Top

Current Fungal Infection Reports

Published in:

01-12-2021 | Candidiasis | Fungal Infections in Transplantation (S Shoham, Section Editor)

Invasive Candidiasis in Liver Transplant Recipients: A Review

Authors: Rachel Sigler, Saima Aslam

Published in: Current Fungal Infection Reports | Issue 4/2021

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This review summarizes the literature on invasive candidiasis (IC) in liver transplant recipients (LTRs) regarding diagnostic strategies, treatment, and prophylaxis.

Recent Findings

Recent literature on IC has expanded and refined definitions of risk factors for IC in LTRs. We discuss increasing rates of resistance among candida species and new antifungals. Diagnostic modalities continue to decrease time to initiation of empiric antifungals, which may impact outcomes.

Summary

A well-documented host of risk factors for IC may allow for targeted prophylaxis, while minimizing exposure to antifungal medications. Further research on minimum effective duration of treatment and prophylaxis is needed to combat resistance.

Andes DR, Safdar N, Baddley JW, Alexander B, Brumble L, Freifeld A, et al. The epidemiology and outcomes of invasive Candida infections among organ transplant recipients in the United States: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET). Transpl Infect Dis. 2016;18(6):921–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12613.CrossRefPubMed

• Timsit J-F, Sonneville R, Kalil AC, Bassetti M, Ferrer R, Jaber S, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to infectious diseases in solid organ transplant recipients. Intensive Care Med. 2019;45(5):573–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-019-05597-yNarrative review, with excellent overview of diagnostics in solid organ transplant.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

• Verma N, Singh S, Taneja S, Duseja A, Singh V, Dhiman RK, et al. Invasive fungal infections amongst patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure at high risk for fungal infections. Liver Int. 2019;39(3):503–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.13981Single center, retrospective study on ICU patients from India, showing in-hospital mortality of 77%.CrossRefPubMed

Bassetti M, Peghin M, Carnelutti A, Righi E, Merelli M, Ansaldi F, et al. Invasive candida infections in liver transplant recipients: clinical features and risk factors for mortality. Transplant Direct. 2017;3(5):e156-e. https://doi.org/10.1097/TXD.0000000000000673.CrossRef

Ravaioli M, Neri F, Lazzarotto T, Bertuzzo VR, Di Gioia P, Stacchini G, et al. Immunosuppression modifications based on an immune response assay: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Transplantation. 2015;99(8):1625–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/tp.0000000000000650.CrossRefPubMed

Zhai B, Ola M, Rolling T, Tosini NL, Joshowitz S, Littmann ER, et al. High-resolution mycobiota analysis reveals dynamic intestinal translocation preceding invasive candidiasis. Nat Med. 2020;26(1):59–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0709-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

• Seagle EE, Williams SL, Chiller TM. Recent trends in the epidemiology of fungal infections. Infect Dis Clin. 2021;35(2):237–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2021.03.001Review article, evaluating the increasing frequency of fungal infections and expansion of antifungal prophylaxis.CrossRef

Shoham S, Marr KA. Invasive fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Future Microbiol. 2012;7(5):639–55. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.12.28.CrossRefPubMed

Pappas PG, Alexander BD, Andes DR, Hadley S, Kauffman CA, Freifeld A, et al. Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET). Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(8):1101–11. https://doi.org/10.1086/651262.CrossRefPubMed

10.

•• Hosseini-Moghaddam SM, Ouédraogo A, Naylor KL, Bota SE, Husain S, Nash DM, et al. Incidence and outcomes of invasive fungal infection among solid organ transplant recipients: a population-based cohort study. Transpl Infect Dis. 2020;22(2):e13250. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.13250Population-based cohort study, looking at 1-, 5-, and 10-year cumulative probabilities of IFI. Had 9236 solid organ transplant recipients and 1869 liver transplant recipients enrolled.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Lavezzo B, Stratta C, Ballaris MA, Tandoi F, Panio A, Donadio PP, et al. Invasive Candida infections in low risk liver transplant patients given no antifungal prophylaxis in the post-operative period. Transplant Proc. 2014;46(7):2312–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.08.005.CrossRefPubMed

12.

•• van Delden C, Stampf S, Hirsch HH, Manuel O, Meylan P, Cusini A, et al. Burden and timeline of infectious diseases in the first year after solid organ transplantation in the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(7):e159–e69. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1113Prospective study within Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. Enrolled 3541 solid organ transplant recipients, 577 liver transplant patients. Large cohort study defining incidence of candida and fungal disease in population.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

•• Kim YJ, Kim SI, Choi JY, Yoon SK, Na GH, You YK, et al. Invasive fungal infection in liver transplant recipients in a prophylactic era: a multicenter retrospective cohort study in Korea. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(26):e16179. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000016179Multicenter retrospective cohort study in Korea. Outlined risk factors for IFI in that cohort of 482 liver transplant patients.CrossRef

14.

Chiereghin A, Petrisli E, Ravaioli M, Morelli MC, Turello G, Squarzoni D, et al. Infectious agents after liver transplant: etiology, timeline and patients' cell-mediated immunity responses. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2017;206(1):63–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-016-0485-7.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Fishman JA. Infection in Organ Transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2017;17(4):856–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14208.CrossRefPubMed

16.

• Garcia-Vidal C, Carratalà J, Lortholary O. Defining standards of CARE for invasive fungal diseases in solid organ transplant patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74(Suppl 2):ii16–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz039Review of progress over prior decade managing invasive fungal infections in SOT.CrossRefPubMed

17.

• Zhang W, Wang W, Kang M, Wu S, Liu Y, Liao Q, et al. Bacterial and fungal infections after liver transplantation: microbial epidemiology, risk factors for infection and death with infection. Ann Transplant. 2020;25:e921591-e. https://doi.org/10.12659/AOT.921591Retrospective cohort study in China, which included 433 liver transplant recipients. Identified 170 fungal infections.CrossRef

18.

Habib S, Yarlagadda S, Carreon TA, Schader LM, Hsu CH. Fungal infection in acutely decompensated cirrhosis patients: value of model for end-stage liver disease score. Gastroenterol Res. 2020;13(5):199–207. https://doi.org/10.14740/gr1255.CrossRef

19.

van Hal SJ, Marriott DJ, Chen SC, Nguyen Q, Sorrell TC, Ellis DH, et al. Candidemia following solid organ transplantation in the era of antifungal prophylaxis: the Australian experience. Transpl Infect Dis. 2009;11(2):122–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2009.00371.x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Collins LA, Samore MH, Roberts MS, Luzzati R, Jenkins RL, Lewis WD, et al. Risk factors for invasive fungal infections complicating orthotopic liver transplantation. J Infect Dis. 1994;170(3):644–52.CrossRef

21.

Huprikar S. Revisiting antifungal prophylaxis in high-risk liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2014;14(12):2683–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12989.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Singh N, Wagener MM, Marino IR, Gayowski T. Trends in invasive fungal infections in liver transplant recipients: correlation with evolution in transplantation practices. Transplantation. 2002;73(1):63–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200201150-00011.CrossRefPubMed

23.

• Jorgenson MR, Descourouez JL, Marka NA, Leverson GE, Smith JA, Andes DR, et al. A targeted fungal prophylaxis protocol with static dosed fluconazole significantly reduces invasive fungal infection after liver transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2019;21(5):e13156. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.13156Observational cohort study of successful use of risk-factor based fungal prophylaxis protocol.CrossRefPubMed

24.

• Ferrarese A, Cattelan A, Cillo U, Gringeri E, Russo FP, Germani G, et al. Invasive fungal infection before and after liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(47):7485–96. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i47.7485Good review article of fungal infections pre- and post-liver transplant.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Saliba F, Delvart V, Ichaï P, Kassis N, Botterel F, Mihaila L, et al. Fungal infections after liver transplantation: outcomes and risk factors revisited in the MELD era. Clin Transpl. 2013;27(4):E454–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.12129.CrossRef

26.

Raghuram A, Restrepo A, Safadjou S, Cooley J, Orloff M, Hardy D, et al. Invasive fungal infections following liver transplantation: Incidence, risk factors, survival, and impact of fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis (2003-2007). Liver Transpl. 2012;18(9):1100–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.23467.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Sganga G, Bianco G, Frongillo F, Lirosi MC, Nure E, Agnes S. Fungal infections after liver transplantation: incidence and outcome. Transplant Proc. 2014;46(7):2314–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.07.056.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Lichtenstern C, Hochreiter M, Zehnter VD, Brenner T, Hofer S, Mieth M, et al. Pretransplant model for end stage liver disease score predicts posttransplant incidence of fungal infections after liver transplantation. Mycoses. 2013;56(3):350–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12041.CrossRefPubMed

29.

•• Rinaldi M, Bartoletti M, Ferrarese A, Franceschini E, Campoli C, Coladonato S, et al. Breakthrough invasive fungal infection after liver transplantation in patients on targeted antifungal prophylaxis: a prospective multicentre study. Transplant Infect Dis e13608. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.13608. Multicenter prospective study of adults undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation at three Italian hospitals. Protocol for TAP evaluated risk factors on weekly basis.

30.

Fernández J, Acevedo J, Wiest R, Gustot T, Amoros A, Deulofeu C, et al. Bacterial and fungal infections in acute-on-chronic liver failure: prevalence, characteristics and impact on prognosis. Gut. 2018;67(10):1870–80. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314240.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Gavaldà J, Meije Y, Fortún J, Roilides E, Saliba F, Lortholary O, et al. Invasive fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(Suppl 7):27–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12660.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Scolarici M, Jorgenson M, Saddler C, Smith J. Fungal infections in liver transplant recipients. J Fungi. 2021;7(7):524.CrossRef

33.

•• Lum L, Lee A, Vu M, Strasser S, Davis R. Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive fungal disease in liver transplant recipients in a tertiary transplant center. Transpl Infect Dis. 2020;22(6):e13361. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.13361Retrospective cohort study of 554 patients evaluating risk factors from 28 cases of invasive fungal disease.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Singh N, Wagener MM, Cacciarelli TV, Levitsky J. Antifungal management practices in liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2008;8(2):426–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.02089.x.CrossRefPubMed

35.

•• Aslam S, Rotstein C. Candida infections in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transpl. 2019;33(9):e13623. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.13623Comprehensive guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Community of Practice on management of candida infections in solid organ transplant.CrossRef

36.

•• Righi E, Carnelutti A, Baccarani U, Sartor A, Cojutti P, Bassetti M, et al. Treatment of Candida infections with fluconazole in adult liver transplant recipients: is TDM-guided dosing adaptation helpful? Transpl Infect Dis. 2019;21(4):e13113. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.13113Retrospective study of adult liver transplant recipients receiving fluconazole for invasive candidiasis.CrossRefPubMed

37.

•• Fernández-Ruiz M, Cardozo C, Salavert M, Aguilar-Guisado M, Escolà-Vergé L, Muñoz P, et al. Candidemia in solid organ transplant recipients in Spain: epidemiological trends and determinants of outcome. Transpl Infect Dis. 2019;21(6):e13195. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.13195Prospective data from two multicenter studies over two consecutive periods. Able to distinguish increased rates of C. glabrata over discrete study periods.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Sun HY, Cacciarelli TV, Singh N. Micafungin versus amphotericin B lipid complex for the prevention of invasive fungal infections in high-risk liver transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2013;96(6):573–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e31829d674f.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Pappas PG, Andes D, Schuster M, Hadley S, Rabkin J, Merion RM, et al. Invasive fungal infections in low-risk liver transplant recipients: a multi-center prospective observational study. Am J Transplant. 2006;6(2):386–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01176.x.CrossRefPubMed

40.

• McCarty TP, White CM, Pappas PG. Candidemia and invasive candidiasis. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2021;35(2):389–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2021.03.007Review of recent developments in candidemia and invasive candidiasis.CrossRef

41.

•• Bassetti M, Giacobbe DR, Vena A, Trucchi C, Ansaldi F, Antonelli M, et al. Incidence and outcome of invasive candidiasis in intensive care units (ICUs) in Europe: results of the EUCANDICU project. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):219. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-019-2497-3Multinational, multicenter retrospective study of 23 ICUs in 9 countries.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Farmakiotis D, Kontoyiannis DP. Emerging issues with diagnosis and management of fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2015;15(5):1141–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13186.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Marzaban R, Salah M, Mukhtar AM, Dwedar RA, Abdel-Latif W, Mahmoud I. Fungal infections in liver transplant patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Ann Transplant. 2014;19:667–73. https://doi.org/10.12659/aot.892132.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Pfaller MA, Andes DR, Diekema DJ, Horn DL, Reboli AC, Rotstein C, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of invasive candidiasis due to non-albicans species of Candida in 2,496 patients: data from the Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH) registry 2004-2008. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e101510-e. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101510.CrossRef

45.

Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH. Diagnosing invasive candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(5). https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01909-17.

46.

Nguyen MH, Wissel MC, Shields RK, Salomoni MA, Hao B, Press EG, et al. Performance of Candida real-time polymerase chain reaction, β-D-glucan assay, and blood cultures in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(9):1240–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis200.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Silveira FP, Kusne S, Practice tAIDCo. Candida infections in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(s4):220–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12114.CrossRefPubMed

48.

• Kabir V, Maertens J, Kuypers D. Fungal infections in solid organ transplantation: an update on diagnosis and treatment. Transplant Rev. 2019;33(2):77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trre.2018.12.001Review, focused on diagnosis and treatment.CrossRef

49.

Hou T-Y, Wang S-H, Liang S-X, Jiang W-X, Luo D-D, Huang D-H. The screening performance of serum 1,3-beta-D-glucan in patients with invasive fungal diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0131602. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131602.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

50.

•• Clancy CJ, Pappas PG, Vazquez J, Judson MA, Kontoyiannis DP, Thompson GR III, et al. Detecting Infections Rapidly and Easily for Candidemia Trial, Part 2 (DIRECT2): a prospective, multicenter study of the T2Candida panel. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(11):1678–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix1095Prospective multicenter study of T2Candida assay, paired with companion blood cultures.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Mylonakis E, Clancy CJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Garey KW, Alangaden GJ, Vazquez JA, et al. T2 magnetic resonance assay for the rapid diagnosis of candidemia in whole blood: a clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(6):892–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu959.CrossRefPubMed

52.

• Haidar G, Green M. Intra-abdominal infections in solid organ transplant recipients: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transpl. 2019;33(9):e13595. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.13595Guidelines from large society of complex intra-abdominal infections in solid organ transplant.CrossRef

53.

Zervou FN, Zacharioudakis IM, Kurpewski J, Mylonakis E. T2 magnetic resonance for fungal diagnosis. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1508:305–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6515-1_18.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Levesque E, El Anbassi S, Sitterle E, Foulet F, Merle JC, Botterel F. Contribution of (1,3)-beta-D-glucan to diagnosis of invasive candidiasis after liver transplantation. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(3):771–6. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.03018-14.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

• Sexton DJ, Bentz ML, Welsh RM, Litvintseva AP. Evaluation of a new T2 magnetic resonance assay for rapid detection of emergent fungal pathogen Candida auris on clinical skin swab samples. Mycoses. 2018;61(10):786–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12817Confirmed utility of T2Candida assay in detecting C. auris from multiple sites.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Avni T, Leibovici L, Paul M. PCR diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(2):665–70. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01602-10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Yaman G, Akyar I, Can S. Evaluation of the MALDI TOF-MS method for identification of Candida strains isolated from blood cultures. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;73(1):65–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.01.013.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Kordalewska M, Zhao Y, Lockhart SR, Chowdhary A, Berrio I, Perlin DS. Rapid and accurate molecular identification of the emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen Candida auris. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(8):2445–52. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00630-17.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

• Leach L, Zhu Y, Chaturvedi S. Development and validation of a real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of Candida auris from surveillance samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01223-17Evaluating performance of PCR for detecting Candida auris.

60.

Theodoropoulos NM, Bolstorff B, Bozorgzadeh A, Brandeburg C, Cumming M, Daly JS, et al. Candida auris outbreak involving liver transplant recipients in a surgical intensive care unit. Am J Transplant. 2020;20(12):3673–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16144.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Prigent G, Aït-Ammar N, Levesque E, Fekkar A, Costa JM, El Anbassi S, et al. Echinocandin resistance in Candida species isolates from liver transplant recipients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01229-16.

62.

• Kidd SE, Crawford LC, Halliday CL. Antifungal susceptibility testing and identification. Infect Dis Clin. 2021;35(2):313–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2021.03.004Overview of resistance mechanisms of fungal infections.CrossRef

63.

Shields RK, Nguyen MH, Press EG, Clancy CJ. Abdominal candidiasis is a hidden reservoir of echinocandin resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(12):7601–5. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.04134-14.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

64.

•• Jenks JD, Cornely OA, Chen SC-A, Thompson GR III, Hoenigl M. Breakthrough invasive fungal infections: Who is at risk? Mycoses. 2020;63(10):1021–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13148Review of most significant risk factors for breakthrough invasive fungal infections in hematology patients and solid organ transplant.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;62(4):e1–e50. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ933.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Giannella M, Bartoletti M, Morelli M, Cristini F, Tedeschi S, Campoli C, et al. Antifungal prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients: one size does not fit all. Transpl Infect Dis. 2016;18(4):538–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/tid.12560.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Dekkers BGJ, Bakker M, van der Elst KCM, Sturkenboom MGG, Veringa A, Span LFR, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of posaconazole: an update. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2016;10:51–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-016-0255-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Hamada Y, Tokimatsu I, Mikamo H, Kimura M, Seki M, Takakura S, et al. Practice guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole: a consensus review of the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and the Japanese Society of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. J Infect Chemother. 2013;19(3):381–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10156-013-0607-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Winston DJ, Pakrasi A, Busuttil RW. Prophylactic fluconazole in liver transplant recipients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(10):729–37. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-10-199911160-00003.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Evans JD, Morris PJ, Knight SR. Antifungal prophylaxis in liver transplantation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Am J Transplant. 2014;14(12):2765–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12925.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Winston DJ, Limaye AP, Pelletier S, Safdar N, Morris MI, Meneses K, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of anidulafungin versus fluconazole for prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in high-risk liver transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2014;14(12):2758–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12963.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Fortún J, Muriel A, Martín-Dávila P, Montejo M, Len O, Torre-Cisneros J, et al. Caspofungin versus fluconazole as prophylaxis of invasive fungal infection in high-risk liver transplantation recipients: a propensity score analysis. Liver Transpl. 2016;22(4):427–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.24391.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Saliba F, Pascher A, Cointault O, Laterre PF, Cervera C, De Waele JJ, et al. Randomized trial of micafungin for the prevention of invasive fungal infection in high-risk liver transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(7):997–1006. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu1128.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Dannaoui E, Desnos-Ollivier M, Garcia-Hermoso D, Grenouillet F, Cassaing S, Baixench MT, et al. Candida spp. with acquired echinocandin resistance, France, 2004-2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):86–90. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110556.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

75.

• Taimur S. Yeast infections in solid organ transplantation. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2018;32(3):651–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2018.04.005Good review article of fungal infections in organ transplant.CrossRef

76.

•• Cornely OA, Hoenigl M, Lass-Flörl C, Chen SC, Kontoyiannis DP, Morrissey CO, et al. Defining breakthrough invasive fungal infection-Position paper of the mycoses study group education and research consortium and the European Confederation of Medical Mycology. Mycoses. 2019;62(9):716–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12960Established clinical definitions for breakthrough fungal infections. Utilized to guide many studies.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

77.

Lockhart SR, Wagner D, Iqbal N, Pappas PG, Andes DR, Kauffman CA, et al. Comparison of in vitro susceptibility characteristics of Candida species from cases of invasive candidiasis in solid organ and stem cell transplant recipients: Transplant-Associated Infections Surveillance Network (TRANSNET), 2001 to 2006. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(7):2404–10. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02474-10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

78.

• Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Spiliopoulou A, Kolonitsiou F, Bartzavali C, Lambropoulou A, Xaplanteri P, et al. Increasing incidence of candidaemia and shifting epidemiology in favor of Candida non-albicans in a 9-year period (2009-2017) in a university Greek hospital. Infection. 2019;47(2):209–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-018-1217-2Analyzed candidemia epidemiology and antifungal use at single-center hospital over 9-year period. Identifies epidemiological shifts in non-albicans species.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Chowdhary A, Anil Kumar V, Sharma C, Prakash A, Agarwal K, Babu R, et al. Multidrug-resistant endemic clonal strain of Candida auris in India. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33(6):919–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-013-2027-1.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Vallabhaneni S, Kallen A, Tsay S, Chow N, Welsh R, Kerins J, et al. Investigation of the first seven reported cases of Candida auris, a globally emerging invasive, multidrug-resistant fungus-United States, May 2013-August 2016. Am J Transplant. 2017;17(1):296–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14121.CrossRefPubMed

81.

Azar MM, Turbett SE, Fishman JA, Pierce VM. Donor-derived transmission of Candida auris during lung transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(6):1040–2. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix460.CrossRefPubMed

82.

• Fasciana T, Cortegiani A, Ippolito M, Giarratano A, Di Quattro O, Lipari D, et al. Candida auris: an overview of how to screen, detect, test and control this emerging pathogen. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020;9(11):778. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110778Comprehensive article discussing screening techniques and infection control for C. auris.CrossRef

Title: Invasive Candidiasis in Liver Transplant Recipients: A Review
Authors: Rachel Sigler
Saima Aslam
Publication date: 01-12-2021
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: Candidiasis
Candidiasis
Fluconazole
Published in: Current Fungal Infection Reports / Issue 4/2021
Print ISSN: 1936-3761
Electronic ISSN: 1936-377X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-021-00426-6

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits

Illustration of figure on mountain summit/© Orapun / Stock.adobe.com, STEP AAG HeroTeaserCollection image/© Tarek / Generated with AI / Stock.adobe.com, ACC 2024 Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Valvular Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 HF and Cardiomyopathies: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, Woman out walking/© Seventyfour / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Woman checking smartwatch /© saltdium / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Cardiac catheterization/© Damian / stock.adobe.com

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2021

Coccidioidomycosis and Solid Organ Transplantation

Fungal Infection and Prevention in Lung Transplant

MALDI-TOF MS: Foundations and a Practical Approach to the Clinically Relevant Filamentous Fungi Identification

Diagnostics for Fungal Infections in Solid Organ Transplants (SOT)

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage