Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Endocrine
Published in: Endocrine 3/2015

01-12-2015 | Review

Lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis: a clinical overview

Authors: Philip C. Johnston, Luen S. Chew, Amir H. Hamrahian, Laurence Kennedy

Published in: Endocrine | Issue 3/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis is an uncommon inflammatory disorder postulated to be autoimmune in origin. Because of the location of inflammation, it selectively affects the posterior lobe of the pituitary (neurohypophysis) and pituitary stalk (infundibulum). The most common presentation is central diabetes insipidus. Although the definitive diagnosis is established histologically by a pituitary biopsy, radiological imaging can be valuable in diagnosing this condition. In this paper, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology, investigations, management, and outcomes of lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis.
Literature
1.
2.
T. Breen, K. Post, S. Wardlaw, Lymphocytic hypophysitis. Endocrinologist 14(1), 13–18 (2004)CrossRef
3.
S. Asa, J. Bilbao, K. Kovacs, R. Josse, K. Kreines, Lymphocytic hypophysitis of pregnancy resulting in hypopituitarism: a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Ann. Intern. Med. 95(2), 166–171 (1981)PubMedCrossRef
4.
D. Baskin, J. Townsend, C. Wilson, Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis of pregnancy simulating a pituitary adenoma: a distinct pathological entity. Report of two cases. J. Neurosurg. 215(4528), 69–71 (1982)
5.
S. Feigenbaum, M. Martin, C. Wilson, R. Jaffe, Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis: a pituitary mass lesion occurring in pregnancy. proposal for medical treatment. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 164(6 Pt 1), 1549–1555 (1991)PubMedCrossRef
6.
J.G. Gonzalez, G. Elizondo, D. Saldivar, H. Nanez, L.E. Todd, J.Z. Villarreal, Pituitary gland growth during normal pregnancy: an in vivo study using magnetic resonance imaging. Am. J. Med. 85, 217–220 (1989)CrossRef
7.
K. Elias, R. Weiner, Direct arterial vascularization of estrogen-induced prolactin-secreting anterior pituitary tumours. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 4549–4553 (1984)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
8.
S.L. Asa, G. Penz, K. Kovacs, C. Ezrin, Prolactin cells in the human pituitary. A quantitative immunocytochemical analysis. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 106, 360–363 (1982)PubMed
9.
P. Caturegli, C. Newschaffer, A. Olivi, M.G. Pomper, P.C. Burger, N.R. Rose, Autoimmune hypophysitis. Endocr. Rev. 26(5), 599–614 (2005)PubMedCrossRef
10.
N. Kamel, S. Llgin, S. Gullu, V. Tonyukuk, H. Deda, Lymphocytic hypophysitis and infundibuloneurohypophysitis; clinical and pathological evaluations. Endocr. J. 46(4), 505–512 (1999)PubMedCrossRef
11.
H. Koshiyama, H. Sato, S. Yorita, T. Koh, T. Kanatsuna, K. Nishimura, Lymphocytic hypophysitis presenting with diabetes insipidus: case report and literature review. Endocr. J. 41(1), 93–97 (1994)PubMedCrossRef
12.
B.M. Catala, P.A. Gilsanz, B.J. Girbes, M.A. Zugasti, E.B. Moreno, R. Halperin et al., Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypophysitis. Endocrinol Nutr. 55(1), 44–53 (2008)CrossRef
13.
H.K. Panicker, N. Janicic, D. Nguyen, J. Verbalis, Presumed infundibuloneurohypophysitis: unusual presentation in a postpartum patient. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 26, 357–359 (2005)PubMed
14.
T. Van Havenbergh, W. Robberecht, G. Wilms, F. Van Calenbergh, J. Goffin, R. Dom et al., Lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis presenting in the postpartum period: case report. Surg. Neurol. 46(3), 280–284 (1996)PubMedCrossRef
15.
H. Inaba, S. Suzuki, S. Shigematsu, M. Takei, T. Miyamoto, T. Takeda et al., Lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis: long-term follow-up of a case cured with glucocorticoid. Med Princ Pract. 19, 79–81 (2010)PubMedCrossRef
16.
H. Imura, K. Nakao, A. Shimatsu, Y. Ogawa, T. Sando, I. Fujisawa et al., Lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis as a cause of central diabetes insipidus. N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 683–689 (1993)PubMedCrossRef
17.
T. Nishioka, H. Ito, T. Sano, Y. Ito, Two cases of lymphocytic hypophysitis presenting with diabetes insipidus: a variant of lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis. Surg. Neurol. 46(3), 285–290 (1996)PubMedCrossRef
18.
A. Shimatsu, Y. Oki, I. Fujisawa, T. Sano, Pituitary and stalk lesions (infundibulo-hypophysitis) associated with immunoglobulin G4-related systemic disease, an emerging clinical entity. Endocr. J. 54(9), 1033–1041 (2009)CrossRef
19.
P. Leporati, M. Landek-Salgado, I. Lupi, L. Chiovato, P. Caturegli, IgG4-related hypophysitis: a new addition to the hypophysitis spectrum. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96(7), 1971–1980 (2011)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
20.
R. Mittal, P. Kalra, M. Dharmalingam, R.G. Verma, S. Kulkarni, P. Shetty, Lymphocytic hypophysitis masquerading as pituitary adenoma. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab. 16(2), 304–306 (2012)
21.
E. Thodou, S. Asa, G. Kontogeorgos, K. Kovacs, E. Horvath, S. Ezzat, Clinical case seminar (lymphocytic hypophysitis: clinicopathological findings). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80, 2302–2311 (1995)PubMed
22.
R. Goudie, P. Pinkerton, Anterior hypophysitis and Hashimoto’s disease in a young woman. J Pathol Bacteriol 83, 584–585 (1962)PubMedCrossRef
23.
T. Tashiro, T. Sano, B. Xu, S. Wakatsuki, N. Kagawa, H. Nishioka et al., Spectrum of different types of hypophysitis: a clinicopathologic study of hypophysitis in 31 cases. Endocr. Pathol. 13(3), 183–195 (2002)PubMedCrossRef
24.
A. Falorni, V. Minarelli, E. Bartoloni, A. Alunno, R. Gerli, Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune hypophysitis. Autoimmune Rev. 13(4–5), 412–416 (2014)CrossRef
25.
K. Hashimoto, K. Asaba, K. Tamura, T. Takao, T. Nakamura, A case of lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Endocr. J. 49(6), 605–610 (2002)PubMedCrossRef
26.
M. Yamazaki, A. Sato, S. Nishio, T. Uehara, M. Komatsu, Transient polyuria related to central diabetes insipidus caused by lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis in a patient treated for Graves’ disease. Intern. Med. 49, 1885–1890 (2010)PubMedCrossRef
27.
M. Jin-No, T. Fuji, Y. Jin-No, Y. Kamiya, M. Okada, M. Kawaguchi, Central diabetes insipidus with Behcet’s disease. Intern. Med. 38(12), 995–999 (1999)PubMedCrossRef
28.
K. Waki, S. Yamada, Y. Ozawa, K. Seki, Y. Endo, A case of lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis: histopathological studies. Pituitary 1, 285–290 (1999)PubMedCrossRef
29.
30.
T. Abe, Lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis and infundibulo-panhypophysitis regarded as lymphocytic hypophysitis variant. Brain Tumour Pathol. 25(2), 59–66 (2008)CrossRef
31.
R. Tien, J. Kucharczyk, W. Kucharczyk, MR imaging of the brain in patients with diabetes insipidus. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 12, 533–542 (1991)PubMed
32.
K. Cauley, A. Dalal, B. Olson, H. Onyiuke, Lymphocytic hypophysitis. Conn. Med. 69(3), 143–146 (2005)PubMed
33.
T. Howlett, M. Levy, L. Robertson, How can autoimmune hypophysitis be diagnosed without pituitary biopsy. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 73(1), 18–21 (2010)
34.
J. Rivera, Lymphocytic hypophysitis: disease spectrum and approach to diagnosis and therapy. Pituitary 9(1), 35–45 (2006)PubMedCrossRef
35.
W. Barron, L. Cohen, L. Ulland, W. Lassiter, E. Fulghum, D. Emmanouel et al., Transient vasopressin-resistant diabetes insipidus of pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 310, 442–444 (1984)PubMedCrossRef
36.
G. Robertson, Diabetes insipidus. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 24, 549–572 (1995)PubMed
37.
G. Robertson, P. Aycinena, R. Zerbe, Neurogenic disorders of osmoregulation. Am. J. Med. 72, 339–353 (1982)PubMedCrossRef
38.
P. Baylis, G. Robertson, Plasma vasopressin response to hypertonic saline infusion to assess posterior pituitary-function. J. R. Soc. Med. 73, 255–260 (1980)PubMedCentralPubMed
39.
R. Zerbe, I. Stropes, G. Robertson, Vasopressin function in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. Annu. Rev. Med. 31, 315–327 (1980)PubMedCrossRef
40.
N. Morgernthaler, J. Struck, C. Alonso, A. Bergmann, Assay for the measurement of copeptin, a stable peptide derived from the precursor of vasopressin. Clin. Chem. 52, 112–119 (2006)CrossRef
41.
M. Breyer, H. Jacobson, R. Hebert, Cellular mechanisms of prostaglandin E2 and vasopressin interactions in the collecting duct. Kidney Int. 38, 618–624 (1990)PubMedCrossRef
42.
W. Fenske, M. Quinkler, D. Lorenz, K. Zopf, J.P. Haagen, A. Pfeiffer et al., Copeptin in the differential diagnosis of the polydipsia-polyuria syndrome-revisiting the direct and indirect water deprivation test. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96(5), 1506–1515 (2011)PubMedCrossRef
43.
A. Glezer, M.D. Bronstein, Pituitary autoimmune disease: nuances in clinical presentation. Endocrine 42(1), 74–79 (2012)PubMedCrossRef
44.
S. Iwama, Y. Sugimura, A. Kiyota, T. Kato, A. Enomoto, H. Suzuki, et al. Rabphilin-3A as a targeted autoantigen in lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. Ahead of print 2015
45.
T. Takao, W. Nanamiya, R. Matsumoto, K. Asaba, T. Okabayashi, K. Hashimoto, Antipituitary antibodies in patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis. Horm. Res. 55(6), 288–292 (2001)PubMedCrossRef
46.
M. Nishiki, Y. Murakami, Y. Ozawa, Y. Kato, Serum antibodies to human pituitary membrane antigens in patients with autoimmune lymphocytic hypophysitis and infundibuloneurohypophysitis. Clin. Endocrinol. 54, 327–333 (2001)CrossRef
47.
A. De Bellis, A. Colao, F. Di Salle, V.I. Muccitelli, S. Iorio, S. Perrino et al., A longitudinal study of vasopressin cell antibodies, posterior pituitary function, and magnetic resonance imaging evaluations in subclinical autoimmune central diabetes insipidus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84(9), 3047 (1999)PubMedCrossRef
48.
O. Engelberth, Z. Jezkova, Autoantibodies in Sheehan’s syndrome. Lancet 15, 1075 (1965)CrossRef
49.
S. Tanaka, K. Tatsumi, M. Kimura, T. Takano, Y. Murakami, T. Takao et al., Detection of autoantibodies against the pituitary-specific proteins in patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 147, 767–775 (2002)PubMedCrossRef
50.
S. Yabe, M. Murakami, K. Maruyama, H. Miwa, Y. Fukumura, S. Ishii et al., Western blot analysis of rat pituitary antigens recognized by human antipituitary antibodies. Endocr. J. 42(1), 115–119 (1995)PubMedCrossRef
51.
W. Scherbaum, G. Bottazzo, Autoantibodies to vasopressin cells in idiopathic diabetes insipidus: evidence for an autoimmune variant. Lancet 8330(321), 897–901 (1983)CrossRef
52.
A. De Bellis, A. Bizzarro, S. Di Martino, S. Savastano, A.A. Sinisi, G. Lombardi et al., Association of arginine-vasopressin-secreting cell, steroid-secreting cell, adrenal and islet cell antibodies in a patient presenting with central diabetes insipidus, empty sella, subclinical adrenocortical failure and impaired glucose tolerance. Horm. Res. 44, 142–146 (1995)PubMedCrossRef
53.
R. Pivonello, A. De Bellis, A. Faggiano, F. Di Salle, M. Petretta, C. Di Somma et al., Central diabetes insipidus and autoimmunity: relationship between the occurrence of antibodies to arginine vasopressin-secreting cells and clinical, immunological, and radiological features in a large cohort of patients with central diabetes insipidus of known and unknown etiology. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88(4), 1629 (2003)PubMedCrossRef
54.
I. Fujisawa, Magnetic resonance imaging of the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system. J. Neuroendocrinol. 16, 297–302 (2004)PubMedCrossRef
55.
T. Seki, A. Yasuda, T. Yamaoka, J. Imai, K. Ito, H. Ozawa et al., A variant of lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis presenting with unique clinical and radiological features. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 37(4), 126–132 (2012)
56.
I. Fujisawa, K. Nishimura, R. Asato, K. Togashi, K. Itoh, S. Noma et al., Posterior lobe of the pituitary in diabetes insipidus: MR findings. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 11(2), 221–225 (1987)PubMedCrossRef
57.
J. Leger, A. Velasquez, C. Garel, M. Hassan, P. Czernichow, Thickened pituitary stalk on magnetic resonance imaging in children with central diabetes insipidus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 1954–1960 (1999)PubMed
58.
G.E. Simmons, J.E. Suchnicki, K.M. Rak, T.R. Damiano, MR imaging of the pituitary stalk: size, shape, and enhancement pattern. Am. J. Roentgenol. 159, 375–377 (1992)CrossRef
59.
T. Ikema, N. Takasu, Serial T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging changes in a patient with central diabetes insipidus, possibly due to lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 153, 989–990 (2005)PubMedCrossRef
60.
M. Maghnie, A. Villa, M. Arico, D. Larizza, S. Pezzotta, G. Beluffi et al., Correlation between magnetic resonance imaging of posterior pituitary and neurohypophyseal function in children with diabetes insipidus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 74(4), 795–800 (1992)PubMedCrossRef
61.
J.R. Ouma, V.J.R. Farrell, Lymphocyte infundibuloneurohypophysitis with hypothalamic and optic pathway involvement: report of a case and review of the literature. Surg. Neurol. 57, 49–54 (2002)PubMedCrossRef
62.
A. Tamiya, N. Saeki, A. Mizota, Lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis associated with recurrent optic neuritis. Br. J. Neurosurg. 15, 180–183 (2001)PubMedCrossRef
63.
N. Turbridy, D. Saunders, M. Thom, S.L. Asa, M. Powell, G.T. Plant et al., Infundibulohypophysitis in a man presenting with diabetes insipidus and cavernous sinus involvement. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 71, 798–801 (2001)CrossRef
64.
Y. Kanou, K. Arita, K. Kurisu, A. Tominaga, T. Akimitsu, Infundibuloneurohypophysitis presenting a large sellar-juxtasellar mass: case report. Surg. Neurol. 61(3), 278–281 (2004)PubMedCrossRef
65.
A. Colao, G. Cerbone, P. Cappabianca, D. Ferone, A. Alfieri, F. Di Salle et al., Effects of surgery and radiotherapy on visual and endocrine function in non-secreting pituitary adenomas. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 21, 284–290 (1998)PubMedCrossRef
66.
M.H. Murad, M.M. Fernandez-Balsells, A. Barwise, J.F. Gallegos-Orozco, A. Paul, M.A. Lane et al., Outcomes of surgical treatment for nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Endocrinol. 73, 777–791 (2010)CrossRef
67.
S. Tsujii, J. Takeuchi, M. Koh, M. Mizuta, Y. Azuma, M. Oishi et al., A candidate case for lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis mimicking a neurohypophysial tumour. Intern. Med. 36(4), 293–297 (1997)PubMedCrossRef
68.
H. Nishioka, H. Ito, C. Fukushima, Recurrent lymphocytic hypophysitis: case report. Neurosurgery. 41, 684–687 (1997)PubMed
69.
F. Lee, M. Wen, M.J. Wang, A 28 year old lady with a pituitary mass. Brain Pathol. 22(4), 563–566 (2012)PubMedCrossRef
70.
K. Nagasaki, I. Tsumanuma, Y. Yoneoka, Y. Ogawa, T. Kikuchi, M. Uchiyama, Spontaneous regression of isolated neurohypophyseal langerhans cell histiocytosis with diabetes insipidus. Endocr. J. 56(5), 721–725 (2009)PubMedCrossRef
71.
L. Giammattei, H. Maslehaty, A. Petridis, H. Mehdorn, Lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis mimicking a pituitary adenoma. Clin. Pract. 1(3), e48 (2011)PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
72.
H. Imai, S. Okuyama, A. Komatsuda, H. Wakui, A. Miura, Central diabetes due to lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis. Am. J. Med. 109, 497–499 (2000)PubMedCrossRef
73.
M. Takahashi, F. Otsuka, T. Miyoshi, T. Ogura, H. Makino, An elderly patient with lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis. Endocr. J. 46(5), 741–746 (1999)PubMedCrossRef
74.
D. Leggett, P. Hill, R. Anderson, Stalkitis in a pregnant 32-year-old woman: a rare cause of diabetes insipidus. Australas. Radiol. 43(1), 104–107 (1999)PubMedCrossRef
75.
K. Sheen, C. Chang, T. Chang, H. Liu, Thickened pituitary stalk with central diabetes insipidus: report of three cases. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 100, 198–204 (2001)PubMed
76.
I. Bodhinayake, M. Ottenhausen, M. Mooney, K. Kesavabhotla, P. Christos, J. Schwarz et al., Results and risk factors for recurrence following endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 119, 75–79 (2014)PubMedCrossRef
77.
J. Gondim, J. Almeida, L. Albuquerque, E. Gomes, M. Schops, Giant pituitary adenomas: surgical outcomes of 50 cases operated on by the endonasal endoscopic approach. World Neurosurg. 82(1–2), 281–290 (2013)
78.
T. Kawaguchi, H. Ikeda, M. Fujimura, T. Yoshimoto, T. Tominaga, Delayed lymphocytic infundibuloneurohypophysitis following successful transsphenoidal treatment of Cushing’s disease. J Clin Neurosci. 12(3), 320–323 (2005)PubMedCrossRef
79.
S. Moskowitz, A. Hamrahian, R. Prayson, M. Pineyro, R. Lorenz, R. Weil, Concurrent lymphocytic hypophysitis and pituitary adenoma. Case report and review of the literature. J. Neurosurg. 105(2), 309–314 (2006)PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis: a clinical overview
Authors
Philip C. Johnston
Luen S. Chew
Amir H. Hamrahian
Laurence Kennedy
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Endocrine / Issue 3/2015
Print ISSN: 1355-008X
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0100
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-015-0707-6

Other articles of this Issue 3/2015

Endocrine 3/2015 Go to the issue

Original Article

Circulating ghrelin level is higher in HNF1A–MODY and GCK–MODY than in polygenic forms of diabetes mellitus

Original Article

One-year treatment with liraglutide improved renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot prospective study

Endocrine Methods and Techniques

Variability in laboratory parameters used for management of Cushing’s syndrome

Review

Insights into the molecular mechanisms of diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction: focus on oxidative stress and endothelial progenitor cells

Original Article

Detraining in pregnancy and/or lactation modulates neuropeptidergic hypothalamic systems in offspring mice

Original Article

Characteristics of patients with late manifestation of resistance thyroid hormone syndrome: a single-center experience
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits