Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current Atherosclerosis Reports
Published in: Current Atherosclerosis Reports 6/2017

01-06-2017 | Coronary Heart Disease (S. Virani and S. Naderi, Section Editors)

What is the Current Knowledge About the Cardiovascular Risk for Users of Cannabis-Based Products? A Systematic Review

Authors: Emilie Jouanjus, Valentin Raymond, Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre, Valérie Wolff

Published in: Current Atherosclerosis Reports | Issue 6/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The purpose of the study was to examine the published evidence on the cardiovascular risk related to the use of cannabis-based products by performing a systematic review of recent literature.

Recent Findings

The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes that cannabis use represents a risky behavior as it may lead to many adverse effects, and in particular, cardiovascular effects.

Summary

A systematic review of articles published between January 1, 2011 and May 31, 2016 was performed in agreement with the PRISMA statement. Articles presenting data on humans exposed to cannabis-based products and suffering from any cardiovascular condition were eligible for inclusion. The inclusion process was based on a search algorithm and performed in a blinded standardized manner. Overall, 826 articles were found in the literature search, 115 of which remained after performing the inclusion procedure. These were 81 case reports, 29 observational studies, 3 clinical trials, and 2 experimental studies. A total of 116 individuals was the subject of case reports. The mean age was 31 years (95%CI = 29–34), and patients were more frequently men (81.9%) than women (18.1%). They mainly suffered from ischemic strokes or myocardial infarctions. Data provided by the 29 included observational studies evidenced an association between exposure to cannabis-based products and cardiovascular disease. Currently, this evidence is stronger for ischemic strokes than for any other cardiovascular diseases. While the data are limited, there is some suggestion that cannabis use may have negative cardiovascular consequences, particularly at large doses.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
2.
Montecucco F, Di Marzo V. At the heart of the matter: the endocannabinoid system in cardiovascular function and dysfunction. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2012;33(6):331–40.CrossRefPubMed
3.
4.
•• Mittleman MA, Lewis RA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, Muller JE. Triggering myocardial infarction by marijuana. Circulation. 2001;103:2805–9. This study remains the sentinel study published in the domain of cannabis-related cardiovascular complications. Moreover, it is one of the very few focused on myocardial infarctions (rather than strokes).
5.
Jouanjus E, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Micallef J. Cannabis use: signal of increasing risk of serious cardiovascular disorders. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(2):e000638.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
Canga Y, Osmonov D, Karatas MB, Durmus G, Ilhan E, Kirbas V. Cannabis: a rare trigger of premature myocardial infarction. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg- Anatol J Cardiol mai. 2011;11(3):272–4.
7.
De Silva K, Perera D. Cannabis, collaterals, and coronary occlusion. Case Rep Cardiol. 2011;2011:e469850.
8.
Kaushik M, Alla VM, Madan R, Arouni AJ, Mohiuddin SM. Recurrent stress cardiomyopathy with variable regional involvement insights into etiopathogenetic mechanisms. Circulation. 2011;124(22):E556–E557.
9.
Maguire M, Seidi O, Baker M, Gupta A, Muwanga C. Acute mutism: a useful lesson. Emerg Med J EMJ. 2011;28(1):82–3.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Mir A, Obafemi A, Young A, Kane C. Myocardial infarction associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2. Pediatrics. 2011;128(6):E1622–7.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Schmid J, Auer J. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a young man—case report. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;6:–22.
12.
Trojak B, Leclerq S, Meille V, Khoumri C, Chauvet-Gelinier J-C, Giroud M, et al. Stroke with neuropsychiatric sequelae after cannabis use in a man: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2011;5:264.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Alao A. Cannabis-induced atrial fibrillation in a patient with traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci SPR. 2012;24(2):21–2.CrossRef
14.
Arora S, Goyal H, Aggarwal P, Kukar A. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in a 37-year-old man with normal coronaries—it is not always cocaine! Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(9):–2091.e3.
15.
Biyik I, Akturk IF, Yalcin AA, Tanidir IC, Erturk M. Cannabis joint triggered recurrent anterior myocardial infarction in an adolescent taking dual anti-platelet therapy. Postepy W Kardiologii Interwencyjnej. 2012;8(2):156–9.
16.
17.
Dahdouh Z, Roule V, Lognone T, Sabatier R, Grollier G. Cannabis and coronary thrombosis: what is the role of platelets? Platelets. 2012;23(3):243–5.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Diffley M, Armenian P, Gerona R, Reinhartz O, Avasarala K. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia found in an adolescent after a methylenedioxymethamphetamine and marijuana-induced cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(7):2223–6.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Kamat AS, Aliashkevich AF, Denton JR, Fitzjohn TP. Headache after substance abuse: a diagnostic dilemma. J Clin Neurosci. 2012;19(3):464–6.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Melki E, Denier C, Theaudin-Saliou M, Sachet M, Ducreux D, Saliou G. External carotid artery branches involvement in reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. J Neurol Sci. 2012;313(1–2):46–7.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Pratap B, Korniyenko A. Toxic effects of marijuana on the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2012;12(2):143–8.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Renard D, Taieb G, Gras-Combe G, Labauge P. Cannabis-related myocardial infarction and cardioembolic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;21(1):82–3.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Romero-Puche AJ, Trigueros-Ruiz N, Carmen Cerdan-Sanchez M, Perez-Lorente F, Roldan D, Vicente-Vera T. Brugada electrocardiogram pattern induced by cannabis. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2012;65(9):856–8.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Safaa AM, Markham R, Jayasinghe R. Marijuana-induced recurrent acute coronary syndrome with normal coronary angiograms. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2012;31(1):91–4.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Singh NN, Pan Y, Muengtaweeponsa S, Geller TJ, Cruz-Flores S. Cannabis-related stroke: case series and review of literature. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;21(7):555–60.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Young AC, Schwarz E, Medina G, Obafemi A, Feng S-Y, Kane C, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the synthetic cannabinoid, K9, with laboratory confirmation. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(7):1320.e5.CrossRef
27.
28.
Bucci F, Redler A, Fiengo L. Critical limb ischemia in a young man: saddle embolism or unusual presentation of thromboangiitis obliterans? Case Rep Vasc Med. 2013;2013:830540–0.
29.
30.
Deharo P, Massoure P-L, Fourcade L. Exercise-induced acute coronary syndrome in a 24-year-old man with massive cannabis consumption. Acta Cardiol. 2013;68(4):425–8.PubMed
31.
El Scheich T, Weber A-A, Klee D, Schweiger D, Mayatepek E, Karenfort M. Adolescent ischemic stroke associated with anabolic steroid and cannabis abuse. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2013;26(1–2):161–5.PubMed
32.
Freeman MJ, Rose DZ, Myers MA, Gooch CL, Bozeman AC, Burgin WS. Ischemic stroke after use of the synthetic marijuana “spice”. Neurology. 2013;81(24):2090–3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Khanagavi J, Phatak P, Kolte D, Aronow WS, Lanier G. Synthetic cannabinoids-induced thrombotic microangiopathy leading to acute heart failure. Circulation. 2013;128(22).
34.
Lee KB, Song BG, Kang GH, Park YH. Cannabis smoking and sildenafil citrate induced acute coronary syndrome in a patient with myocardial bridge. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg- Anatol J Cardiol. 2013;13(2):180–1.
35.
Menahem S. Cardiac asystole following cannabis (marijuana) usage—additional mechanism for sudden death? Forensic Sci Int. 2013;233(1–3):E3–5.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Ray WZ, Krisht KM, Schabel A, Schmidt RH. Subarachnoid hemorrhage from a thoracic radicular artery pseudoaneurysm after methamphetamine and synthetic cannabinoid abuse: case report. Glob Spine J. 2013;3(2):119–24.CrossRef
37.
Robert T, Marchini AK, Oumarou G, Uske A. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome identification of prognostic factors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013;115(11):2351–7.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Sayin MR, Akpinar I, Cetiner MA, Karabag T. Diffuse coronary ectasia and acute coronary syndrome in a young man. Who is guilty? Cannabis, smoking or dyslipidemia? Anadolu Kardiyol Derg- Anatol. J Cardiol. 2013;13(6):616–8.
39.
