Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 1/2015

01-01-2015 | Neuro-Oncology (LE Abrey, Section Editor)

Vaccine Therapies in Malignant Glioma

Authors: Taemin Oh, Eli T. Sayegh, Shayan Fakurnejad, Daniel Oyon, Jonathan Balquiedra Lamano, Joseph David DiDomenico, Orin Bloch, Andrew T. Parsa

Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Glioblastoma is a grade IV astrocytoma that is widely accepted in clinical neurosurgery as being an extremely lethal diagnosis. Long-term survival rates remain dismal, and even when tumors undergo gross resection with confirmation of total removal on neuroimaging, they invariably recur with even greater virulence. Standard therapeutic modalities as well as more contemporary treatments have largely resulted in disappointing improvements. However, the therapeutic potential of vaccine immunotherapy for malignant glioma should not be underestimated. In contrast to many of the available treatments, vaccine immunotherapy is unique because it offers the means of delivering treatment that is highly specific to both the patient and the tumor. Peptide, heat-shock proteins, and dendritic cell vaccines collectively encapsulate the majority of research efforts involving vaccine-based treatment modalities. In this review, important recent findings for these vaccine types are discussed in the context of ongoing clinical trials. Broad challenges to immunotherapy are also considered.
Literature
1.••
go back to reference Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJ, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):987–96. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043330. Establishes the current standard-of-care for treatment of glioblastoma. Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJ, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):987–96. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa043330. Establishes the current standard-of-care for treatment of glioblastoma.
3.
go back to reference Vartanian A, Singh SK, Agnihotri S, Jalali S, Burrell K, Aldape KD, et al. GBM’s multifaceted landscape: highlighting regional and microenvironmental heterogeneity. Neuro Oncol. 2014;16(9):1167–75. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nou035.PubMedCrossRef Vartanian A, Singh SK, Agnihotri S, Jalali S, Burrell K, Aldape KD, et al. GBM’s multifaceted landscape: highlighting regional and microenvironmental heterogeneity. Neuro Oncol. 2014;16(9):1167–75. doi:10.​1093/​neuonc/​nou035.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Phuphanich S, Wheeler CJ, Rudnick JD, Mazer M, Wang H, Nuno MA, et al. Phase I trial of a multi-epitope-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Cancer Immuno Immun. 2013;62(1):125–35. doi:10.1007/s00262-012-1319-0.CrossRef Phuphanich S, Wheeler CJ, Rudnick JD, Mazer M, Wang H, Nuno MA, et al. Phase I trial of a multi-epitope-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Cancer Immuno Immun. 2013;62(1):125–35. doi:10.​1007/​s00262-012-1319-0.CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Wong AJ, Ruppert JM, Bigner SH, Grzeschik CH, Humphrey PA, Bigner DS, et al. Structural alterations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human gliomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89(7):2965–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Wong AJ, Ruppert JM, Bigner SH, Grzeschik CH, Humphrey PA, Bigner DS, et al. Structural alterations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human gliomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89(7):2965–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Humphrey PA, Wong AJ, Vogelstein B, Friedman HS, Werner MH, Bigner DD, et al. Amplification and expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human glioma xenografts. Cancer Res. 1988;48(8):2231–8.PubMed Humphrey PA, Wong AJ, Vogelstein B, Friedman HS, Werner MH, Bigner DD, et al. Amplification and expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human glioma xenografts. Cancer Res. 1988;48(8):2231–8.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Humphrey PA, Wong AJ, Vogelstein B, Zalutsky MR, Fuller GN, Archer GE, et al. Anti-synthetic peptide antibody reacting at the fusion junction of deletion-mutant epidermal growth factor receptors in human glioblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87(11):4207–11.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Humphrey PA, Wong AJ, Vogelstein B, Zalutsky MR, Fuller GN, Archer GE, et al. Anti-synthetic peptide antibody reacting at the fusion junction of deletion-mutant epidermal growth factor receptors in human glioblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87(11):4207–11.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Kuan CT, Wikstrand CJ, Bigner DD. EGF mutant receptor vIII as a molecular target in cancer therapy. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2001;8(2):83–96.PubMedCrossRef Kuan CT, Wikstrand CJ, Bigner DD. EGF mutant receptor vIII as a molecular target in cancer therapy. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2001;8(2):83–96.PubMedCrossRef
18.••
go back to reference Sampson JH, Heimberger AB, Archer GE, Aldape KD, Friedman AH, Friedman HS, et al. Immunologic escape after prolonged progression-free survival with epidermal growth factor receptor variant III peptide vaccination in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol Offic J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2010;28(31):4722–9. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.28.6963. Provides evidence supporting immunological escape following immunotherapy, highlighting a demanding challenge to current immunotherapeutic approaches. Sampson JH, Heimberger AB, Archer GE, Aldape KD, Friedman AH, Friedman HS, et al. Immunologic escape after prolonged progression-free survival with epidermal growth factor receptor variant III peptide vaccination in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol Offic J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2010;28(31):4722–9. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2010.​28.​6963. Provides evidence supporting immunological escape following immunotherapy, highlighting a demanding challenge to current immunotherapeutic approaches.
20.
go back to reference Heimberger AB, Crotty LE, Archer GE, Hess KR, Wikstrand CJ, Friedman AH, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor VIII peptide vaccination is efficacious against established intracerebral tumors. Clin Cancer Res Offic J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2003;9(11):4247–54. Heimberger AB, Crotty LE, Archer GE, Hess KR, Wikstrand CJ, Friedman AH, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor VIII peptide vaccination is efficacious against established intracerebral tumors. Clin Cancer Res Offic J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2003;9(11):4247–54.
21.
24.
go back to reference Basu S, Binder RJ, Suto R, Anderson KM, Srivastava PK. Necrotic but not apoptotic cell death releases heat shock proteins, which deliver a partial maturation signal to dendritic cells and activate the NF-kappa B pathway. Int Immunol. 2000;12(11):1539–46.PubMedCrossRef Basu S, Binder RJ, Suto R, Anderson KM, Srivastava PK. Necrotic but not apoptotic cell death releases heat shock proteins, which deliver a partial maturation signal to dendritic cells and activate the NF-kappa B pathway. Int Immunol. 2000;12(11):1539–46.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Asea A, Rehli M, Kabingu E, Boch JA, Bare O, Auron PE, et al. Novel signal transduction pathway utilized by extracellular HSP70: role of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(17):15028–34. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200497200.PubMedCrossRef Asea A, Rehli M, Kabingu E, Boch JA, Bare O, Auron PE, et al. Novel signal transduction pathway utilized by extracellular HSP70: role of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(17):15028–34. doi:10.​1074/​jbc.​M200497200.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Basu S, Binder RJ, Ramalingam T, Srivastava PK. CD91 is a common receptor for heat shock proteins gp96, hsp90, hsp70, and calreticulin. Immunity. 2001;14(3):303–13.PubMedCrossRef Basu S, Binder RJ, Ramalingam T, Srivastava PK. CD91 is a common receptor for heat shock proteins gp96, hsp90, hsp70, and calreticulin. Immunity. 2001;14(3):303–13.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Asea A, Kraeft SK, Kurt-Jones EA, Stevenson MA, Chen LB, Finberg RW, et al. HSP70 stimulates cytokine production through a CD14-dependant pathway, demonstrating its dual role as a chaperone and cytokine. Nat Med. 2000;6(4):435–42. doi:10.1038/74697.PubMedCrossRef Asea A, Kraeft SK, Kurt-Jones EA, Stevenson MA, Chen LB, Finberg RW, et al. HSP70 stimulates cytokine production through a CD14-dependant pathway, demonstrating its dual role as a chaperone and cytokine. Nat Med. 2000;6(4):435–42. doi:10.​1038/​74697.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Singh-Jasuja H, Toes RE, Spee P, Munz C, Hilf N, Schoenberger SP, et al. Cross-presentation of glycoprotein 96-associated antigens on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules requires receptor-mediated endocytosis. J Exp Med. 2000;191(11):1965–74.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Singh-Jasuja H, Toes RE, Spee P, Munz C, Hilf N, Schoenberger SP, et al. Cross-presentation of glycoprotein 96-associated antigens on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules requires receptor-mediated endocytosis. J Exp Med. 2000;191(11):1965–74.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Suto R, Srivastava PK. A mechanism for the specific immunogenicity of heat shock protein-chaperoned peptides. Science. 1995;269(5230):1585–8.PubMedCrossRef Suto R, Srivastava PK. A mechanism for the specific immunogenicity of heat shock protein-chaperoned peptides. Science. 1995;269(5230):1585–8.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Crane CA, Han SJ, Ahn B, Oehlke J, Kivett V, Fedoroff A, et al. Individual patient-specific immunity against high-grade glioma after vaccination with autologous tumor derived peptides bound to the 96 KD chaperone protein. Clin Cancer Res Offic J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2013;19(1):205–14. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-3358.CrossRef Crane CA, Han SJ, Ahn B, Oehlke J, Kivett V, Fedoroff A, et al. Individual patient-specific immunity against high-grade glioma after vaccination with autologous tumor derived peptides bound to the 96 KD chaperone protein. Clin Cancer Res Offic J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2013;19(1):205–14. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-11-3358.CrossRef
37.
go back to reference De Vleeschouwer S, Fieuws S, Rutkowski S, Van Calenbergh F, Van Loon J, Goffin J, et al. Postoperative adjuvant dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in patients with relapsed glioblastoma multiforme. Clin Cancer Res Offic J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2008;14(10):3098–104. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4875.CrossRef De Vleeschouwer S, Fieuws S, Rutkowski S, Van Calenbergh F, Van Loon J, Goffin J, et al. Postoperative adjuvant dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in patients with relapsed glioblastoma multiforme. Clin Cancer Res Offic J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2008;14(10):3098–104. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-07-4875.CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Kikuchi T, Akasaki Y, Abe T, Fukuda T, Saotome H, Ryan JL, et al. Vaccination of glioma patients with fusions of dendritic and glioma cells and recombinant human interleukin 12. J Immunother. 2004;27(6):452–9.PubMedCrossRef Kikuchi T, Akasaki Y, Abe T, Fukuda T, Saotome H, Ryan JL, et al. Vaccination of glioma patients with fusions of dendritic and glioma cells and recombinant human interleukin 12. J Immunother. 2004;27(6):452–9.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Liau LM, Black KL, Martin NA, Sykes SN, Bronstein JM, Jouben-Steele L, et al. Treatment of a patient by vaccination with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with allogeneic major histocompatibility complex class I-matched tumor peptides. Case Report Neurosur Foc. 2000;9(6):e8. Liau LM, Black KL, Martin NA, Sykes SN, Bronstein JM, Jouben-Steele L, et al. Treatment of a patient by vaccination with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with allogeneic major histocompatibility complex class I-matched tumor peptides. Case Report Neurosur Foc. 2000;9(6):e8.
40.
go back to reference Liau LM, Prins RM, Kiertscher SM, Odesa SK, Kremen TJ, Giovannone AJ, et al. Dendritic cell vaccination in glioblastoma patients induces systemic and intracranial T-cell responses modulated by the local central nervous system tumor microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res Offic J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2005;11(15):5515–25. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0464.CrossRef Liau LM, Prins RM, Kiertscher SM, Odesa SK, Kremen TJ, Giovannone AJ, et al. Dendritic cell vaccination in glioblastoma patients induces systemic and intracranial T-cell responses modulated by the local central nervous system tumor microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res Offic J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2005;11(15):5515–25. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-05-0464.CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Okada H, Kalinski P, Ueda R, Hoji A, Kohanbash G, Donegan TE, et al. Induction of CD8+ T-cell responses against novel glioma-associated antigen peptides and clinical activity by vaccinations with {alpha}-type 1 polarized dendritic cells and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized by lysine and carboxymethylcellulose in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol Offic J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2011;29(3):330–6. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.30.7744.CrossRef Okada H, Kalinski P, Ueda R, Hoji A, Kohanbash G, Donegan TE, et al. Induction of CD8+ T-cell responses against novel glioma-associated antigen peptides and clinical activity by vaccinations with {alpha}-type 1 polarized dendritic cells and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized by lysine and carboxymethylcellulose in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol Offic J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2011;29(3):330–6. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2010.​30.​7744.CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Prins RM, Soto H, Konkankit V, Odesa SK, Eskin A, Yong WH, et al. Gene expression profile correlates with T-cell infiltration and relative survival in glioblastoma patients vaccinated with dendritic cell immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res Offic J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2011;17(6):1603–15. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2563.CrossRef Prins RM, Soto H, Konkankit V, Odesa SK, Eskin A, Yong WH, et al. Gene expression profile correlates with T-cell infiltration and relative survival in glioblastoma patients vaccinated with dendritic cell immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res Offic J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2011;17(6):1603–15. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-10-2563.CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Everson RG, Jin RM, Wang X, Safaee M, Scharnweber R, Lisiero DN, et al. Cytokine responsiveness of CD8(+) T cells is a reproducible biomarker for the clinical efficacy of dendritic cell vaccination in glioblastoma patients. J Immunother Cancer. 2014;2:10. doi:10.1186/2051-1426-2-10.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Everson RG, Jin RM, Wang X, Safaee M, Scharnweber R, Lisiero DN, et al. Cytokine responsiveness of CD8(+) T cells is a reproducible biomarker for the clinical efficacy of dendritic cell vaccination in glioblastoma patients. J Immunother Cancer. 2014;2:10. doi:10.​1186/​2051-1426-2-10.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Kumar R, Kamdar D, Madden L, Hills C, Crooks D, O’Brien D, et al. Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance in meningioma, anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme patients. Oncol Rep. 2006;15(6):1513–6.PubMed Kumar R, Kamdar D, Madden L, Hills C, Crooks D, O’Brien D, et al. Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance in meningioma, anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme patients. Oncol Rep. 2006;15(6):1513–6.PubMed
51.
52.
go back to reference Dong H, Strome SE, Salomao DR, Tamura H, Hirano F, Flies DB, et al. Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nat Med. 2002;8(8):793–800. doi:10.1038/nm730.PubMed Dong H, Strome SE, Salomao DR, Tamura H, Hirano F, Flies DB, et al. Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion. Nat Med. 2002;8(8):793–800. doi:10.​1038/​nm730.PubMed
53.••
go back to reference Parsa AT, Waldron JS, Panner A, Crane CA, Parney IF, Barry JJ, et al. Loss of tumor suppressor PTEN function increases B7-H1 expression and immunoresistance in glioma. Nat Med. 2007;13(1):84–8. doi:10.1038/nm1517. Provides insight into the challenges to immunotherapies, and thus potential improvements for current modalities.PubMedCrossRef Parsa AT, Waldron JS, Panner A, Crane CA, Parney IF, Barry JJ, et al. Loss of tumor suppressor PTEN function increases B7-H1 expression and immunoresistance in glioma. Nat Med. 2007;13(1):84–8. doi:10.​1038/​nm1517. Provides insight into the challenges to immunotherapies, and thus potential improvements for current modalities.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Grehan JF, Levay-Young BK, Fogelson JL, Francois-Bongarcon V, Benson BA, Dalmasso AP. IL-4 and IL-13 induce protection of porcine endothelial cells from killing by human complement and from apoptosis through activation of a phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Immunol. 2005;175(3):1903–10.PubMedCrossRef Grehan JF, Levay-Young BK, Fogelson JL, Francois-Bongarcon V, Benson BA, Dalmasso AP. IL-4 and IL-13 induce protection of porcine endothelial cells from killing by human complement and from apoptosis through activation of a phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Immunol. 2005;175(3):1903–10.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Marshall NA, Galvin KC, Corcoran AM, Boon L, Higgs R, Mills KH. Immunotherapy with PI3K inhibitor and Toll-like receptor agonist induces IFN-gamma + IL-17+ polyfunctional T cells that mediate rejection of murine tumors. Cancer Res. 2012;72(3):581–91. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-0307.PubMedCrossRef Marshall NA, Galvin KC, Corcoran AM, Boon L, Higgs R, Mills KH. Immunotherapy with PI3K inhibitor and Toll-like receptor agonist induces IFN-gamma + IL-17+ polyfunctional T cells that mediate rejection of murine tumors. Cancer Res. 2012;72(3):581–91. doi:10.​1158/​0008-5472.​CAN-11-0307.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Oh T, Ivan ME, Sun MZ, Safaee M, Fakurnejad S, Clark AJ, et al. PI3K pathway inhibitors: potential prospects as adjuncts to vaccine immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Immunotherapy. 2014;6(6):737–53.PubMedCrossRef Oh T, Ivan ME, Sun MZ, Safaee M, Fakurnejad S, Clark AJ, et al. PI3K pathway inhibitors: potential prospects as adjuncts to vaccine immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Immunotherapy. 2014;6(6):737–53.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Herman SE, Gordon AL, Wagner AJ, Heerema NA, Zhao W, Flynn JM, et al. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-delta inhibitor CAL-101 shows promising preclinical activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by antagonizing intrinsic and extrinsic cellular survival signals. Blood. 2010;116(12):2078–88. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-02-271171.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Herman SE, Gordon AL, Wagner AJ, Heerema NA, Zhao W, Flynn JM, et al. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-delta inhibitor CAL-101 shows promising preclinical activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by antagonizing intrinsic and extrinsic cellular survival signals. Blood. 2010;116(12):2078–88. doi:10.​1182/​blood-2010-02-271171.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Sgorbissa A, Tomasella A, Potu H, Manini I, Brancolini C. Type I IFNs signaling and apoptosis resistance in glioblastoma cells. Apoptos Int J Programm Cell Death. 2011;16(12):1229–44. doi:10.1007/s10495-011-0639-4.CrossRef Sgorbissa A, Tomasella A, Potu H, Manini I, Brancolini C. Type I IFNs signaling and apoptosis resistance in glioblastoma cells. Apoptos Int J Programm Cell Death. 2011;16(12):1229–44. doi:10.​1007/​s10495-011-0639-4.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Vaccine Therapies in Malignant Glioma
Authors
Taemin Oh
Eli T. Sayegh
Shayan Fakurnejad
Daniel Oyon
Jonathan Balquiedra Lamano
Joseph David DiDomenico
Orin Bloch
Andrew T. Parsa
Publication date
01-01-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports / Issue 1/2015
Print ISSN: 1528-4042
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6293
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-014-0508-y

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 1/2015 Go to the issue

Sleep (M Thorpy, M Billiard, Section Editors)

Cataplexy and Sleep Disorders in Niemann-Pick Type C Disease

Neuro-Oncology (LE Abrey, Section Editor)

Treatment Considerations for MGMT-Unmethylated Glioblastoma

Headache (R Halker, Section Editor)

Medication Overuse Headache

Stroke (HP Adams, Section Editor)

Sleep Apnea and Stroke