurol. 2018;9(FEB).
115.
Körner S, Kollewe K, Ilsemann J, Müller-Heine A, Dengler R, Krampfl K, et al. Prevalence and prognostic impact of comorbidities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(4):647–54.CrossRefPubMed
116.
Tefera TW, Tan KN, McDonald TS, Borges K. Alternative Fuels in Epilepsy and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurochem Res. Springer US; 2017;42(6):1610–20.CrossRefPubMed
117.
Cistaro A, Valentini MC, Chiò A, Nobili F, Calvo A, Moglia C, et al. Brain hypermetabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A FDG PET study in ALS of spinal and bulbar onset. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39(2):251–9.CrossRefPubMed
118.
119.
Dupuis L, Pradat PF, Ludolph AC, Loeffler JP. Energy metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(1):75–82.CrossRefPubMed
120.
Körner S, Hendricks M, Kollewe K, Zapf A, Dengler R, Silani V, et al. Weight loss, dysphagia and supplement intake in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): impact on quality of life and therapeutic options. BioMed Cent. 2013;13(84):83.
121.
Fournier C, Bedlack R, Hardiman O, Heiman-Patterson T, Gutmann L, Bromberg M, et al. ALS untangled no. 20: The Deanna Protocol. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Front Degener. 2013;14(4):319–23.CrossRef
122.
Miquel E, Cassina A, Martínez-Palma L, Bolatto C, Trías E, Gandelman M, et al. Modulation of astrocytic mitochondrial function by dichloroacetate improves survival and motor performance in inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):1–9.CrossRef
123.
Zhao W, Varghese M, Vempati P, Dzhun A, Cheng A, Wang J, et al. Caprylic Triglyceride as a Novel Therapeutic Approach to Effectively Improve the Performance and Attenuate the Symptoms Due to the Motor Neuron Loss in ALS Disease. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):1–8.
124.
Ari C, Poff AM, Held HE, Landon CS, Goldhagen CR, Mavromates N, et al. Metabolic therapy with Deanna Protocol supplementation delays disease progression and extends survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse model. PLoS One. 2014;9(7).
125.
Tefera TW, Wong Y, Barkl-Luke ME, Ngo ST, Thomas NK, McDonald TS, et al. Triheptanoin protects motor neurons and delays the onset of motor symptoms in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):1–24.CrossRef
126.
Zhao Z, Lange DJ, Voustianiouk A, MacGrogan D, Ho L, Suh J, et al. A ketogenic diet as a potential novel therapeutic intervention in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BMC Neurosci. 2006;7:1–10.CrossRef
127.
128.
129.
Prins ML, Fujima LS, Hovda DA. Age-dependent reduction of cortical contusion volume by ketones after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res. 2005;82(3):413–20.CrossRefPubMed
130.
Hu ZG, Wang HD, Qiao L, Yan W, Tan QF, Yin HX. The protective effect of the ketogenic diet on traumatic brain injury-induced cell death in juvenile rats. Brain Inj. 2009;23(5):459–65.CrossRefPubMed
131.
Kashiwaya Y, Takeshima T, Mori N, Nakashima K, Clarke K, Veech RL. D-b-Hydroxybutyrate protects neurons in models of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Pnas. 2000;97(10):5440–4.CrossRefPubMed
132.
133.
134.
Tieu K, Ramasamy R, Przedborski S, Tieu K, Perier C, Caspersen C, et al. D-b-Hydroxybutyrate rescues mitochondrial respiration and mitigates features of Parkinson disease Find the latest version : D-β-Hydroxybutyrate rescues mitochondrial respiration and mitigates features of Parkinson disease. 2003;112(6):892–901.
135.
VanItallie T, Nonas C, Di Rocco A, Boyar N, Hymans K, Heymsfield SB. Treatment of Parkinson disease with diet-induced hyperketonemia: A. Neurology. 2005;64:728–30.CrossRefPubMed
136.
Kim DY, Hao J, Liu R, Turner G, Shi F, Rho JM. Inflammation-Mediated Memory Dysfunction and Effects of a Ketogenic Diet in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis. 2012;7(5).
137.
138.
Swidsinski A, Dörffel Y, Loening-Baucke V, Gille C, Göktas Ö, Reißhauer A, et al. Reduced mass and diversity of the colonic microbiome in patients with multiple sclerosis and their improvement with ketogenic diet. Front Microbiol. 2017;8(JUN):1–9.
139.
140.
141.
Carrette E, Vonck K, de Herdt V, Dewaele I, Raedt R, Goossens L, et al. A pilot trial with modified Atkins’ diet in adult patients with refractory epilepsy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008;110(8):797–803.CrossRefPubMed
142.
Lambrechts DAJE, Wielders LHP, Aldenkamp AP, Kessels FGH, de Kinderen RJA, Majoie MJM. The ketogenic diet as a treatment option in adults with chronic refractory epilepsy: Efficacy and tolerability in clinical practice. Epilepsy Behav [Internet]. Elsevier Inc.; 2012;23(3):310–4. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​yebeh.​2012.​01.​002
143.
Pinto A, Bonucci A, Maggi E, Corsi M, Businaro R. Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ketogenic Diet: New Perspectives for Neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s Disease. Antioxidants [Internet]. 2018;7(5):63. Available from: http://​www.​mdpi.​com/​2076-3921/​7/​5/​63
144.
Mosek A, Natour H, Neufeld MY, Shiff Y, Vaisman N. Ketogenic diet treatment in adults with refractory epilepsy: A prospective pilot study. Seizure. 2009;18(1):30–3.CrossRefPubMed
145.
146.
McDonald TJW, Ratchford EV, Henry-Barron BJ, Kossoff EH, Cervenka MC. Impact of the modified Atkins diet on cardiovascular health in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2018;79.
147.
Heussinger N, Della Marina A, Beyerlein A, Leiendecker B, Hermann-Alves S, Dalla Pozza R, et al. 10 patients, 10 years—Long term follow-up of cardiovascular risk factors in Glut1 deficiency treated with ketogenic diet therapies: A prospective, multicenter case series. Clin Nutr. 2017;1–6.
148.
Santos FL, Esteves SS, da Costa Pereira A, Yancy WS, Nunes JPL. Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors. Obes Rev. 2012;13(11):1048–66.CrossRefPubMed
149.
Bueno NB, De Melo ISV, De Oliveira SL, Da Rocha Ataide T. Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: A meta-analysis of Randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(7):1178–87.CrossRefPubMed
150.
Naude CE, Schoonees A, Senekal M, Young T, Garner P, Volmink J. Low carbohydrate versus isoenergetic balanced diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(7).
151.
Iacovides S, Meiring RM. The effect of a ketogenic diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on sleep, cognition, thyroid function, and cardiovascular health independent of weight loss: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. Trials; 2018;19(1):1–9.
152.
Mackay MT, Bicknell-Royle J, Nation J, Humphrey M, Harvey AS. The ketogenic diet in refractory childhood epilepsy. J Paediatr Child Health. 2005;41(7):353–7.CrossRefPubMed
153.
Bergqvist AGC, Schall JI, Stallings VA, Zemel BS. Progressive bone mineral content loss in children with intractable epilepsy treated with the ketogenic diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(6):1678–84.CrossRefPubMed
154.
Heo G, Kim SH, Chang MJ. Effect of ketogenic diet and other dietary therapies on anti-epileptic drug concentrations in patients with epilepsy. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2017;42(6):758–64.CrossRefPubMed
155.
Coppola G, Verrotti A, D’Aniello A, Arcieri S, Operto FF, Della Corte R, et al. Valproic acid and phenobarbital blood levels during the first month of treatment with the ketogenic diet. Acta Neurol Scand. 2010;122(4):303–7.CrossRefPubMed
156.
Dahlin MG, Beck OML, Åmark PE. Plasma Levels of Antiepileptic Drugs in Children on the Ketogenic Diet. Pediatr Neurol. 2006;35(1):6–10.CrossRefPubMed
157.
Coppola G, Epifanio G, Auricchio G, Federico RR, Resicato G, Pascotto A. Plasma free carnitine in epilepsy children, adolescents and young adults treated with old and new antiepileptic drugs with or without ketogenic diet. Brain Dev. 2006;28(6):358–65.CrossRefPubMed
158.
159.
Furth SL, Casey JC, Pyzik PL, Neu A M, Docimo SG, Vining EP, et al. Risk factors for urolithiasis in children on the ketogenic diet. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;15(1–2):125–8.CrossRefPubMed
160.
Maalouf NM, Langston JP, Van Ness PC, Moe OW, Sakhaee K. Nephrolithiasis in topiramate users. Urol Res. 2011;39(4):303–7.CrossRefPubMed
161.
Kossoff EH, Pyzik PL, Furth SL, Hladky HD, Freeman JM, Vining EPG. Kidney stones, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia. 2002;43(10):1168–71.CrossRefPubMed
162.
163.
Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Auvin S, Ballaban-Gil KR, Christina Bergqvist AG, Blackford R, et al. Optimal clinical management of children receiving dietary therapies for epilepsy: Updated recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia Open [Internet]. 2018;3(2):175–92. Available from: http://​doi.​wiley.​com/​10.​1002/​epi4.​12225
Metadata
Title
Ketogenic Diets for Adult Neurological Disorders
Authors
Tanya J. W. McDonald
Mackenzie C. Cervenka
Publication date
01-10-2018
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Neurotherapeutics / Issue 4/2018
Print ISSN: 1933-7213
Electronic ISSN: 1878-7479
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-018-0666-8

Other articles of this Issue 4/2018

Neurotherapeutics 4/2018 Go to the issue

Review

GNE Myopathy: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Challenges

Review

Myotonic Dystrophies: Targeting Therapies for Multisystem Disease

Editorial

Myopathy: Recent Progress, Current Therapies, and Future Directions

Review

Autoimmune Myopathies: Updates on Evaluation and Treatment

Original Article

Psychiatric Symptoms in Refractory Epilepsy During the First Year After Surgery

Original Article

Decreased Concentration of Irisin Is Associated with Poor Functional Outcome in Ischemic Stroke