Baharnoori M, Kassardjian CD, Saposnik G. Cannabis use associated with capsular warning syndrome and ischemic stroke. Can J Neurol Sci. 2014;41(2):272–3.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Bernson-Leung ME, Leung LY, Kumar S. Synthetic cannabis and acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(5):1239–41.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Casier I, Vanduynhoven P, Haine S, Vrints C, Jorens PG. Is recent cannabis use associated with acute coronary syndromes? An illustrative case series. Acta Cardiol. 2014;69(2):131–6.PubMed
42.
Corvi F, Querques G, Lattanzio R, Preziosa C, Parodi MB, Bandello F. Central retinal vein occlusion in a young patient following cannabis smoke inhalation. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2014;24(3):437–40.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Fogang YF, Camara M, Mbonda PC, Toffa D, Toure K. Late onset epilepsy associated with marijuana abuse: a case report with MRI findings. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;17:158–8.
44.
Gunawardena MDVM, Rajapakse S, Herath J, Amarasena N. Myocardial infarction following cannabis induced coronary vasospasm. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014.
45.
Hartung B, Kauferstein S, Ritz-Timme S, Daldrup T. Sudden unexpected death under acute influence of cannabis. Forensic Sci Int. 2014;237:E11–3.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Hodcroft CJ, Rossiter MC, Buch AN. Cannabis-associated myocardial infarction in a young man with normal coronary arteries. J Emerg Med. 2014;47(3):277–81.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Ibrahim S, Al-Saffar F, Wannenburg T. A unique case of cardiac arrest following K2 abuse. Case Rep Cardiol. 2014;2014:120607–7.
48.
Ibrir M, Ouadahi N, Hamzaoui N, Zemmour D, Ghita DH, Habouchi A, et al. Peripheral arteritis disease and ischemic strokes in cannabis use: a case report. Thromb Res. 2014;133:S115–6.CrossRef
49.
Inal T, Kose A, Koksal O, Armagan E, Aydin SA, Ozdemir F. Acute temporal lobe infarction in a young patient associated with marijuana abuse: an unusual cause of stroke. World J Emerg Med. 2014;5(1):72–4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Lee C, Moll S. Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis in a cannabis smoker. Circulation. 2014;130(2):214–5.
51.
Nogi M, Fergusson D, Chiaco JMC. Mid-ventricular variant takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case report. Hawaii J Med Public Health J Asia Pac Med Public Health. 2014;73(4):115–8.
52.
Nouh A, Ruland S, Schneck MJ, Pasquale D, Biller J. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome with multivessel cervical artery dissections and a double aortic arch. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(2):E141–3.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Oyinloye O, Nzeh D, Yusuf A, Sanya E. Ischemic stroke following abuse of marijuana in a Nigerian adult male. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2014;5(4):417–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Pape E, Roman E, Frikha Z, Scala-Bertola J, Tournebize J, Bornert-Keller N, et al. Acute myocardial infarction in a cannabis smoker: role of cannabis? Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2014;28:57–7.
55.
Rodriguez-Castro CE, Alkhateeb H, Elfar A, Saifuddin F, Abbas A, Siddiqui T. Recurrent myopericarditis as a complication of marijuana use. Am J Case Rep. 2014;15:60–2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Santos AF, Rodrigues M, Mare R, Ferreira C, Soares-Fernandes J, Rocha J. Recurrent stroke in a young cannabis user. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci WIN. 2014;26(1):E41–2.CrossRef
57.
Takematsu M, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS, Schechter JM, Moran JH, Wiener SW. A case of acute cerebral ischemia following inhalation of a synthetic cannabinoid. Clin Toxicol. 2014;52(9):973–5.CrossRef
58.
Tse R, Kodur S, Squires B, Collins N. Sudden cardiac death complicating acute myocardial infarction following synthetic cannabinoid use. Intern Med J. 2014;44(9):934–6.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Tsivgoulis G, Lachanis S, Papathanasiou MA, Chondrogianni M, Brountzos EN, Voumvourakis K. Cannabis-associated angiopathy an uncommon cause of crescendo transient ischemic attacks. Circulation. 2014;130(23):2069–70.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Atik SU, Dedeoglu R, Varol F, Cam H, Eroglu AG, Saltik L. Cardiovascular side effects related with use of “bonzai”: two case reports. Turk Pediatri Arsivi-Turk Arch Pediatr. 2015;50(1):61–4.CrossRef
61.
Bui QM, Simpson S, Nordstrom K. Psychiatric and medical management of marijuana intoxication in the emergency department. West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(3):414–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
62.
Clark BC, Georgekutty J, Berul CI. Myocardial ischemia secondary to synthetic cannabinoid (K2) use in pediatric patients. J Pediatr. 2015;167(3):757–61.CrossRef
63.
Davis C, Boddington D. Teenage cardiac arrest following abuse of synthetic cannabis. Heart Lung Circ. 2015;24(10):E162–3.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Domi R, Janko A, Sula H. An unusual postoperative cerebral ischemic stroke. J Anesth. 2015;29(1):157–7.
65.
Ince B, Benbir G, Yuksel O, Koseoglu L, Uluduz D. Both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke following high doses of cannabis consumption. Presse Med. 2015;44(1):106–7.CrossRefPubMed
66.
67.
Koklu E, Yuksel IO, Bayar N, Ureyen CM, Arslan S. A new cause of silent myocardial infarction: bonsai. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg- Anatol J Cardiol. 2015;15(1):69–70.CrossRef
68.
Lou J-Y, Randhawa MS, Hornacek D, Bajzer C. Spontaneous renal artery dissection in a cannabis user. Vasc Med. 2015;20(4):379–80.CrossRefPubMed
69.
McKeever RG, Vearrier D, Jacobs D, LaSala G, Okaneku J, Greenberg MI. K2—not the spice of life; synthetic cannabinoids and ST elevation myocardial infarction: a case report. J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol. 2015;11(1):129–31.CrossRef
70.
Ntlholang O, McDonagh R, Donnelly S, Brett F, Bradley D, Harbison J. Is intracranial arterial stenosis found in cannabis related stroke due to intimal hyperplasia? Int J Stroke. 2015;10:240–1.CrossRef
71.
Porterfield DOH, Ashby Md M, Newman Md WP, McGoey MR. Pathology image of the month: mitral stenosis at autopsy. J La State Med Soc Off Organ La State Med Soc. 2015;167(3):144–6.
72.
Rose DZ, Guerrero WR, Mokin MV, Gooch CL, Bozeman AC, Pearson JM, et al. Hemorrhagic stroke following use of the synthetic marijuana “spice”. Neurology. 2015;85(13):1177–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
73.
Sherpa D, Paudel BM, Subedi BH, Chow RD. Synthetic cannabinoids: the multi-organ failure and metabolic derangements associated with getting high. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2015;5(4):27540.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Tormey WP. Newspaper reports from the Coroners Court in Ireland are used to reveal the potential complexity and need for reform in forensic toxicology and medicine services. J Forensic Legal Med. 2015;32:47–52.
75.
Velibey Y, Tanik O, Keskin M, Bolca O, Eren M, et al. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33(8):1114.e1.CrossRef
76.
Whitlock JB, Robinson GT, Whitlock JP, Dredla BK, Barrett KM. Mystery case: A 21-year-old man with visual loss following marijuana use. Neurology. 2015;84(21):E165–9.
77.
Yau WY, Chu E, Lai N. Cannabis, serotonergic drug use and stroke in a 50-year-old woman. Intern Med J. 2015;45(12):1312–3.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Degirmenci Y, Kececi H, Olmez N. A case of ischemic stroke after bonzai: syntetic cannabinoid from Turkey. Neurol Sci. 2016;37(2):299–300.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Elsheshtawy M, Sriganesh P, Virparia V, Patel F, Khanna A. Synthetic marijuana induced acute nonischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Case Rep Cardiol. 2016;2016:9625758.PubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Marchetti D, Spagnolo A, De Matteis V, Filograna L, De Giovanni N. Coronary thrombosis and marijuana smoking: a case report and narrative review of the literature. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8(1):56–62.CrossRefPubMed
81.
McIlroy G, Ford L, Khan JM. Acute myocardial infarction, associated with the use of a synthetic adamantyl-cannabinoid: a case report. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;17:2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
82.
83.
Shah M, Garg J, Patel B, Guthier J, Freudenberger RS. Can your heart handle the spice: a case of acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular apical thrombus. Int J Cardiol. 2016;215:129–31.CrossRefPubMed
84.
85.
Tournebize J, Gibaja V, Puskarczyk E, Popovic B, Kahn J-P. Myocarditis associated with cannabis use in a 15-year-old boy: a rare case report. Int J Cardiol. 2016;203:243–4.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Zaleta S, Kumar P, Miller S. Chest pain, troponin rise, and ST-elevation in an adolescent boy following the use of the synthetic cannabis product K2. Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 2016;9(1):79–81.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
87.
Forrester MB, Kleinschmidt K, Schwarz E, Young A. Synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to Texas poison centers. J Addict Dis. 2011;30(4):351–8.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Jouanjus E, Leymarie F, Tubery M, Lapeyre-Mestre M. Cannabis-related hospitalizations: unexpected serious events identified through hospital databases. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71(5):758–65.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
89.
Martin-Blondel G, Koskas F, Cacoub P, Sene D. Is thromboangiitis obliterans presentation influenced by cannabis addiction? Ann Vasc Surg. 2011;25(4):469–73.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Mondy KE, Gottdiener J, Overton ET, Henry K, Bush T, Conley L, et al. High prevalence of echocardiographic abnormalities among HIV-infected persons in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(3):378–86.CrossRefPubMed
91.
• Nawrot TS, Perez L, Kuenzli N, Munters E, Nemery B. Public health importance of triggers of myocardial infarction: a comparative risk assessment. Lancet. 2011;377(9767):732–40. This meta-analysis, based on the epidemiologic data published between 1960 and 2010, identified cannabis as one of the 13 triggering factors of myocardial infarctions.
92.
• Wolff V, Lauer V, Rouyer O, Sellal F, Meyer N, Raul JS, et al. Cannabis use, ischemic stroke, and multifocal intracranial vasoconstriction a prospective study in 48 consecutive young patients. Stroke. 2011;42(6):1778–80. Presents a series of stroke patients, with very complete clinical features and exhaustive etiological characterization. Although the number of patients is low, the case series displayed a specific pattern of cannabis-related stroke (i.e., multifocal intracranial stenosis) CrossRefPubMed
93.
Forrester MB. Adolescent synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to Texas poison centers. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012;28(10):985–9.CrossRefPubMed
94.
Hoyte CO, Jacob J, Monte AA, Al-Jumaan M, Bronstein AC, Heard KJ. A characterization of synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to the National Poison Data System in 2010. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;60(4):435–8.CrossRefPubMed
95.
• Barber PA, Pridmore HM, Krishnamurthy V, Roberts S, Spriggs DA, Carter KN, et al. Cannabis, ischemic stroke, and transient ischemic attack a case-control study. Stroke. 2013;44(8):2327–9. This study is one of the rare case-control studies done on the topic of cardiovascular complications associated with cannabis use CrossRefPubMed
96.
Berard AM, Bedel A, Le Trequesser R, Freyburger G, Nurden A, Colomer S, et al. Novel risk factors for premature peripheral arterial occlusive disease in non-diabetic patients: a case-control study. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e37882.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
97.
• Frost L, Mostofsky E, Rosenbloom JI, Mukamal KJ, Mittleman MA. Marijuana use and long-term mortality among survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2013;165(2):170–5. A study conducted from the same cohort explored by Mittleman et al. in 2001, using robust methodology, but lacking potency CrossRefPubMed
98.
Hermanns-Clausen M, Kneisel S, Szabo B, Auwaerter V. Acute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of synthetic cannabinoids: clinical and laboratory findings. Addiction. 2013;108(3):534–44.CrossRefPubMed
99.
Morentin B, Ballesteros J, Callado LF, Javier MJ. Recent cocaine use is a significant risk factor for sudden cardiovascular death in 15-49-year-old subjects: a forensic case-control study. Addiction. 2014;109(12):2071–8.CrossRefPubMed
100.
Soussan C, Kjellgren A. The flip side of “spice”: the adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids as discussed on a Swedish Internet forum. Nord Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014;31(2):207–19.
101.
Wolff V, Armspach J-P, Beaujeux R, Manisor M, Rouyer O, Lauer V, et al. High frequency of intracranial arterial stenosis and cannabis use in ischaemic stroke in the young. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;37(6):438–43.
102.
Wolff V, Armspach J-P, Lauer V, Rouyer O, Ducros A, Marescaux C, et al. Ischaemic strokes with reversible vasoconstriction and without thunderclap headache: a variant of the reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome? Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;39(1):31–8.
103.
Bechtold J, Simpson T, White HR, Pardini D. Chronic adolescent marijuana use as a risk factor for physical and mental health problems in young adult men. Psychol Addict Behav. 2015;29(3):552–63.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
104.
Besli GE, Ikiz MA, Yildirim S, Saltik S. Synthetic cannabinoid abuse in adolescents: a case series. J Emerg Med. 2015;49(5):644–50.CrossRefPubMed
105.
Dines AM, Wood DM, Galicia M, Yates CM, Heyerdahl F, Hovda KE, et al. Presentations to the emergency department following cannabis use—a multi-centre case series from ten European countries. J Med Toxicol Off J Am Coll Med Toxicol. 2015;11(4):415–21.CrossRef
106.
Onyeka IN, Beynon CM, Ronkainen K, Tiihonen J, Fohr J, Kuikanmaki O, et al. Hospitalization in a cohort seeking treatment for illicit drug use in Finland. J Subst Abus Treat. 2015;53:64–70.CrossRef
107.
Wolff V, Zinchenko I, Quenardelle V, Rouyer O, Geny B. Characteristics and prognosis of ischemic stroke in young cannabis users compared with non-cannabis users. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(18):2052–3.CrossRefPubMed
108.
Behrouz R, Birnbaum L, Grandhi R, Johnson J, Misra V, Palacio S, et al. Cannabis use and outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2016;47(5):1371–3.CrossRefPubMed
109.
Dogan H, Ozucelik DN, Aciksari K, Avci A, Yazicioglu M, Celikmen MF, et al. New synthetic cannabinoid intoxications in emergency department (it’s grass, it’s no sin). Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg-Anatol J Psychiatry. 2016;17(1):18–25.CrossRef
110.
• Hemachandra D, McKetin R, Cherbuin N, Anstey KJ. Heavy cannabis users at elevated risk of stroke: evidence from a general population survey. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2016;40(3):226–30. Cannabis use in the past year was associated with a 3.3 fold higher rate of stroke/TIA (95%CI 1.8-6.3) in a representative sample of the general Australian population. This association remained although it reduced to 2.3 (95%CI 1.1-4.5) after adjustment for covariates including tobacco smoking.
111.
Hermanns-Clausen M, Kithinji J, Spehl M, Angerer V, Franz F, Eyer F, et al. Adverse effects after the use of JWH-210—a case series from the EU Spice II plus project. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8(10):1030–1038.
112.
•• Rumalla K, Reddy AY, Mittal MK. Recreational marijuana use and acute ischemic stroke: a population-based analysis of hospitalized patients in the United States. J Neurol Sci. 2016;364:191–6. This reference corresponds to cohort studies, conducted from a wide database, and provides robust results CrossRefPubMed
113.
Rumalla K, Reddy AY, Mittal MK. Association of recreational marijuana use with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;25(2):452–60.
114.
Waugh J, Najafi J, Hawkins L, Hill SL, Eddleston M, Vale JA, et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of toxicity following recreational use of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists: a report from the United Kingdom National Poisons Information Service. Clin Toxicol Phila Pa. 2016;54(6):512–8.CrossRef
115.
Karschner EL, Darwin WD, McMahon RP, Liu F, Wright S, Goodwin RS, et al. Subjective and physiological effects after controlled Sativex and oral THC administration. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89(3):400–7.CrossRefPubMed
116.
Bedi G, Cooper ZD, Haney M. Subjective, cognitive and cardiovascular dose-effect profile of nabilone and dronabinol in marijuana smokers. Addict Biol. 2013;18(5):872–81.CrossRefPubMed
117.
Jicha CJ, Lofwall MR, Nuzzo PA, Babalonis S, Elayi SC, Walsh SL. Safety of oral dronabinol during opioid withdrawal in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;157:179–83.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
118.
Williams JC, Klein TW, Goldberger BA, Sleasman JW, Mackman N, Goodenow MM. Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) enhances lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tissue factor in human monocytes and monocyte-derived microvesicles. J Inflamm Lond Engl. 2015;12:39.CrossRef
119.
De Angelis V, Koekman AC, Weeterings C, Roest M, de Groot PG, Herczenik E, et al. Endocannabinoids control platelet activation and limit aggregate formation under flow. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e108282.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
120.
121.
Mukamal KJ, Maclure M, Muller JE, Mittleman MA. An exploratory prospective study of marijuana use and mortality following acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2008;155(3):465–70.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
What is the Current Knowledge About the Cardiovascular Risk for Users of Cannabis-Based Products? A Systematic Review
Authors
Emilie Jouanjus
Valentin Raymond
Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre
Valérie Wolff
Publication date
01-06-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Atherosclerosis Reports / Issue 6/2017
Print ISSN: 1523-3804
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6242
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-017-0663-0

Other articles of this Issue 6/2017

Current Atherosclerosis Reports 6/2017 Go to the issue

Evidence Based Medicine (L. Roever, Section Editor)

Role of Inflammation in Heart Failure

STATIN DRUGS (B. WIGGINS, SECTION EDITOR)

Role of Non-Statins, LDL-C Thresholds, and Special Population Considerations: A Look at the Updated 2016 ACC Consensus Committee Recommendations

Global Coronary Heart Disease (S. Virani and S. Naderi, Section Editors)

Overview of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Initiatives in South Asia

Evidence Based Medicine (L. Roever, Section Editor)

The Role of Emerging Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Outcomes
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits