Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Neuroscience Bulletin
Published in: Neuroscience Bulletin 3/2016

01-06-2016 | Review

Molecular, Functional, and Structural Imaging of Major Depressive Disorder

Authors: Kai Zhang, Yunqi Zhu, Yuankai Zhu, Shuang Wu, Hao Liu, Wei Zhang, Caiyun Xu, Hong Zhang, Takuya Hayashi, Mei Tian

Published in: Neuroscience Bulletin | Issue 3/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, correlating with genetic susceptibility and environmental risk factors. Molecular, functional, and structural imaging approaches have been increasingly used to detect neurobiological changes, analyze neurochemical correlates, and parse pathophysiological mechanisms underlying MDD. We reviewed recent neuroimaging publications on MDD in terms of molecular, functional, and structural alterations as detected mainly by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography. Altered structure and function of brain regions involved in the cognitive control of affective state have been demonstrated. An abnormal default mode network, as revealed by resting-state functional MRI, is likely associated with aberrant metabolic and serotonergic function revealed by radionuclide imaging. Further multi-modal investigations are essential to clarify the characteristics of the cortical network and serotonergic system associated with behavioral and genetic variations in MDD.
Literature
1.
Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of dsm-iv disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62: 593–602.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, Pike CT, Kessler RC. The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2005 and 2010). J Clin Psychiatry 2015, 76: 155–162.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Global Burden of Disease Study C. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2015, 386: 743–800.CrossRef
4.
Thompson SM, Kallarackal AJ, Kvarta MD, Van Dyke AM, LeGates TA, Cai X. An excitatory synapse hypothesis of depression. Trends Neurosci 2015, 38: 279–294.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Morgan LC, Thaler K, Lux L, Van Noord M, et al. Comparative benefits and harms of second-generation antidepressants for treating major depressive disorder: an updated meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2011, 155: 772–785.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Gaynes BN, Warden D, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Fava M, Rush AJ. What did STAR*D teach us? Results from a large-scale, practical, clinical trial for patients with depression. Psychiatr Serv 2009, 60: 1439–1445.PubMedCrossRef
7.
8.
9.
James ML, Gambhir SS. A molecular imaging primer: modalities, imaging agents, and applications. Physiol Rev 2012, 92: 897–965.PubMedCrossRef
10.
11.
Logothetis NK. The neural basis of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2002, 357: 1003–1037.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
Tu PC, Chen LF, Hsieh JC, Bai YM, Li CT, Su TP. Regional cortical thinning in patients with major depressive disorder: a surface-based morphometry study. Psychiatry Res 2012, 202: 206–213.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Han KM, Choi S, Jung J, Na KS, Yoon HK, Lee MS, et al. Cortical thickness, cortical and subcortical volume, and white matter integrity in patients with their first episode of major depression. J Affect Disord 2014, 155: 42–48.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Reynolds S, Carrey N, Jaworska N, Langevin LM, Yang XR, Macmaster FP. Cortical thickness in youth with major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2014, 14: 83.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
Grieve SM, Korgaonkar MS, Koslow SH, Gordon E, Williams LM. Widespread reductions in gray matter volume in depression. Neuroimage Clin 2013, 3: 332–339.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
Nakano M, Matsuo K, Nakashima M, Matsubara T, Harada K, Egashira K, et al. Gray matter volume and rapid decision-making in major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014, 48: 51–56.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Qi H, Ning Y, Li J, Guo S, Chi M, Gao M, et al. Gray matter volume abnormalities in depressive patients with and without anxiety disorders. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014, 93: e345.CrossRef
18.
19.
Machino A, Kunisato Y, Matsumoto T, Yoshimura S, Ueda K, Yamawaki Y, et al. Possible involvement of rumination in gray matter abnormalities in persistent symptoms of major depression: an exploratory magnetic resonance imaging voxel-based morphometry study. J Affect Disord 2014, 168: 229–235.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Depping MS, Wolf ND, Vasic N, Sambataro F, Thomann PA, Christian Wolf R. Specificity of abnormal brain volume in major depressive disorder: a comparison with borderline personality disorder. J Affect Disord 2015, 174: 650–657.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Bora E, Fornito A, Pantelis C, Yucel M. Gray matter abnormalities in Major Depressive Disorder: a meta-analysis of voxel based morphometry studies. J Affect Disord 2012, 138: 9–18.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Lai CH. Gray matter volume in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Psychiatry Res 2013, 211: 37–46.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Du MY, Wu QZ, Yue Q, Li J, Liao Y, Kuang WH, et al. Voxelwise meta-analysis of gray matter reduction in major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012, 36: 11–16.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Botvinick MM. Conflict monitoring and decision making: reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2007, 7: 356–366.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Decety J, Moriguchi Y. The empathic brain and its dysfunction in psychiatric populations: implications for intervention across different clinical conditions. Biopsychosoc Med 2007, 1: 22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
Smoski MJ, Felder J, Bizzell J, Green SR, Ernst M, Lynch TR, et al. fMRI of alterations in reward selection, anticipation, and feedback in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2009, 118: 69–78.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
Carter CS, Braver TS, Barch DM, Botvinick MM, Noll D, Cohen JD. Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science 1998, 280: 747–749.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Lai CH, Wu YT. Frontal-insula gray matter deficits in first-episode medication-naive patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2014, 160: 74–79.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Lai CH, Wu YT. The gray matter alterations in major depressive disorder and panic disorder: Putative differences in the pathogenesis. J Affect Disord 2015, 186: 1–6.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zhao YJ, Du MY, Huang XQ, Lui S, Chen ZQ, Liu J, et al. Brain grey matter abnormalities in medication-free patients with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2014, 44: 2927–2937.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Qiu L, Lui S, Kuang W, Huang X, Li J, Li J, et al. Regional increases of cortical thickness in untreated, first-episode major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2014, 4: e378.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
Phillips JL, Batten LA, Tremblay P, Aldosary F, Blier P. A prospective, longitudinal study of the effect of remission on cortical thickness and hippocampal volume in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015, 18: pyv037.
33.
Jarnum H, Eskildsen SF, Steffensen EG, Lundbye-Christensen S, Simonsen CW, Thomsen IS, et al. Longitudinal MRI study of cortical thickness, perfusion, and metabolite levels in major depressive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011, 124: 435–446.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Leistedt SJ, Linkowski P. Brain, networks, depression, and more. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013, 23: 55–62.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Malykhin NV, Coupland NJ. Hippocampal neuroplasticity in major depressive disorder. Neuroscience 2015, 309: 200–213.PubMedCrossRef
36.
MacQueen GM, Campbell S, McEwen BS, Macdonald K, Amano S, Joffe RT, et al. Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100: 1387–1392.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
Warner-Schmidt JL, Duman RS. Hippocampal neurogenesis: opposing effects of stress and antidepressant treatment. Hippocampus 2006, 16: 239–249.PubMedCrossRef
38.
39.
Jung J, Kang J, Won E, Nam K, Lee MS, Tae WS, et al. Impact of lingual gyrus volume on antidepressant response and neurocognitive functions in Major Depressive Disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study. J Affect Disord 2014, 169: 179–187.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Liu CH, Jing B, Ma X, Xu PF, Zhang Y, Li F, et al. Voxel-based morphometry study of the insular cortex in female patients with current and remitted depression. Neuroscience 2014, 262: 190–199.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Opel N, Redlich R, Zwanzger P, Grotegerd D, Arolt V, Heindel W, et al. Hippocampal atrophy in major depression: a function of childhood maltreatment rather than diagnosis? Neuropsychopharmacology 2014, 39: 2723–2731.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
Stratmann M, Konrad C, Kugel H, Krug A, Schoning S, Ohrmann P, et al. Insular and hippocampal gray matter volume reductions in patients with major depressive disorder. PLoS One 2014, 9: e102692.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
Hagan CC, Graham JM, Tait R, Widmer B, van Nieuwenhuizen AO, Ooi C, et al. Adolescents with current major depressive disorder show dissimilar patterns of age-related differences in ACC and thalamus. Neuroimage Clin 2015, 7: 391–399.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
Cauda F, D’Agata F, Sacco K, Duca S, Geminiani G, Vercelli A. Functional connectivity of the insula in the resting brain. Neuroimage 2011, 55: 8–23.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Stephani C, Fernandez-Baca Vaca G, Maciunas R, Koubeissi M, Luders HO. Functional neuroanatomy of the insular lobe. Brain Struct Funct 2011, 216: 137–149.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
Turner AD, Furey ML, Drevets WC, Zarate C, Jr., Nugent AC. Association between subcortical volumes and verbal memory in unmedicated depressed patients and healthy controls. Neuropsychologia 2012, 50: 2348–2355.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
Kaymak SU, Demir B, Senturk S, Tatar I, Aldur MM, Ulug B. Hippocampus, glucocorticoids and neurocognitive functions in patients with first-episode major depressive disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010, 260: 217–223.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Sexton CE, Mackay CE, Ebmeier KP. A systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging studies in affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2009, 66: 814–823.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Li L, Ma N, Li Z, Tan L, Liu J, Gong G, et al. Prefrontal white matter abnormalities in young adult with major depressive disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain Res 2007, 1168: 124–128.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Song YJ, Korgaonkar MS, Armstrong LV, Eagles S, Williams LM, Grieve SM. Tractography of the brainstem in major depressive disorder using diffusion tensor imaging. PLoS One 2014, 9: e84825.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
Ota M, Noda T, Sato N, Hattori K, Hori H, Sasayama D, et al. White matter abnormalities in major depressive disorder with melancholic and atypical features: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015, 69: 360–368.
52.
Korgaonkar MS, Williams LM, Song YJ, Usherwood T, Grieve SM. Diffusion tensor imaging predictors of treatment outcomes in major depressive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2014, 205: 321–328.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Raichle ME. The restless brain: how intrinsic activity organizes brain function. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015, 370.
54.
Smith SM, Vidaurre D, Beckmann CF, Glasser MF, Jenkinson M, Miller KL, et al. Functional connectomics from resting-state fMRI. Trends Cogn Sci 2013, 17: 666–682.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
Liu CH, Ma X, Song LP, Tang LR, Jing B, Zhang Y, et al. Alteration of spontaneous neuronal activity within the salience network in partially remitted depression. Brain Res 2015, 1599: 93–102.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Manoliu A, Meng C, Brandl F, Doll A, Tahmasian M, Scherr M, et al. Insular dysfunction within the salience network is associated with severity of symptoms and aberrant inter-network connectivity in major depressive disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2013, 7: 930.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
Sambataro F, Wolf ND, Pennuto M, Vasic N, Wolf RC. Revisiting default mode network function in major depression: evidence for disrupted subsystem connectivity. Psychol Med 2014, 44: 2041–2051.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Chen Y, Wang C, Zhu X, Tan Y, Zhong Y. Aberrant connectivity within the default mode network in first-episode, treatment-naive major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2015, 183: 49–56.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Alexopoulos GS, Hoptman MJ, Kanellopoulos D, Murphy CF, Lim KO, Gunning FM. Functional connectivity in the cognitive control network and the default mode network in late-life depression. J Affect Disord 2012, 139: 56–65.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
Zeng LL, Shen H, Liu L, Wang L, Li B, Fang P, et al. Identifying major depression using whole-brain functional connectivity: a multivariate pattern analysis. Brain 2012, 135: 1498–1507.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Shen T, Li C, Wang B, Yang WM, Zhang C, Wu Z, et al. Increased cognition connectivity network in major depression disorder: a FMRI study. Psychiatry Investig 2015, 12: 227–234.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
62.
Zhang X, Zhu X, Wang X, Zhu X, Zhong M, Yi J, et al. First-episode medication-naive major depressive disorder is associated with altered resting brain function in the affective network. PLoS One 2014, 9: e85241.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
63.
Seeley WW, Menon V, Schatzberg AF, Keller J, Glover GH, Kenna H, et al. Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. J Neurosci 2007, 27: 2349–2356.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
Hamilton JP, Etkin A, Furman DJ, Lemus MG, Johnson RF, Gotlib IH. Functional neuroimaging of major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis and new integration of base line activation and neural response data. The American journal of psychiatry 2012, 169: 693–703.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Campbell KL, Grigg O, Saverino C, Churchill N, Grady CL. Age differences in the intrinsic functional connectivity of default network subsystems. Front Aging Neurosci 2013, 5: 73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Corbetta M, Van Essen DC, Raichle ME. The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102: 9673–9678.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
Posner J, Hellerstein DJ, Gat I, Mechling A, Klahr K, Wang Z, et al. Antidepressants normalize the default mode network in patients with dysthymia. JAMA Psychiatry 2013, 70: 373–382.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
Siegle GJ, Thompson W, Carter CS, Steinhauer SR, Thase ME. Increased amygdala and decreased dorsolateral prefrontal BOLD responses in unipolar depression: related and independent features. Biol Psychiatry 2007, 61: 198–209.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Fitzgerald PB, Oxley TJ, Laird AR, Kulkarni J, Egan GF, Daskalakis ZJ. An analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of dorsolateral prefrontal cortical activity in depression. Psychiatry Res 2006, 148: 33–45.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Nejad AB, Fossati P, Lemogne C. Self-referential processing, rumination, and cortical midline structures in major depression. Front Hum Neurosci 2013, 7: 666.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Sheline YI, Price JL, Yan Z, Mintun MA. Resting-state functional MRI in depression unmasks increased connectivity between networks via the dorsal nexus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107: 11020–11025.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Broyd SJ, Demanuele C, Debener S, Helps SK, James CJ, Sonuga-Barke EJ. Default-mode brain dysfunction in mental disorders: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009, 33: 279–296.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Rogers MA, Kasai K, Koji M, Fukuda R, Iwanami A, Nakagome K, et al. Executive and prefrontal dysfunction in unipolar depression: a review of neuropsychological and imaging evidence. Neurosci Res 2004, 50: 1–11.PubMedCrossRef
74.
MacDonald AW, 3rd, Cohen JD, Stenger VA, Carter CS. Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control. Science 2000, 288: 1835–1838.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Corbetta M, Shulman GL. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002, 3: 201–215.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Phillips ML, Drevets WC, Rauch SL, Lane R. Neurobiology of emotion perception I: The neural basis of normal emotion perception. Biol Psychiatry 2003, 54: 504–514.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Lai CH, Wu YT. Decreased inter-hemispheric connectivity in anterior sub-network of default mode network and cerebellum: significant findings in major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014, 17: 1935–1942.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Guo W, Liu F, Liu J, Yu M, Zhang Z, Liu G, et al. Increased cerebellar-default-mode-network connectivity in drug-naive major depressive disorder at rest. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015, 94: e560.CrossRef
79.
80.
Dichter GS, Gibbs D, Smoski MJ. A systematic review of relations between resting-state functional-MRI and treatment response in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2014, 172c: 8–17.
81.
Shen Y, Yao J, Jiang X, Zhang L, Xu L, Feng R, et al. Sub-hubs of baseline functional brain networks are related to early improvement following two-week pharmacological therapy for major depressive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2015, 36: 2915–2927.
82.
Oltedal L, Kessler U, Ersland L, Gruner R, Andreassen OA, Haavik J, et al. Effects of ECT in treatment of depression: study protocol for a prospective neuroradiological study of acute and longitudinal effects on brain structure and function. BMC Psychiatry 2015, 15: 94.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
83.
Wang LJ, Kuang WH, Xu JJ, Lei D, Yang YC. Resting-state brain activation correlates with short-time antidepressant treatment outcome in drug-naive patients with major depressive disorder. J Int Med Res 2014, 42: 966–975.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Salomons TV, Dunlop K, Kennedy SH, Flint A, Geraci J, Giacobbe P, et al. Resting-state cortico-thalamic-striatal connectivity predicts response to dorsomedial prefrontal rTMS in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014, 39: 488–498.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
85.
Crowther A, Smoski MJ, Minkel J, Moore T, Gibbs D, Petty C, et al. Resting-state connectivity predictors of response to psychotherapy in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015, 40: 1659–1673.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Weiduschat N, Dubin MJ. Prefrontal cortical blood flow predicts response of depression to rTMS. J Affect Disord 2013, 150: 699–702.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Wang L, Xia M, Li K, Zeng Y, Su Y, Dai W, et al. The effects of antidepressant treatment on resting-state functional brain networks in patients with major depressive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp 2015, 36: 768–778.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Lisiecka D, Meisenzahl E, Scheuerecker J, Schoepf V, Whitty P, Chaney A, et al. Neural correlates of treatment outcome in major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011, 14: 521–534.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Frodl T, Scheuerecker J, Schoepf V, Linn J, Koutsouleris N, Bokde AL, et al. Different effects of mirtazapine and venlafaxine on brain activation: an open randomized controlled fMRI study. J Clin Psychiatry 2011, 72: 448–457.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Outhred T, Hawkshead BE, Wager TD, Das P, Malhi GS, Kemp AH. Acute neural effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors on emotion processing: Implications for differential treatment efficacy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013, 37: 1786–1800.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Wagner G, Koch K, Schachtzabel C, Sobanski T, Reichenbach JR, Sauer H, et al. Differential effects of serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants on brain activity during a cognitive control task and neurofunctional prediction of treatment outcome in patients with depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2010, 35: 247–257.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
Fu CH, Costafreda SG, Sankar A, Adams TM, Rasenick MM, Liu P, et al. Multimodal functional and structural neuroimaging investigation of major depressive disorder following treatment with duloxetine. BMC Psychiatry 2015, 15: 82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
93.
Phelps ME. PET: the merging of biology and imaging into molecular imaging. J Nucl Med 2000, 41: 661–681.PubMed
94.
Jones T, Rabiner EA, Company PETRA. The development, past achievements, and future directions of brain PET. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012, 32: 1426–1454.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
96.
Laruelle M. Imaging synaptic neurotransmission with in vivo binding competition techniques: a critical review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000, 20: 423–451.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Su L, Cai Y, Xu Y, Dutt A, Shi S, Bramon E. Cerebral metabolism in major depressive disorder: a voxel-based meta-analysis of positron emission tomography studies. BMC Psychiatry 2014, 14: 321.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
98.
Sacher J, Neumann J, Funfstuck T, Soliman A, Villringer A, Schroeter ML. Mapping the depressed brain: a meta-analysis of structural and functional alterations in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2012, 140: 142–148.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Baldacara L, Borgio JG, Lacerda AL, Jackowski AP. Cerebellum and psychiatric disorders. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2008, 30: 281–289.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Luna B, Minshew NJ, Garver KE, Lazar NA, Thulborn KR, Eddy WF, et al. Neocortical system abnormalities in autism: an fMRI study of spatial working memory. Neurology 2002, 59: 834–840.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Chen CH, Suckling J, Lennox BR, Ooi C, Bullmore ET. A quantitative meta-analysis of fMRI studies in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2011, 13: 1–15.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Roffman JL, Witte JM, Tanner AS, Ghaznavi S, Abernethy RS, Crain LD, et al. Neural predictors of successful brief psychodynamic psychotherapy for persistent depression. Psychother Psychosom 2014, 83: 364–370.PubMed
103.
Conway CR, Chibnall JT, Gangwani S, Mintun MA, Price JL, Hershey T, et al. Pretreatment cerebral metabolic activity correlates with antidepressant efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in treatment-resistant major depression: a potential marker for response? J Affect Disord 2012, 139: 283–290.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
104.
Elhwuegi AS. Central monoamines and their role in major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004, 28: 435–451.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Maes M, Leonard BE, Myint AM, Kubera M, Verkerk R. The new ‘5-HT’ hypothesis of depression: cell-mediated immune activation induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which leads to lower plasma tryptophan and an increased synthesis of detrimental tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), both of which contribute to the onset of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011, 35: 702–721.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Neumeister A, Nugent AC, Waldeck T, Geraci M, Schwarz M, Bonne O, et al. Neural and behavioral responses to tryptophan depletion in unmedicated patients with remitted major depressive disorder and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004, 61: 765–773.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Gray NA, Milak MS, DeLorenzo C, Ogden RT, Huang YY, Mann JJ, et al. Antidepressant treatment reduces serotonin-1A autoreceptor binding in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013, 74: 26–31.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
108.
Miller JM, Hesselgrave N, Ogden RT, Zanderigo F, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ, et al. Brain serotonin 1A receptor binding as a predictor of treatment outcome in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013, 74: 760–767.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
109.
Miller JM, Brennan KG, Ogden TR, Oquendo MA, Sullivan GM, Mann JJ, et al. Elevated serotonin 1A binding in remitted major depressive disorder: evidence for a trait biological abnormality. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 34: 2275–2284.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
110.
Parsey RV, Oquendo MA, Ogden RT, Olvet DM, Simpson N, Huang YY, et al. Altered serotonin 1A binding in major depression: a [carbonyl-C-11]WAY100635 positron emission tomography study. Biol Psychiatry 2006, 59: 106–113.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Naudon L, El Yacoubi M, Vaugeois JM, Leroux-Nicollet I, Costentin J. A chronic treatment with fluoxetine decreases 5-HT(1A) receptors labeling in mice selected as a genetic model of helplessness. Brain Res 2002, 936: 68–75.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Shishkina GT, Kalinina TS, Dygalo NN. Serotonergic changes produced by repeated exposure to forced swimming: correlation with behavior. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008, 1148: 148–153.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Lemonde S, Turecki G, Bakish D, Du L, Hrdina PD, Bown CD, et al. Impaired repression at a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor gene polymorphism associated with major depression and suicide. J Neurosci 2003, 23: 8788–8799.PubMed
114.
Neff CD, Abkevich V, Packer JC, Chen Y, Potter J, Riley R, et al. Evidence for HTR1A and LHPP as interacting genetic risk factors in major depression. Mol Psychiatry 2009, 14: 621–630.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Purselle DC, Nemeroff CB. Serotonin transporter: a potential substrate in the biology of suicide. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28: 613–619.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Ho PS, Ho KK, Huang WS, Yen CH, Shih MC, Shen LH, et al. Association study of serotonin transporter availability and SLC6A4 gene polymorphisms in patients with major depression. Psychiatry Res 2013, 212: 216–222.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Miller JM, Hesselgrave N, Ogden RT, Sullivan GM, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ, et al. Positron emission tomography quantification of serotonin transporter in suicide attempters with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013, 74: 287–295.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
118.
Selvaraj S, Murthy NV, Bhagwagar Z, Bose SK, Hinz R, Grasby PM, et al. Diminished brain 5-HT transporter binding in major depression: a positron emission tomography study with [11C]DASB. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011, 213: 555–562.CrossRef
119.
Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: focus on the serotonin transporter. Clin Chem 1994, 40: 288–295.PubMed
120.
Yeh YW, Ho PS, Chen CY, Kuo SC, Liang CS, Ma KH, et al. Incongruent reduction of serotonin transporter associated with suicide attempts in patients with major depressive disorder: a positron emission tomography study with 4-[18F]-ADAM. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014, 18: pyu065.
121.
Huang WS, Huang SY, Ho PS, Ma KH, Huang YY, Yeh CB, et al. PET imaging of the brain serotonin transporters (SERT) with N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-[18F]fluorophenylthio)benzylamine (4-[18F]-ADAM) in humans: a preliminary study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013, 40: 115–124.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Nye JA, Purselle D, Plisson C, Voll RJ, Stehouwer JS, Votaw JR, et al. Decreased brainstem and putamen SERT binding potential in depressed suicide attempters using [11C]-zient PET imaging. Depress Anxiety 2013, 30: 902–907.PubMed
123.
Marchand WR, Lee JN, Johnson S, Thatcher J, Gale P, Wood N, et al. Striatal and cortical midline circuits in major depression: implications for suicide and symptom expression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012, 36: 290–299.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Hsieh PC, Chen KC, Yeh TL, Lee IH, Chen PS, Yao WJ, et al. Lower availability of midbrain serotonin transporter between healthy subjects with and without a family history of major depressive disorder—a preliminary two-ligand SPECT study. Eur Psychiatry 2014, 29: 414–418.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Selvaraj S, Arnone D, Cappai A, Howes O. Alterations in the serotonin system in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of postmortem and molecular imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014, 45: 233–245.PubMedCrossRef
126.
127.
Catena-Dell’Osso M, Rotella F, Dell’Osso A, Fagiolini A, Marazziti D. Inflammation, serotonin and major depression. Curr Drug Targets 2013, 14: 571–577.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Brunswick DJ, Amsterdam JD, Mozley PD, Newberg A. Greater availability of brain dopamine transporters in major depression shown by [99m Tc]TRODAT-1 SPECT imaging. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160: 1836–1841.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Neumeister A, Willeit M, Praschak-Rieder N, Asenbaum S, Stastny J, Hilger E, et al. Dopamine transporter availability in symptomatic depressed patients with seasonal affective disorder and healthy controls. Psychol Med 2001, 31: 1467–1473.PubMedCrossRef
130.
Yang YK, Yeh TL, Yao WJ, Lee IH, Chen PS, Chiu NT, et al. Greater availability of dopamine transporters in patients with major depression–a dual-isotope SPECT study. Psychiatry Res 2008, 162: 230–235.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Molecular, Functional, and Structural Imaging of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors
Kai Zhang
Yunqi Zhu
Yuankai Zhu
Shuang Wu
Hao Liu
Wei Zhang
Caiyun Xu
Hong Zhang
Takuya Hayashi
Mei Tian
Publication date
01-06-2016
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Published in
Neuroscience Bulletin / Issue 3/2016
Print ISSN: 1673-7067
Electronic ISSN: 1995-8218
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-016-0030-0

Other articles of this Issue 3/2016

Neuroscience Bulletin 3/2016 Go to the issue

Research Highlight

Demystifying Mechanosensitive Piezo Ion Channels

Report

The Human MSI2 Gene is Associated with Schizophrenia in the Chinese Han Population

Review

Melittin, the Major Pain-Producing Substance of Bee Venom

Original Article

Phosphofructokinase-1 Negatively Regulates Neurogenesis from Neural Stem Cells

Review

Genetic and Neuroimaging Features of Personality Disorders: State of the Art

ReviewPaper

Non-coding RNAs as Emerging Regulators of Neural Injury Responses and Regeneration