Top

The journal of nutrition, health & aging

Published in:

01-04-2021 | Sarcopenia

Respiratory Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Respiratory Disability: Concepts, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Authors: A. Nagano, Hidetaka Wakabayashi, K. Maeda, Y. Kokura, S. Miyazaki, T. Mori, D. Fujiwara

Published in: The journal of nutrition, health & aging | Issue 4/2021

Abstract

The condition of muscle fiber atrophy and weakness that occurs in respiratory muscles along with systemic skeletal muscle with age is known as respiratory sarcopenia. The Japanese Working Group of Respiratory Sarcopenia of the Japanese Association of Rehabilitation Nutrition narratively reviews these areas, and proposes the concept and diagnostic criteria. We have defined respiratory sarcopenia as “whole-body sarcopenia and low respiratory muscle mass followed by low respiratory muscle strength and/or low respiratory function.” Respiratory sarcopenia can be caused by various factors such as aging, decreased activity, undernutrition, disease, cachexia, and iatrogenic causes. We have also created an algorithm for diagnosing respiratory sarcopenia. Respiratory function decreases with age in healthy older people, along with low respiratory muscle mass and strength. We have created a new term, “Presbypnea,” meaning a decline in respiratory function with aging. Minor functional respiratory disability due to aging, such as that indicated by a modified Medical Research Council level 1 (troubled by shortness of breath when hurrying or walking straight up hill), is an indicator of presbypnea. We also define sarcopenic respiratory disability as “a disability with deteriorated respiratory function that results from respiratory sarcopenia.” Sarcopenic respiratory disability is diagnosed if respiratory sarcopenia is present with functional disability. Cases of respiratory sarcopenia without functional disability are diagnosed as “at risk of sarcopenic respiratory disability.” Functional disability is defined as a modified Medical Research Council grade of 2 or more. Rehabilitation nutrition, treatment that combines rehabilitation and nutritional management, may be adequate to prevent and treat respiratory sarcopenia and sarcopenic respiratory disability.

Kera T, Kawai H, Hirano H, Kojima M, Watanabe Y, Motokawa K, et al. Definition of Respiratory Sarcopenia With Peak Expiratory Flow Rate. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20:1021–1025. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2018.12.013PubMedCrossRef

Vang P, Vasdev A, Zhan WZ, Gransee HM, Sieck GC, Mantilla CB. Diaphragm muscle sarcopenia into very old age in mice. Physiol Rep. 2020;8:e14305. doi:https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14305PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Greising SM, Mantilla CB, Medina-Martinez JS, Stowe JM, Sieck GC. Functional impact of diaphragm muscle sarcopenia in both male and female mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2015;309:L46–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00064.2015PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Greising SM, Mantilla CB, Gorman BA, Ermilov LG, Sieck GC. Diaphragm muscle sarcopenia in aging mice. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48:881–887. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2013.06.001PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Ohara DG, Pegorari MS, Oliveira Dos Santos NL, de Fatima Ribeiro Silva C, Monteiro RL, Matos AP, et al. Respiratory Muscle Strength as a Discriminator of Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22:952–958. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1079-4PubMedCrossRef

Greising SM, Ottenheijm CAC, O’Halloran KD, Barreiro E. Diaphragm plasticity in aging and disease: therapies for muscle weakness go from strength to strength. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018;125:243–253. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01059.2017CrossRef

Buchman AS, Boyle PA, Wilson RS, Leurgans S, Shah RC, Bennett DA. Respiratory muscle strength predicts decline in mobility in older persons. Neuroepidemiology. 2008;31:174–180. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000154930PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Bestall JC, Paul EA, Garrod R, Garnham R, Jones PW, Wedzicha JA. Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1999;54:581–586. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.54.7.581PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Ratnovsky A, Elad D, Halpern P. Mechanics of respiratory muscles. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 2008;163:82–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2008.04.019CrossRef

10.

Ju S, Lee SJ, Park MJ, Cho YJ, Jeong YY, Jeon KN, et al. Clinical importance of cross-sectional area of intercostal muscles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Respir J. 2018;12:939–947. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.12609PubMedCrossRef

11.

Fernandes L, de Oliveira IM, Fernandes P, de Souza Neto JD, Farias M, de Freitas NA, et al. Impact of Heart Transplantation on the Recovery of Peripheral and Respiratory Muscle Mass and Strength in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. Transplant Direct. 2018;4:e395. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/txd.0000000000000837PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

12.

Nakanishi N, Oto J, Ueno Y, Nakataki E, Itagaki T, Nishimura M. Change in diaphragm and intercostal muscle thickness in mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective observational ultrasonography study. J Intensive Care. 2019;7:56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40560-019-0410-4PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

13.

Zambon M, Greco M, Bocchino S, Cabrini L, Beccaria PF, Zangrillo A. Assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction in the critically ill patient with ultrasound: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:29–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-016-4524-zPubMedCrossRef

14.

Goligher EC, Laghi F, Detsky ME, Farias P, Murray A, Brace D, et al. Measuring diaphragm thickness with ultrasound in mechanically ventilated patients: feasibility, reproducibility and validity. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:642–649. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-3687-3PubMedCrossRef

15.

Laszlo G. Standardisation of lung function testing: helpful guidance from the ATS/ERS Task Force. Thorax. 2006;61:744–746. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2006.061648PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

16.

ATS/ERS Statement on respiratory muscle testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:518–624. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.166.4.518

17.

Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Chou MY, Iijima K, et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21:300–307.e302. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012PubMedCrossRef

18.

Harber P. Respiratory disability: what is it, how can we measure it, what causes it and is it important? Thorax. 2009;64:280–282. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2008.108811PubMedCrossRef

19.

Harber P. Respiratory disability and impairment: what is new? Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2015;21:201–207. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/mcp.0000000000000141PubMedCrossRef

20.

Torén K, Zock J-P, Kogevinas M, Plana E, Sunyer J, Radon K, et al. An international prospective general population-based study of respiratory work disability. Thorax. 2009;64:339–344. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2008.105007PubMedCrossRef

21.

Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH, et al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3–95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:1324–1343. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00080312PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

22.

Kubota M, Kobayashi H, Quanjer PH, Omori H, Tatsumi K, Kanazawa M. Reference values for spirometry, including vital capacity, in Japanese adults calculated with the LMS method and compared with previous values. Respir Investig. 2014;52:242–250. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resinv.2014.03.003PubMedCrossRef

23.

van Asten L, van den Wijngaard C, van Pelt W, van de Kassteele J, Meijer A, van der Hoek W, et al. Mortality attributable to 9 common infections: significant effect of influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza B, norovirus, and parainfluenza in elderly persons. J Infect Dis. 2012;206:628–639. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis415PubMedCrossRef

24.

Petroianni A, Ceccarelli D, Conti V, Terzano C. Aspiration pneumonia. Pathophysiological aspects, prevention and management. A review. Panminerva Med. 2006;48:231–239.PubMed

25.

El-Solh AA, Sikka P, Ramadan F, Davies J. Etiology of severe pneumonia in the very elderly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:645–651. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.163.3.2005075PubMedCrossRef

26.

Chen HI, Kuo CS. Relationship between respiratory muscle function and age, sex, and other factors. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1989;66:943–948. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.2.943CrossRef

27.

Watsford ML, Murphy AJ, Pine MJ. The effects of ageing on respiratory muscle function and performance in older adults. J Sci Med Sport. 2007;10:36–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.05.002PubMedCrossRef

28.

Enright PL, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Schenker MB, Hyatt RE. Respiratory muscle strength in the elderly. Correlates and reference values. Cardiovascular Health Study Research Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:430–438. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.8306041

29.

Lalley PM. The aging respiratory system—pulmonary structure, function and neural control. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2013;187:199–210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2013.03.012PubMedCrossRef

30.

Bordoni B, Morabito B, Simonelli M. Ageing of the Diaphragm Muscle. Cureus. 2020;12:e6645. doi:https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6645PubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Nucci RAB, de Souza RR, Suemoto CK, Busse AL, Maifrino LBM, Anaruma CA, et al. Diaphragm muscle structure in the elderly: Findings from an autopsy study. Acta Histochemica. 2019;151487. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2019.151487

32.

Shin HI, Kim DK, Seo KM, Kang SH, Lee SY, Son S. Relation Between Respiratory Muscle Strength and Skeletal Muscle Mass and Hand Grip Strength in the Healthy Elderly. Ann Rehabil Med. 2017;41:686–692. doi:https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2017.41.4.686PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

33.

Nishimura Y, Nakata H, Matsubara M, Iwai Y, Maeda H, Yokoyama M. [Relationship between diaphragm weight and body composition]. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi. 1996;34:501–505.PubMed

34.

Jeon YK, Shin MJ, Kim MH, Mok JH, Kim SS, Kim BH, et al. Low pulmonary function is related with a high risk of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008–2011. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26:2423–2429. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-015-3152-8PubMedCrossRef

35.

Choe EK, Lee Y, Kang HY, Choi SH, Kim JS. Association between CT-Measured Abdominal Skeletal Muscle Mass and Pulmonary Function. J Clin Med. 2019;8:667. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050667PubMedCentralCrossRef

36.

Son DH, Yoo JW, Cho MR, Lee YJ. Relationship Between Handgrip Strength and Pulmonary Function in Apparently Healthy Older Women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66:1367–1371. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15410PubMedCrossRef

37.

Bahat G, Tufan A, Ozkaya H, Tufan F, Akpinar TS, Akin S, et al. Relation between hand grip strength, respiratory muscle strength and spirometric measures in male nursing home residents. Aging Male. 2014;17:136–140. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/13685538.2014.936001PubMedCrossRef

38.

Ro HJ, Kim DK, Lee SY, Seo KM, Kang SH, Suh HC. Relationship Between Respiratory Muscle Strength and Conventional Sarcopenic Indices in Young Adults: A Preliminary Study. Ann Rehabil Med. 2015;39:880–887. doi:https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2015.39.6.880PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

39.

Landi F, Salini S, Zazzara MB, Martone AM, Fabrizi S, Bianchi M, et al. Relationship between pulmonary function and physical performance among community-living people: results from Look-up 7+ study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2020;11:38–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12485PubMedCrossRef

40.

Charles A, Buckinx F, Cataldo D, Rygaert X, Gruslin B, Reginster JY, et al. Relationship between peak expiratory flow and incidence of frailty, deaths and falls among nursing home residents: Results of the SENIOR cohort. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019;85:103913. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.103913PubMedCrossRef

41.

Kera T, Kawai H, Hirano H, Kojima M, Fujiwara Y, Ihara K, et al. Relationships among peak expiratory flow rate, body composition, physical function, and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018;30:331–340. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-017-0777-9PubMedCrossRef

42.

Deniz O, Coteli S, Karatoprak NB, Pence MC, Varan HD, Kizilarslanoglu MC, et al. Diaphragmatic muscle thickness in older people with and without sarcopenia. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01565-5

43.

Vidal MB, Pegorari MS, Santos EC, Matos AP, Pinto ACPN, Ohara DG. Respiratory muscle strength for discriminating frailty in community-dwelling elderly: a cross-sectional study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2020;89:104082. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2020.104082PubMedCrossRef

44.

Trevisan C, Rizzuto D, Maggi S, Sergi G, Welmer AK, Vetrano DL. Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between Peak Expiratory Flow and Frailty in Older Adults. J Clin Med. 2019;8:1901. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111901PubMedCentralCrossRef

45.

Costamagna D, Costelli P, Sampaolesi M, Penna F. Role of Inflammation in Muscle Homeostasis and Myogenesis. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:805172. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/805172PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

46.

Jo E, Lee SR, Park BS, Kim JS. Potential mechanisms underlying the role of chronic inflammation in age-related muscle wasting. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2012;24:412–422. doi:https://doi.org/10.3275/8464PubMed

47.

Radigan KA, Nicholson TT, Welch LC, Chi M, Amarelle L, Angulo M, et al. Influenza A Virus Infection Induces Muscle Wasting via IL-6 Regulation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Atrogin-1. J Immunol. 2019;202:484–493. doi:https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1701433PubMedCrossRef

48.

Supinski GS, Callahan LA. Caspase activation contributes to endotoxin-induced diaphragm weakness. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2006;100:1770–1777. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01288.2005CrossRef

49.

Duan H, Bai H. Is Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress the Key Contributor to Diaphragm Atrophy and Dysfunction in Critically Ill Patients? Crit Care Res Pract. 2020;2020:8672939. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8672939PubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Komatsu R, Okazaki T, Ebihara S, Kobayashi M, Tsukita Y, Nihei M, et al. Aspiration pneumonia induces muscle atrophy in the respiratory, skeletal, and swallowing systems. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018;9:643–653. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12297PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

51.

Okazaki T, Ebihara S, Mori T, Izumi S, Ebihara T. Association between sarcopenia and pneumonia in older people. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2020;20:7–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13839PubMedCrossRef

52.

Levine S, Kaiser L, Leferovich J, Tikunov B. Cellular adaptations in the diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1799–1806. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199712183372503PubMedCrossRef

53.

Nosacka RL, Delitto AE, Delitto D, Patel R, Judge SM, Trevino JG, et al. Distinct cachexia profiles in response to human pancreatic tumours in mouse limb and respiratory muscle. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2020;11:820–837. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12550PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

54.

Zellner HK, Moss OA, Peterson SJ, Hicks-McGarry S, Moran E, Becker E, et al. Differences in Respiratory Muscle Strength Measures in Well-Nourished and Malnourished Hospitalized Patients. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019;119:831–839. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.01.004PubMedCrossRef

55.

Levine S, Nguyen T, Taylor N, Friscia ME, Budak MT, Rothenberg P, et al. Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1327–1335. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa070447PubMedCrossRef

56.

Hermans G, Agten A, Testelmans D, Decramer M, Gayan-Ramirez G. Increased duration of mechanical ventilation is associated with decreased diaphragmatic force: a prospective observational study. Crit Care. 2010;14:R127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/cc9094PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

57.

Grosu HB, Ost DE, Lee YI, Song J, Li L, Eden E, et al. Diaphragm Muscle Thinning in Subjects Receiving Mechanical Ventilation and Its Effect on Extubation. Respir Care. 2017;62:904–911. doi:https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.05370PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

58.

Elliott JE, Greising SM, Mantilla CB, Sieck GC. Functional impact of sarcopenia in respiratory muscles. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2016;226:137–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2015.10.001PubMedCrossRef

59.

Roberts BM, Ahn B, Smuder AJ, Al-Rajhi M, Gill LC, Beharry AW, et al. Diaphragm and ventilatory dysfunction during cancer cachexia. FASEB J. 2013;27:2600–2610. doi:https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.12-222844PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

60.

Kaneko H. Association of respiratory function with physical performance, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in older adults. J Phys Ther Sci. 2020;32:92–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.32.92PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

61.

Baig MMA, Hashmat N, Adnan M, Rahat T. The relationship of dyspnea and disease severity with anthropometric indicators of malnutrition among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pak J Med Sci. 2018;34:1408–1411. doi:https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.346.15769PubMedPubMedCentral

62.

Vaz Fragoso CA, Beavers DP, Hankinson JL, Flynn G, Berra K, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Respiratory impairment and dyspnea and their associations with physical inactivity and mobility in sedentary community-dwelling older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62:622–628. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12738PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

63.

Vassilakopoulos T, Petrof BJ. Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:336–341. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200304-489CPPubMedCrossRef

64.

Testelmans D, Maes K, Wouters P, Powers SK, Decramer M, Gayan-Ramirez G. Infusions of rocuronium and cisatracurium exert different effects on rat diaphragm function. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:872–879. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0584-4PubMedCrossRef

65.

Maes K, Testelmans D, Cadot P, Deruisseau K, Powers SK, Decramer M, et al. Effects of acute administration of corticosteroids during mechanical ventilation on rat diaphragm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178:1219–1226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200702-296OCPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

66.

Goligher EC, Dres M, Fan E, Rubenfeld GD, Scales DC, Herridge MS, et al. Mechanical Ventilation-induced Diaphragm Atrophy Strongly Impacts Clinical Outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197:204–213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201703-0536OCPubMedCrossRef

67.

Fujishima I, Fujiu-Kurachi M, Arai H, Hyodo M, Kagaya H, Maeda K, et al. Sarcopenia and dysphagia: Position paper by four professional organizations. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2019;19:91–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13591PubMedCrossRef

68.

Sclauser Pessoa IM, Franco Parreira V, Fregonezi GA, Sheel AW, Chung F, Reid WD. Reference values for maximal inspiratory pressure: a systematic review. Can Respir J. 2014;21:43–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/982374PubMedCrossRef

69.

Nishimura Y, Maeda H, Tanaka K, Hashimoto A, Hashimoto Y, Yokoyama M, et al. [The effect of aging on respiratory muscle function]. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi. 1991;29:795–801.PubMed

70.

Ohara DG, Pegorari MS, Oliveira Dos Santos NL, de Fatima Ribeiro Silva C, Oliveira MSR, Matos AP, et al. Cross-Sectional Study on the Association between Pulmonary Function and Sarcopenia in Brazilian Community-Dwelling Elderly from the Amazon Region. J Nutr Health Aging. 2020;24:181–187. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-019-1290-yPubMedCrossRef

71.

Beaumont M, Forget P, Couturaud F, Reychler G. Effects of inspiratory muscle training in COPD patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Respir J. 2018;12:2178–2188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.12905PubMedCrossRef

72.

Templeman L, Roberts F. Effectiveness of expiratory muscle strength training on expiratory strength, pulmonary function and cough in the adult population: a systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2020;106:43–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2019.06.002PubMedCrossRef

73.

Cebrià IIM, Balasch-Bernat M, Tortosa-Chuliá M, Balasch-Parisi S. Effects of Resistance Training of Peripheral Muscles Versus Respiratory Muscles in Older Adults With Sarcopenia Who are Institutionalized: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Aging Phys Act. 2018;26:637–646. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2017-0268CrossRef

74.

Liu K, Zhang W, Yang Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Chen Y. Respiratory rehabilitation in elderly patients with COVID-19: A randomized controlled study. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;39:101166. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101166PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

75.

Sillen MJ, Franssen FM, Delbressine JM, Vaes AW, Wouters EF, Spruit MA. Efficacy of lower-limb muscle training modalities in severely dyspnoeic individuals with COPD and quadriceps muscle weakness: results from the DICES trial. Thorax. 2014;69:525–531. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204388PubMedCrossRef

76.

Chen Y, Niu M, Zhang X, Qian H, Xie A, Wang X. Effects of home-based lower limb resistance training on muscle strength and functional status in stable Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27:e1022–e1037. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14131PubMedCrossRef

77.

Jeon YK, Shin MJ, Kim CM, Lee BJ, Kim SH, Chae DS, et al. Effect of Squat Exercises on Lung Function in Elderly Women with Sarcopenia. J Clin Med. 2018;7:167. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7070167PubMedCentralCrossRef

78.

Nyberg A, Lindström B, Rickenlund A, Wadell K. Low-load/high-repetition elastic band resistance training in patients with COPD: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. Clin Respir J. 2015;9:278–288. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.12141PubMedCrossRef

79.

Chen HT, Wu HJ, Chen YJ, Ho SY, Chung YC. Effects of 8-week kettlebell training on body composition, muscle strength, pulmonary function, and chronic low-grade inflammation in elderly women with sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol. 2018;112:112–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2018.09.015PubMedCrossRef

80.

Hoffman M, Chaves G, Ribeiro-Samora GA, Britto RR, Parreira VF. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in lung transplant candidates: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e013445. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013445PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

81.

Greulich T, Kehr K, Nell C, Koepke J, Haid D, Koehler U, et al. A randomized clinical trial to assess the influence of a three months training program (gym-based individualized vs. calisthenics-based non-invidualized) in COPD-patients. Respir Res. 2014;15:36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-15-36PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

82.

Costes F, Gosker H, Feasson L, Desgeorges M, Kelders M, Castells J, et al. Impaired exercise training-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy and Akt/mTOR pathway activation in hypoxemic patients with COPD. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015;118:1040–1049. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00557.2014CrossRef

83.

Ferreira IM, Brooks D, White J, Goldstein R. Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:Cd000998. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000998.pub3PubMed

84.

Khan NA, Kumar N, Daga MK. Effect of Dietary Supplementation on Body Composition, Pulmonary Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Stable COPD. Tanaffos. 2016;15:225–235.PubMedPubMedCentral

85.

van der Meij BS, Langius JA, Spreeuwenberg MD, Slootmaker SM, Paul MA, Smit EF, et al. Oral nutritional supplements containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affect quality of life and functional status in lung cancer patients during multimodality treatment: an RCT. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66:399–404. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.214PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

86.

Martínez-Arnau FM, Fonfría-Vivas R, Buigues C, Castillo Y, Molina P, Hoogland AJ, et al. Effects of Leucine Administration in Sarcopenia: A Randomized and Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2020;12:932. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040932PubMedCentralCrossRef

87.

van de Bool C, Rutten EPA, van Helvoort A, Franssen FME, Wouters EFM, Schols A. A randomized clinical trial investigating the efficacy of targeted nutrition as adjunct to exercise training in COPD. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2017;8:748–758. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12219PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

88.

Aldhahir AM, Rajeh AMA, Aldabayan YS, Drammeh S, Subbu V, Alqahtani JS, et al. Nutritional supplementation during pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: A systematic review. Chron Respir Dis. 2020;17:1479973120904953. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1479973120904953PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

89.

Agrelli TF, Borges MC, Cunha F, Silva É MCD, Terra Júnior JA, Crema E. Combination of preoperative pulmonary and nutritional preparation for esophagectomy. Acta Cir Bras. 2018;33:67–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-865020180010000007PubMedCrossRef

90.

Hashida N, Shamoto H, Maeda K, Wakabayashi H, Suzuki M, Fujii T. Rehabilitation and nutritional support for sarcopenic dysphagia and tongue atrophy after glossectomy: A case report. Nutrition. 2017;35:128–131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2016.11.003PubMedCrossRef

91.

Maeda K, Akagi J. Treatment of Sarcopenic Dysphagia with Rehabilitation and Nutritional Support: A Comprehensive Approach. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116:573–577. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.09.019PubMedCrossRef

92.

Wakabayashi H, Uwano R. Rehabilitation Nutrition for Possible Sarcopenic Dysphagia After Lung Cancer Surgery: A Case Report. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;95:e84–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/phm.0000000000000458PubMedCrossRef

93.

Someya R, Wakabayashi H, Hayashi K, Akiyama E, Kimura K. Rehabilitation Nutrition for Acute Heart Failure on Inotropes with Malnutrition, Sarcopenia, and Cachexia: A Case Report. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116:765–768. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.11.002PubMedCrossRef

94.

Nagano A, Nishioka S, Wakabayashi H. Rehabilitation Nutrition for Iatrogenic Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Dysphagia. J Nutr Health Aging. 2019;23:256–265. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1150-1.PubMedCrossRef

95.

Kuzuya M, Sugimoto K, Suzuki T, Watanabe Y, Kamibayashi K, Kurihara T, et al. Chapter 3 Prevention of sarcopenia. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2018;18 Suppl 1:23–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13321PubMedCrossRef

96.

Arai H, Wakabayashi H, Yoshimura Y, Yamada M, Kim H, Harada A. Chapter 4 Treatment of sarcopenia. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2018;18 Suppl 1:28–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13322PubMedCrossRef

Title: Respiratory Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Respiratory Disability: Concepts, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: A. Nagano
Hidetaka Wakabayashi
K. Maeda
Y. Kokura
S. Miyazaki
T. Mori
D. Fujiwara
Publication date: 01-04-2021
Publisher: Springer Paris
Keywords: Sarcopenia
Nutrition
Published in: The journal of nutrition, health & aging / Issue 4/2021
Print ISSN: 1279-7707
Electronic ISSN: 1760-4788
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-021-1587-5

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2021

Exercise, Aging and Frailty: Guidelines for Increasing Function

The Evolutionary Stage of Cognitive Frailty and Its Changing Characteristics in Old Adults

Quantifying Muscle Mass by Adjusting for Body Mass Index Is the Best for Discriminating Low Strength and Function in Japanese Older Outpatients

Frailty in China: From Research to Practice

Community-Based Peer-Led Intervention for Healthy Ageing and Evaluation of the ‘HAPPY’ Program

Comparison of Three Frailty Scales for Prediction of Adverse Outcomes among Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

At a glance: The STEP trials