Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology
Published in: Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology 4/2016

01-08-2016 | Clinical Review

Influence of metabolic syndrome on upper gastrointestinal disease

Authors: Masahiro Sogabe, Toshiya Okahisa, Tetsuo Kimura, Koichi Okamoto, Hiroshi Miyamoto, Naoki Muguruma, Tetsuji Takayama

Published in: Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology | Issue 4/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

A recent increase in the rate of obesity as a result of insufficient physical exercise and excess food consumption has been seen in both developed and developing countries throughout the world. Additionally, the recent increased number of obese individuals with lifestyle-related diseases associated with abnormalities in glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, defined as metabolic syndrome (MS), has been problematic. Although MS has been highlighted as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease and arteriosclerotic diseases, it was also recently shown to be associated with digestive system disorders, including upper gastrointestinal diseases. Unlike high body weight and high body mass index, abdominal obesity with visceral fat accumulation is implicated in the onset of various digestive system diseases because excessive visceral fat accumulation may cause an increase in intra-abdominal pressure, inducing the release of various bioactive substances, known as adipocytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, resistin, leptin, and adiponectin. This review article focuses on upper gastrointestinal disorders and their association with MS, including obesity, visceral fat accumulation, and the major upper gastrointestinal diseases.
Literature
1.
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–97.CrossRef
2.
Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome-a new worldwide definition. A consensus statement from the international diabetes federation. Diabet Med. 2006;23:469–80.PubMedCrossRef
3.
The Examination Committee of Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome. The definition and criteria of metabolic syndrome. J Jpn Soc Intern Med. 2005;94:794–809.CrossRef
4.
5.
6.
7.
McDonnell MJ, Ahmed M, Das J, et al. Hiatal hernias are correlated with increased severity of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Respirology. 2015;20:749–57.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Kang JY, Tay HH, Yap I, et al. Low frequency of endoscopic esophagitis in Asian patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1993;16:70–3.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Lee SJ, Song CW, Jeen YT, et al. Prevalence of endoscopic reflux esophagitis among Koreans. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;16:373–6.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Berstad A, Weberg R, Larsen IF, et al. Relationship of hiatus hernia to reflux oesophagitis. A prospective study of coincidence, using endoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986;21:55–8.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Wright RA, Hurwitz AL. Relationship of hiatal hernia to endoscopy proved esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1979;24:311–3.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Fitzgibbons RJ, Greenburg AG, Nyhus LM. Nyhus and condon’s hernia. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. p. 480–505.
13.
14.
Soricelli E, Casella G, Rizzello M, et al. Initial experience with laparoscopic crural closure in the management of hiatal hernia in obese patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy. Obes Surg. 2010;20:1149–53.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Boules M, Corcelles R, Guerron AD, et al. The incidence of hiatal hernia and technical feasibility of repair during bariatric surgery. Surgery. 2015;158:911–6.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Reynoso JF, Goede MR, Tiwari MM, et al. Primary and revisional laparoscopic adjustable gastric band placement in patients with hiatal hernia. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011;7:290–4.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Che F, Nguyen B, Cohen A, et al. Prevalence of hiatal hernia in the morbidly obese. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9:920–4.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Varela JE, Hinojosa M, Nguyen N. Correlations between intraabdominal pressure and obesity-related co-morbidities. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2009;5:524–8.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Wilson LJ, Ma W, Hirschowitz BI. Association of obesity with hiatal hernia and esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:2840–4.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Frezza EE, Shebani KO, Robertson J, et al. Morbid obesity causes chronic increase of intraabdominal pressure. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:1038–41.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Wolf BS. Sliding hiatal hernia: the need for redefinition. Am J Roentgenol. 1973;117:231–47.CrossRef
22.
Friedland GW. Progress in radiology: historical review of the changing concepts of lower esophageal anatomy: 430 BC–1977. Am J Roentgoenol. 1978;131:373–88.CrossRef
23.
Dutta SK, Arora M, Kireet A, et al. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms and associated disorders in morbidly obese patients: a prospective study. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:1243–6.PubMedCrossRef
24.
El-Serag HB, Sweet S, Winchester CC, et al. Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut. 2014;63:871–80.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Locke GR III, Talley NJ, Fett SL, et al. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux: a population-based study in Olmsted county Minnesota. Gastroenterology. 1997;112:1448–56.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Kinoshita Y, Adachi K, Hongo M, et al. Systematic review of the epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Japan. J Gastroenterol. 2011;46:1092–103.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Watanabe S, Hojo M, Nagahara A. Metabolic syndrome and gastrointestinal diseases. J Gastroenterol. 2007;42:267–74.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, et al. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1723–7.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Nandurkar S, Locke GR 3rd, Fett S, et al. Relationship between body mass index, diet, exercise and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms in a community. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:497–505.PubMedCrossRef
30.
El-Serag HB, Graham DY, Satia JA, et al. Obesity is an independent risk factor for GERD symptoms and erosive esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1243–50.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Nocon M, Labenz J, Willich SN. Lifestyle factors and symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux—a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:169–74.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Mishima I, Adachi K, Arima N, et al. Prevalence of endoscopically negative and positive gastroesophageal reflux disease in the Japanese. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005;40:1005–9.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Kallel L, Bibani N, Fekih M, et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease based on a 24-hour ambulatory pH monitoring. Dis Esophagus. 2011;24:153–9.PubMedCrossRef
34.
35.
Lee YC, Yen AM, Tai JJ, et al. The effect of metabolic risk factors on the natural course of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut. 2009;58:174–81.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Ierardi E, Rosania R, Zotti M, et al. Metabolic syndrome and gastro-esophageal reflux: a link towards a growing interest in developed countries. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2010;1:91–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Sakaguchi M, Oka H, Hashimoto T, et al. Obesity as a risk factor for GERD in Japan. J Gastroenterol. 2008;43:57–62.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Corley DA, Kubo A. Body mass index and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2619–28.PubMedCrossRef
39.
El-Serag HB, Ergun GA, Pandolfino J, et al. Obesity increased oesophageal acid exposure. Gut. 2007;56:749–55.PubMedCrossRef
40.
El-Serag HB, Tran T, Richardson P, et al. Anthropometric correlates of intragastric pressure. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;41:887–91.PubMedCrossRef
41.
de Vries DR, van Herwaarden MA, Smout AJ, et al. Gastroesophageal pressure gradients in gastroesophageal reflux disease: relations with hiatal hernia, body mass index, and esophageal acid exposure. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1349–54.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Lambert DM, Marceau S, Forse RA. Intra-abdominal pressure in the morbidly obese. Obes Surg. 2005;15:1225–32.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Merrouche M, Sabaté JM, Jouet P, et al. Gastro-esophageal reflux and esophageal motility disorders in morbidly obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2007;17:894–900.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Iovino P, Angrisani L, Galloro G, et al. Proximal stomach function in obesity with normal or abnormal oesophageal acid exposure. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18:425–32.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Healy LA, Ryan AM, Pidgeon G, et al. Lack of differential pattern in central adiposity and metabolic syndrome in Barrett’s esophagus and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dis Esophagus. 2010;23:386–91.PubMed
46.
Fontana L, Eagon JC, Trujillo ME, et al. Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Diabetes. 2007;56:1010–3.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Beasley LE, Koster A, Newman AB, et al. Inflammation and race and gender differences in computerized tomography-measured adipose depots. Obesity. 2009;17:1062–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
Tilg H, Moschen AR. Visceral adipose tissue attacks beyond the liver: esophagogastric junction as a new target. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:1823–6.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Chung SJ, Kim D, Park MJ, et al. Metabolic syndrome and visceral obesity as risk factors for reflux oesophagitis: a cross-sectional case–control study of 7078 Koreans undergoing health checkups. Gut. 2008;57:1360–5.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Tilg H, Moschen AR. Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6:772–83.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Beales IL, Post L, Calam J, et al. Tumour necrosis factor alpha stimulates gastrin release from canine and human antral G cells: possible mechanism of the Helicobacter pylori-gastrin link. Eur J Clin Invest. 1996;26:609–11.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Endo Y, Kumagai K. Induction by interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor and lipopolysaccharides of histidine decarboxylase in the stomach and prolonged accumulation of gastric acid. Br J Pharmacol. 1998;125:842–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
Sogabe M, Okahisa T, Kimura Y, et al. Visceral fat predominance is associated with erosive esophagitis in Japanese men with metabolic syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;24:910–6.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Nam SY, Choi IJ, Ryu KH, et al. Abdominal visceral adipose tissue volume is associated with increased risk of erosive esophagitis in men and women. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:1902–11.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Sogabe M, Okahisa T, Yamanoi A, et al. Subtypes of metabolic syndrome and of other risk factors in Japanese women with erosive esophagitis. Medicine. 2014;93:e276.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
Lemieux S, Prud’homme D, Bouchard C, et al. Sex differences in the relation of visceral adipose tissue accumulation to total body fatness. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;58:463–7.PubMed
57.
Hvid-Jensen F, Pedersen L, Drewes AM, et al. Incidence of adenocarcinoma among patients with Barrett’s esophagus. New Engl J Med. 2011;365:1375–83.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Shiota S, Singh S, Anshasi A, et al. Prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus in Asian countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:1907–18.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Drewitz DJ, Sampliner RE, Garewal HS. The incidence of adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus: a prospective study of 170 patients followed 4.8 years. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:212–5.PubMed
60.
O’Connor JB, Falk GW, Richter JE. The incidence of adenocarcinoma and dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus: report on the Cleveland clinic Barrett’s esophagus registry. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:2037–42.PubMed
61.
62.
63.
Abdallah J, Maradey-Romero C, Lewis S, et al. The relationship between length of Barrett’s oesophagus mucosa and body mass index. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41:137–44.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Kubo A, Corley DA. Body mass index and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus or gastric cardia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2006;15:872–8.CrossRef
65.
Singh S, Sharma AN, Murad MH, et al. Central adiposity is associated with increased risk of esophageal inflammation, metaplasia, and adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:1399–412.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Stein DJ, El-Serag HB, Kuczynski J, et al. The association of body mass index with Barrett’s oesophagus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22:1005–10.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Chak A, Lee T, Kinnard MF, et al. Familial aggregation of Barrett’s oesophagus, oesophageal adenocarcinoma, and oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma in caucasian adults. Gut. 2002;51:323–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
Amano Y, Kinoshita Y. Barrett esophagus: perspectives on its diagnosis and management in Asian populations. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;4:45–53.
69.
Tharalson EF, Martinez SD, Garewal HS, et al. Relationship between rate of change in acid exposure along the esophagus and length of Barrett’s epithelium. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:851–6.PubMedCrossRef
70.
71.
Smith KJ, O’Brien SM, Smithers BM, et al. Interactions among smoking, obesity, and symptoms of acid reflux in Barrett’s esophagus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2005;14:2481–6.CrossRef
72.
Corley DA, Kubo A, Levin TR, et al. Abdominal obesity and body mass index as risk factors for Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:34–41.PubMedCrossRef
73.
El-Serag HB, Kvapil P, Hacken-Bitar J, et al. Abdominal obesity and the risk of Barrett’s esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:2151–6.PubMedCrossRef
74.
El-Serag HB, Hashmi A, Garcia J, et al. Visceral abdominal obesity measured by CT scan is associated with an increased risk of Barrett’s oesophagus: a case–control study. Gut. 2014;63:220–9.PubMed
75.
Gerson LB, Ullah N, Fass R, et al. Does body mass index differ between patients with Barrett’s oesophagus and patients with chronic gastrooesophageal reflux disease? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25:1079–86.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Murray L, Romero Y. Role of obesity in Barrett’s esophagus and cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2009;18:439–52.PubMedCrossRef
77.
78.
Pandolfino JE, El-Serag HB, Zhang Q, et al. Obesity: a challenge to esophagogastric junction integrity. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:639–49.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Cameron AJ. Barrett’s esophagus: prevalence and size of hiatal hernia. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:2054–9.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Xu H, Uysal KT, Becherer JD, et al. Altered tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) processing in adipocytes and increased expression of transmembrane TNF-alpha in obesity. Diabetes. 2002;51:1876–83.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Simard EP, Ward EM, Siegel R, et al. Cancers with increasing incidence trends in the United States: 1999 through 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62:118–28.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Edgren G, Adami HO, Weiderpass E, et al. A global assessment of the oesophageal adenocarcinoma epidemic. Gut. 2013;62:1406–14.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Alemán JO, Eusebi LH, Ricciardiello L, et al. Mechanisms of obesity-induced gastrointestinal neoplasia. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:357–73.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, et al. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 2008;371:569–78.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Corley DA, Kubo A, Zhao W. Abdominal obesity and the risk of esophageal and gastric cardia carcinomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2008;17:352–8.CrossRef
86.
Hardikar S, Onstad L, Blount PL, et al. The role of tobacco, alcohol, and obesity in neoplastic progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma: a prospective study of Barrett’s esophagus. PLoS One. 2013;8:e52192.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
Lindkvist B, Johansen D, Stocks T, et al. Metabolic risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma: a prospective study of 580,000 subjects within the Me-Can project. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:103.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
Lin Y, Ness-Jensen E, Hveem K, et al. Metabolic syndrome and esophageal and gastric cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2015;26:1825–34.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Wu J, Mui WL, Cheung CM, et al. Obesity is associated with increased transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:883–9.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Fass R. The pathophysiological mechanisms of GERD in the obese patient. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53:2300–6.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Fornari F, Madalosso CAS, Farre R, et al. The role of gastro-oesophageal pressure gradient and sliding hiatal hernia on pathological gastrooesophageal reflux in severely obese patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22:404–11.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Dieudonne MN, Bussiere M, Dos Santos E, et al. Adiponectin mediates antiproliferative and apoptotic responses in human MCF7 breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;345:271–9.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, et al. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet. 2004;363:1346–53.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Torisu T, Matsumoto T, Takata Y, et al. Atrophic gastritis, but not antibody to Helicobacter pylori, is associated with body mass index in a Japanese population. J Gastroenterol. 2008;43:762–6.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Watabe H, Mitsushima T, Derakhshan MH, et al. Study of association between atrophic gastritis and body mass index: a cross-sectional study in 10,197 Japanese subjects. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:988–95.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Song H, Held M, Sandin S, et al. Increase in the prevalence of atrophic gastritis among adults age 35 to 44 years old in Northern Sweden between 1990 and 2009. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:1592–600.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Kutsuma A, Oshida H, Suwa K, et al. A possible association of low pepsinogen I and pepsinogen I/II with low and high body weight in Japanese men. Clin Biochem. 2014;47:126–8.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Kim HJ, Yoo TW, Park DI, et al. Influence of overweight and obesity on upper endoscopic findings. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22:477–81.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Yamamoto S, Watabe K, Tsutsui S, et al. Lower serum level of adiponectin is associated with increased risk of endoscopic erosive gastritis. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56:2354–60.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Yamamoto S, Watabe K, Takehara T. Is obesity a new risk factor for gastritis? Digestion. 2012;85:108–10.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Csendes A, Burgos AM, Smok G, et al. Endoscopic and histologic findings of the foregut in 426 patients with morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2007;17:28–34.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Assef MS, Melo TT, Araki O, et al. Evaluation of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2015;28(Suppl 1):39–42.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Dietz J, Ulbrich-Kulcynski JM, Souto KE, et al. Prevalence of upper digestive endoscopy and gastric histopathology findings in morbidly obese patients. Arq Gastroenterol. 2012;49:52–5.PubMed
104.
105.
Aro P, Storskrubb T, Ronkainen J, et al. Peptic ulcer disease in a general adult population: the Kalixanda study: a random population-based study. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163:1025–34.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Shimamoto T, Yamamichi N, Kodashima S, et al. No association of coffee consumption with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, reflux esophagitis, and non-erosive reflux disease: a cross-sectional study of 8013 healthy subjects in Japan. PLoS One. 2013;8:e65996.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
107.
Boylan MR, Khalili H, Huang ES, et al. Measures of adiposity are associated with increased risk of peptic ulcer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:1688–94.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
108.
Ding S, Chi MM, Scull BP, et al. High-fat diet: bacteria interactions promote intestinal inflammation which precedes and correlates with obesity and insulin resistance in mouse. PLoS One. 2010;5:e12191.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
109.
Lee DE, Kehlenbrink S, Lee H, et al. Getting the message across: mechanisms of physiological cross talk by adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;296:E1210–29.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Greenberg AS, Obin MS. Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:461S–5S.PubMed
111.
Trayhurn P, Bing C, Wood S. Adipose tissue and adipokines-energy regulation from the human perspective. J Nutr. 2006;136(Suppl):1935S–9S.PubMed
112.
113.
Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 2010;127:2893–917.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Olefson S, Moss SF. Obesity and related risk factors in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Gastric Cancer. 2015;18:23–32.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Steevens J, Botterweck AA, Dirx MJ, et al. Trends in incidence of oesophageal and stomach cancer subtypes in Europe. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22:669–78.PubMed
116.
117.
Sung NY, Choi KS, Park EC, et al. Smoking, alcohol and gastric cancer risk in Korean men: the national health insurance corporation study. Br J Cancer. 2007;97:700–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
118.
McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Jacobs EJ, et al. A prospective study of diet and stomach cancer mortality in United States men and women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2001;10:1201–5.
119.
Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:784–9.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Cavaleiro-Pinto M, Peleteiro B, Lunet N, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cardia cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2011;22:375–87.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Helicobacter and Cancer Collaborative Group. Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: a combined analysis of 12 case control studies nested within prospective cohorts. Gut. 2001;49:347–53.CrossRef
122.
Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Nyren O. Association between body mass and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:883–90.PubMedCrossRef
123.
124.
Hampel H, Abraham NS, El-Serag HB. Meta-analysis: obesity and the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:199–211.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Yang P, Zhou Y, Chen B, et al. Overweight, obesity and gastric cancer risk: results from a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Cancer. 2009;45:2867–73.PubMedCrossRef
126.
Camargo MC, Freedman ND, Hollenbeck AR, et al. Height, weight, and body mass index associations with gastric cancer subsites. Gastric Cancer. 2014;17:463–8.PubMedCrossRef
127.
128.
O’Doherty MG, Freedman ND, Hollenbeck AR, et al. A prospective cohort study of obesity and risk of oesophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Gut. 2012;61:1261–8.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Meyer P. Increased intracellular calcium: from hypertension to cancer. J Hypertens. 1987;5:S3–4.CrossRef
130.
Lindkvist B, Almquist M, Bjørge T, et al. Prospective cohort study of metabolic risk factors and gastric adenocarcinoma risk in the metabolic syndrome and cancer project (Me-Can). Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24:107–16.PubMedCrossRef
131.
Tian T, Zhang LQ, Ma XH, et al. Diabetes mellitus and incidence and mortality of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2012;120:217–23.PubMedCrossRef
132.
Jee SH, Ohrr H, Sull JW, et al. Fasting serum glucose level and cancer risk in Korean men and women. JAMA. 2005;293:194–202.PubMedCrossRef
133.
Tseng CH. Diabetes conveys a higher risk of gastric cancer mortality despite an age-standardised decreasing trend in the general population in Taiwan. Gut. 2011;60:774–9.PubMedCrossRef
134.
Swerdlow AJ, Laing SP, Qiao Z, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in patients with insulin-treated diabetes: a UK cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2005;92:2070–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
135.
136.
Yamagata H, Kiyohara Y, Nakamura S, et al. Impact of fasting plasma glucose levels on gastric cancer incidence in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:789–94.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Ikeda F, Doi Y, Yonemoto K, et al. Hyperglycemia increases risk of gastric cancer posed by Helicobacter pylori infection: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2000;136:1234–41.CrossRef
138.
Khandwala HM, McCutcheon IE, Flyvbjerg A, et al. The effects of insulin-like growth factors on tumorigenesis and neoplastic growth. Endocr Rev. 2000;21:215–44.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Dossus L, Kaaks R. Nutrition, metabolic factors and cancer risk. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;22:551–71.PubMedCrossRef
140.
Thompson MA, Cox AJ, Whitehead RH, et al. Autocrine regulation of human tumor cell proliferation by insulin-like growth factor II: an in vitro model. Endocrinology. 1990;126:3033–42.PubMedCrossRef
141.
142.
Arai H, Yamamoto A, Matsuzawa Y, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the general Japanese population in 2000. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2006;13:202–8.PubMedCrossRef
143.
Kobayashi J, Nishimura K, Matoba M, et al. Generation and gender differences in the components contributing to the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome according to the Japanese criteria. Circ J. 2007;71:1734–7.PubMedCrossRef
144.
Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. JAMA. 2002;287:356–9.PubMedCrossRef
145.
Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384:766–81.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Influence of metabolic syndrome on upper gastrointestinal disease
Authors
Masahiro Sogabe
Toshiya Okahisa
Tetsuo Kimura
Koichi Okamoto
Hiroshi Miyamoto
Naoki Muguruma
Tetsuji Takayama
Publication date
01-08-2016
Publisher
Springer Japan
Published in
Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology / Issue 4/2016
Print ISSN: 1865-7257
Electronic ISSN: 1865-7265
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12328-016-0668-1

Other articles of this Issue 4/2016

Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology 4/2016 Go to the issue

Clinical Review

Diagnosis and treatment of microscopic colitis

Case Report

Acute appendicitis with a neuroendocrine tumor G1 (carcinoid): pitfalls of conservative treatment

Case Report

Histological features of mixed neuroendocrine carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma in the liver: a case report and literature review

Case Report

A case of simultaneous esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and Barrett’s adenocarcinoma

Case Report

Multiple rectal carcinoid tumors in monozygotic twins

Case Report

Cholangiolocellular carcinoma with rapid progression initially showing abnormally elevated serum alfa-fetoprotein
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits