Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Diabetes Reports 11/2016

01-11-2016 | Macrovascular Complications in Diabetes (VR Aroda and A Getaneh, Section Editors)

Imaging Atherosclerosis in Diabetes: Current State

Authors: Sina Rahmani, Rine Nakanishi, Matthew J. Budoff

Published in: Current Diabetes Reports | Issue 11/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and stroke, are the primary causes of mortality in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Affected patients frequently have asymptomatic coronary artery disease. Studies have shown heterogeneity in cardiovascular risk among patients with diabetes. Imaging can help categorize risk of future cardiovascular events by identifying those patients with atherosclerosis, rather than relying on risk prediction based on population-based studies. In this article, we will review the evidence regarding use of atherosclerosis imaging in patients with diabetes to predict risk of coronary heart disease and mortality.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Narayan KM et al. Impact of recent increase in incidence on future diabetes burden: U.S., 2005-2050. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(9):2114–6.CrossRefPubMed Narayan KM et al. Impact of recent increase in incidence on future diabetes burden: U.S., 2005-2050. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(9):2114–6.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Wilson PW. Diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32(5 Suppl 3):S89–100.CrossRefPubMed Wilson PW. Diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32(5 Suppl 3):S89–100.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Giri S et al. Impact of diabetes on the risk stratification using stress single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with symptoms suggestive of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2002;105(1):32–40.CrossRefPubMed Giri S et al. Impact of diabetes on the risk stratification using stress single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with symptoms suggestive of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2002;105(1):32–40.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet. 2010;375(9733):2215–22.CrossRef Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet. 2010;375(9733):2215–22.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. Diabetes Care. 1979;2(2):120–6.CrossRefPubMed Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. Diabetes Care. 1979;2(2):120–6.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Gu K, Cowie CC, Harris MI. Mortality in adults with and without diabetes in a national cohort of the U.S. population, 1971-1993. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(7):1138–45.CrossRefPubMed Gu K, Cowie CC, Harris MI. Mortality in adults with and without diabetes in a national cohort of the U.S. population, 1971-1993. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(7):1138–45.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Cabin HS, Roberts WC. Quantitative comparison of extent of coronary narrowing and size of healed myocardial infarct in 33 necropsy patients with clinically recognized and in 28 with clinically unrecognized ("silent") previous acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50(4):677–81.CrossRefPubMed Cabin HS, Roberts WC. Quantitative comparison of extent of coronary narrowing and size of healed myocardial infarct in 33 necropsy patients with clinically recognized and in 28 with clinically unrecognized ("silent") previous acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50(4):677–81.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Wackers FJ et al. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic subjects: the DIAD study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(8):1954–61.CrossRefPubMed Wackers FJ et al. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic subjects: the DIAD study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(8):1954–61.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Miller TD et al. Yield of stress single-photon emission computed tomography in asymptomatic patients with diabetes. Am Heart J. 2004;147(5):890–6.CrossRefPubMed Miller TD et al. Yield of stress single-photon emission computed tomography in asymptomatic patients with diabetes. Am Heart J. 2004;147(5):890–6.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Haffner SM et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(4):229–34.CrossRefPubMed Haffner SM et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(4):229–34.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Lotufo PA et al. DIabetes and all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality among us male physicians. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(2):242–7.CrossRefPubMed Lotufo PA et al. DIabetes and all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality among us male physicians. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(2):242–7.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Vaccaro O et al. Impact of diabetes and previous myocardial infarction on long-term survival: 25-year mortality follow-up of primary screenees of the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(13):1438–43.CrossRefPubMed Vaccaro O et al. Impact of diabetes and previous myocardial infarction on long-term survival: 25-year mortality follow-up of primary screenees of the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(13):1438–43.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Evans JM, Wang J, Morris AD. Comparison of cardiovascular risk between patients with type 2 diabetes and those who had had a myocardial infarction: cross sectional and cohort studies. BMJ. 2002;324(7343):939–42.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Evans JM, Wang J, Morris AD. Comparison of cardiovascular risk between patients with type 2 diabetes and those who had had a myocardial infarction: cross sectional and cohort studies. BMJ. 2002;324(7343):939–42.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
go back to reference Bulugahapitiya U et al. Is diabetes a coronary risk equivalent? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2009;26(2):142–8.CrossRefPubMed Bulugahapitiya U et al. Is diabetes a coronary risk equivalent? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2009;26(2):142–8.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Ardehali R et al. Screening patients for subclinical atherosclerosis with non-contrast cardiac CT. Atherosclerosis. 2007;192(2):235–42.CrossRefPubMed Ardehali R et al. Screening patients for subclinical atherosclerosis with non-contrast cardiac CT. Atherosclerosis. 2007;192(2):235–42.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Rumberger JA et al. Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. A histopathologic correlative study. Circulation. 1995;92(8):2157–62.CrossRefPubMed Rumberger JA et al. Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. A histopathologic correlative study. Circulation. 1995;92(8):2157–62.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Detrano R et al. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(13):1336–45.CrossRefPubMed Detrano R et al. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(13):1336–45.CrossRefPubMed
18.•
go back to reference Budoff MJ et al. A comparison of outcomes with coronary artery calcium scanning in unselected populations: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and Heinz Nixdorf RECALL study (HNR). J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2013;7(3):182–91. This article evaluates role of CAC across 2 culturally diverse populations.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Budoff MJ et al. A comparison of outcomes with coronary artery calcium scanning in unselected populations: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and Heinz Nixdorf RECALL study (HNR). J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2013;7(3):182–91. This article evaluates role of CAC across 2 culturally diverse populations.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
go back to reference Berman DS et al. Noninvasive imaging in assessment of the asymptomatic diabetic patient: is it of value? J Nucl Cardiol. 2016;23(1):37–41.CrossRefPubMed Berman DS et al. Noninvasive imaging in assessment of the asymptomatic diabetic patient: is it of value? J Nucl Cardiol. 2016;23(1):37–41.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference van den Hoogen IJ et al. Prognostic value of coronary computed tomography angiography in diabetic patients without chest pain syndrome. J Nucl Cardiol. 2016;23(1):24–36.CrossRefPubMed van den Hoogen IJ et al. Prognostic value of coronary computed tomography angiography in diabetic patients without chest pain syndrome. J Nucl Cardiol. 2016;23(1):24–36.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Malik S, et al. Impact of subclinical atherosclerosis on cardiovascular disease events in individuals with metabolic syndrome and diabetes. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(10):2285–90. Malik S, et al. Impact of subclinical atherosclerosis on cardiovascular disease events in individuals with metabolic syndrome and diabetes. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(10):2285–90.
22.
go back to reference Moebus S et al. Association of impaired fasting glucose and coronary artery calcification as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in a population-based cohort—results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Diabetologia. 2009;52(1):81–9.CrossRefPubMed Moebus S et al. Association of impaired fasting glucose and coronary artery calcification as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in a population-based cohort—results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Diabetologia. 2009;52(1):81–9.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Mielke CH, Shields JP, Broemeling LD. Coronary artery calcium, coronary artery disease, and diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001;53(1):55–61.CrossRefPubMed Mielke CH, Shields JP, Broemeling LD. Coronary artery calcium, coronary artery disease, and diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001;53(1):55–61.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Qu W et al. Value of coronary artery calcium scanning by computed tomography for predicting coronary heart disease in diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(3):905–10.CrossRefPubMed Qu W et al. Value of coronary artery calcium scanning by computed tomography for predicting coronary heart disease in diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(3):905–10.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Raggi P et al. Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium screening in subjects with and without diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(9):1663–9.CrossRefPubMed Raggi P et al. Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium screening in subjects with and without diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(9):1663–9.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Schurgin S, Rich S, Mazzone T. Increased prevalence of significant coronary artery calcification in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(2):335–8.CrossRefPubMed Schurgin S, Rich S, Mazzone T. Increased prevalence of significant coronary artery calcification in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(2):335–8.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Starkman HS et al. Delineation of prevalence and risk factors for early coronary artery disease by electron beam computed tomography in young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(2):433–6.CrossRefPubMed Starkman HS et al. Delineation of prevalence and risk factors for early coronary artery disease by electron beam computed tomography in young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(2):433–6.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Dabelea D, et al. Effect of type 1 diabetes on the gender difference in coronary artery calcification: a role for insulin resistance? The Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) Study. Diabetes. 2003;52(11):2833–9. Dabelea D, et al. Effect of type 1 diabetes on the gender difference in coronary artery calcification: a role for insulin resistance? The Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) Study. Diabetes. 2003;52(11):2833–9.
29.
go back to reference Wong ND et al. Metabolic syndrome and diabetes are associated with an increased likelihood of inducible myocardial ischemia among patients with subclinical atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(6):1445–50.CrossRefPubMed Wong ND et al. Metabolic syndrome and diabetes are associated with an increased likelihood of inducible myocardial ischemia among patients with subclinical atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(6):1445–50.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Anand DV et al. Risk stratification in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes: prospective evaluation of the combined use of coronary artery calcium imaging and selective myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(6):713–21.CrossRefPubMed Anand DV et al. Risk stratification in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes: prospective evaluation of the combined use of coronary artery calcium imaging and selective myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(6):713–21.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Elkeles RS et al. Coronary calcium measurement improves prediction of cardiovascular events in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes: the PREDICT study. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(18):2244–51.CrossRefPubMed Elkeles RS et al. Coronary calcium measurement improves prediction of cardiovascular events in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes: the PREDICT study. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(18):2244–51.CrossRefPubMed
32.•
go back to reference Yeboah J et al. Development of a new diabetes risk prediction tool for incident coronary heart disease events: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Atherosclerosis. 2014;236(2):411–7. This article evaluates role of CAC in patients with diabetes across 2 culturally diverse populations.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Yeboah J et al. Development of a new diabetes risk prediction tool for incident coronary heart disease events: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Atherosclerosis. 2014;236(2):411–7. This article evaluates role of CAC in patients with diabetes across 2 culturally diverse populations.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
go back to reference Silverman MG et al. Potential implications of coronary artery calcium testing for guiding aspirin use among asymptomatic individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(3):624–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Silverman MG et al. Potential implications of coronary artery calcium testing for guiding aspirin use among asymptomatic individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(3):624–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.••
go back to reference Min JK et al. Incremental prognostic value of coronary computed tomographic angiography over coronary artery calcium score for risk prediction of major adverse cardiac events in asymptomatic diabetic individuals. Atherosclerosis. 2014;232(2):298–304. This article discusses role of CTA in risk prediction, discrimination and reclassification in patients with diabetes.CrossRefPubMed Min JK et al. Incremental prognostic value of coronary computed tomographic angiography over coronary artery calcium score for risk prediction of major adverse cardiac events in asymptomatic diabetic individuals. Atherosclerosis. 2014;232(2):298–304. This article discusses role of CTA in risk prediction, discrimination and reclassification in patients with diabetes.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Hendel RC et al. ACCF/ASNC/ACR/AHA/ASE/SCCT/SCMR/SNM 2009 Appropriate Use Criteria for Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging: a Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and the Society of Nuclear Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(23):2201–29.CrossRefPubMed Hendel RC et al. ACCF/ASNC/ACR/AHA/ASE/SCCT/SCMR/SNM 2009 Appropriate Use Criteria for Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging: a Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and the Society of Nuclear Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(23):2201–29.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Gibbons RJ et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(8):1531–40.CrossRefPubMed Gibbons RJ et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(8):1531–40.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Taylor AJ et al. ACCF/SCCT/ACR/AHA/ASE/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SCMR 2010 appropriate use criteria for Cardiac Computed Tomography. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Circulation. 2010;122(21):e525–55.CrossRefPubMed Taylor AJ et al. ACCF/SCCT/ACR/AHA/ASE/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SCMR 2010 appropriate use criteria for Cardiac Computed Tomography. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Circulation. 2010;122(21):e525–55.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Greenland P et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(25):e50–103.CrossRefPubMed Greenland P et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(25):e50–103.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Valenti V et al. Absence of coronary artery calcium identifies asymptomatic diabetic individuals at low near-term but not long-term risk of mortality: a 15-year follow-up study of 9715 patients. Circulation. 2016;9(2), e003528.PubMed Valenti V et al. Absence of coronary artery calcium identifies asymptomatic diabetic individuals at low near-term but not long-term risk of mortality: a 15-year follow-up study of 9715 patients. Circulation. 2016;9(2), e003528.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Budoff MJ, Raggi P. Coronary artery disease progression assessed by electron-beam computed tomography. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(2A):46E–50.CrossRefPubMed Budoff MJ, Raggi P. Coronary artery disease progression assessed by electron-beam computed tomography. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(2A):46E–50.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Budoff MJ et al. Progression of coronary artery calcium predicts all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2010;3(12):1229–36.CrossRef Budoff MJ et al. Progression of coronary artery calcium predicts all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2010;3(12):1229–36.CrossRef
42.•
go back to reference Budoff MJ et al. Progression of coronary calcium and incident coronary heart disease events: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(12):1231–9. This paper, published in 2013, showed progression of CAC is associated with an increased risk for future hard and total CHD events in a large multicenter study with long follow-up time.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Budoff MJ et al. Progression of coronary calcium and incident coronary heart disease events: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(12):1231–9. This paper, published in 2013, showed progression of CAC is associated with an increased risk for future hard and total CHD events in a large multicenter study with long follow-up time.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
go back to reference Budoff MJ et al. Diabetes and progression of coronary calcium under the influence of statin therapy. Am Heart J. 2005;149(4):695–700.CrossRefPubMed Budoff MJ et al. Diabetes and progression of coronary calcium under the influence of statin therapy. Am Heart J. 2005;149(4):695–700.CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Saremi A et al. Rates and determinants of coronary and abdominal aortic artery calcium progression in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT). Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):2642–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Saremi A et al. Rates and determinants of coronary and abdominal aortic artery calcium progression in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT). Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):2642–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.•
go back to reference Gassett AJ et al. Risk factors for long-term coronary artery calcium progression in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(8), e001726. This paper, published in 2015, showed progression of CAC is associated with an increased risk for future cardiovascular events in a large multicenter study with long follow-up time.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gassett AJ et al. Risk factors for long-term coronary artery calcium progression in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(8), e001726. This paper, published in 2015, showed progression of CAC is associated with an increased risk for future cardiovascular events in a large multicenter study with long follow-up time.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
go back to reference Wong ND et al. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and incidence and progression of coronary calcium: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis study. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2012;5(4):358–66.CrossRef Wong ND et al. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and incidence and progression of coronary calcium: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis study. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2012;5(4):358–66.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Budoff MJ et al. Diagnostic performance of 64-multidetector row coronary computed tomographic angiography for evaluation of coronary artery stenosis in individuals without known coronary artery disease: results from the prospective multicenter ACCURACY (Assessment by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive Coronary Angiography) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(21):1724–32.CrossRefPubMed Budoff MJ et al. Diagnostic performance of 64-multidetector row coronary computed tomographic angiography for evaluation of coronary artery stenosis in individuals without known coronary artery disease: results from the prospective multicenter ACCURACY (Assessment by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive Coronary Angiography) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(21):1724–32.CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Madaj PM et al. Identification of noncalcified plaque in young persons with diabetes: an opportunity for early primary prevention of coronary artery disease identified with low-dose coronary computed tomographic angiography. Acad Radiol. 2012;19(7):889–93.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Madaj PM et al. Identification of noncalcified plaque in young persons with diabetes: an opportunity for early primary prevention of coronary artery disease identified with low-dose coronary computed tomographic angiography. Acad Radiol. 2012;19(7):889–93.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
49.
go back to reference Kamimura M et al. Role of coronary CT angiography in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int Heart J. 2012;53(1):23–8.CrossRefPubMed Kamimura M et al. Role of coronary CT angiography in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int Heart J. 2012;53(1):23–8.CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Roos CJ et al. Comparison by computed tomographic angiography. The presence and extent of coronary arterial atherosclerosis in south asians versus caucasians with diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(11):1782–7.CrossRefPubMed Roos CJ et al. Comparison by computed tomographic angiography. The presence and extent of coronary arterial atherosclerosis in south asians versus caucasians with diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(11):1782–7.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Halon DA, et al. Pulse pressure and coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 64-channel cardiac computed tomography analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2010;143(1):63–71. Halon DA, et al. Pulse pressure and coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 64-channel cardiac computed tomography analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2010;143(1):63–71.
52.
go back to reference Scholte AJHA et al. Different manifestations of coronary artery disease by stress SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging, coronary calcium scoring, and multislice CT coronary angiography in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nucl Cardiol. 2008;15(4):503–9.CrossRefPubMed Scholte AJHA et al. Different manifestations of coronary artery disease by stress SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging, coronary calcium scoring, and multislice CT coronary angiography in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nucl Cardiol. 2008;15(4):503–9.CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Park GM et al. Coronary computed tomographic angiographic findings in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(5):765–71.CrossRefPubMed Park GM et al. Coronary computed tomographic angiographic findings in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(5):765–71.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Muhlestein JB et al. Effect of screening for coronary artery disease using CT angiography on mortality and cardiac events in high-risk patients with diabetes: the FACTOR-64 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(21):2234–43.CrossRefPubMed Muhlestein JB et al. Effect of screening for coronary artery disease using CT angiography on mortality and cardiac events in high-risk patients with diabetes: the FACTOR-64 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(21):2234–43.CrossRefPubMed
55.••
go back to reference Budoff MJ et al. Noninvasive cardiovascular risk assessment of the asymptomatic diabetic patient: the Imaging Council of the American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2016;9(2):176–92. This article reviews the role of different non-invasive modalities for assessment asyptomatic diabetic patients.CrossRef Budoff MJ et al. Noninvasive cardiovascular risk assessment of the asymptomatic diabetic patient: the Imaging Council of the American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2016;9(2):176–92. This article reviews the role of different non-invasive modalities for assessment asyptomatic diabetic patients.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Imaging Atherosclerosis in Diabetes: Current State
Authors
Sina Rahmani
Rine Nakanishi
Matthew J. Budoff
Publication date
01-11-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Diabetes Reports / Issue 11/2016
Print ISSN: 1534-4827
Electronic ISSN: 1539-0829
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-016-0799-2

Other articles of this Issue 11/2016

Current Diabetes Reports 11/2016 Go to the issue

Lifestyle Management to Reduce Diabetes/Cardiovascular Risk (C Shay and B Conway, Section Editors)

Sitting Less and Moving More: Improved Glycaemic Control for Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Management

Pharmacologic Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (HE Lebovitz and G Bahtiyar, Section Editors)

Pharmacological Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Lifestyle Management to Reduce Diabetes/Cardiovascular Risk (C Shay and B Conway, Section Editors)

Sleep Duration and Diabetes Risk: Population Trends and Potential Mechanisms

Lifestyle Management to Reduce Diabetes/Cardiovascular Risk (C Shay and B Conway, Section Editors)

Marijuana Use and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Review

Lifestyle Management to Reduce Diabetes/Cardiovascular Risk (C Shay and B Conway, Section Editors)

Self-Care Disparities Among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in the USA

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.