Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis
Published in: Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 1/2016

Open Access 01-01-2016

Guidance for the practical management of warfarin therapy in the treatment of venous thromboembolism

Authors: Daniel M. Witt, Nathan P. Clark, Scott Kaatz, Terri Schnurr, Jack E. Ansell

Published in: Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious and often fatal medical condition with an increasing incidence. The treatment of VTE is undergoing tremendous changes with the introduction of the new direct oral anticoagulants and clinicians need to understand new treatment paradigms. This article, initiated by the Anticoagulation Forum, provides clinical guidance based on existing guidelines and consensus expert opinion where guidelines are lacking. Well-managed warfarin therapy remains an important anticoagulant option and it is hoped that anticoagulation providers will find the guidance contained in this article increases their ability to achieve optimal outcomes for their patients with VTE Pivotal practical questions pertaining to this topic were developed by consensus of the authors and were derived from evidence-based consensus statements whenever possible. The medical literature was reviewed and summarized using guidance statements that reflect the consensus opinion(s) of all authors and the endorsement of the Anticoagulation Forum’s Board of Directors. In an effort to provide practical and implementable information about VTE and its treatment, guidance statements pertaining to choosing good candidates for warfarin therapy, warfarin initiation, optimizing warfarin control, invasive procedure management, excessive anticoagulation, subtherapeutic anticoagulation, drug interactions, switching between anticoagulants, and care transitions are provided.
Literature
1.
Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A et al (2012) Oral anticoagulant therapy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College Of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141:e44S–e88SPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
2.
Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM et al (2012) Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141:e152S–e184SPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
Palareti G, Legnani C, Cosmi B, Guazzaloca G, Cini M, Mattarozzi S (2005) Poor anticoagulation quality in the first three months after unprovoked venous thromboembolism is a risk factor for long-term recurrence. J Thromb Haemost 3:955–961PubMedCrossRef
4.
Palareti G, Legnani C, Guazzaloca G et al (2005) Risk factors for highly unstable response to oral anticoagulation: a case-control study. Br J Haematol 129:72–78PubMedCrossRef
5.
Heit JA, Lahr BD, Petterson TM, Bailey KR, Ashrani AA, Melton LJ 3rd (2011) Heparin and warfarin anticoagulation intensity as predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study. Blood 118:4992–4999PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Nordstrom BL, Evans MA, Murphy BR, Nutescu EA, Schein JR, Bookhart BK (2014) Risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism among deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism patients treated with warfarin. Curr Med Res Opin 31(3):439–447PubMedCrossRef
7.
Garcia P, Ruiz W, Loza Munarriz C (2013) Warfarin initiation nomograms for venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:CD007699PubMed
8.
Chen SY, Wu N, Gulseth M et al (2013) One-year adherence to warfarin treatment for venous thromboembolism in high-risk patients and its association with long-term risk of recurrent events. J Manag Care Pharm 19:291–301PubMedCrossRef
9.
Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ et al (2012) Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: american college of chest physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141:e419S–e494SPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
Konstantinides SV, Torbicki A et al (2014) 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J 35:3033–3069PubMedCrossRef
11.
Venous Thromboembolic Diseases (2012) The management of venous thromboembolic diseases and the role of thrombophilia testing. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clinical Guideline, London
12.
13.
Harel Z, Sholzberg M, Shah PS et al (2014) Comparisons between novel oral anticoagulants and vitamin K antagonists in patients with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 25:431–442PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK et al (2013) Extended use of dabigatran, warfarin, or placebo in venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 368:709–718PubMedCrossRef
15.
Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK et al (2009) Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 361:2342–2352PubMedCrossRef
16.
Investigators E-P, Buller HR, Prins MH et al (2012) Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 366:1287–1297CrossRef
17.
Investigators E, Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD et al (2010) Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 363:2499–2510CrossRef
18.
Hokusai VTEI, Buller HR, Decousus H et al (2013) Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 369:1406–1415CrossRef
19.
Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A et al (2013) Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 368:699–708PubMedCrossRef
20.
Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A et al (2013) Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 369:799–808PubMedCrossRef
21.
Kleinow ME, Garwood CL, Clemente JL, Whittaker P (2011) Effect of chronic kidney disease on warfarin management in a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic. J Manag Care Pharm 17:523–530PubMed
22.
Garcia DA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI, Samama MM, College American of Chest P, (2012) Parenteral anticoagulants: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141:e24S–e43SPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
23.
Hijazi Z, Hohnloser SH, Oldgren J et al (2014) Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin in relation to baseline renal function in patients with atrial fibrillation: a RE-LY (randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulation therapy) trial analysis. Circulation 129:961–970PubMedCrossRef
24.
Claxton AJ, Cramer J, Pierce C (2001) A systematic review of the associations between dose regimens and medication compliance. Clin Ther 23:1296–1310PubMedCrossRef
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Kimmel SE, Chen Z, Price M et al (2007) The influence of patient adherence on anticoagulation control with warfarin: results from the International Normalized Ratio Adherence and Genetics (IN-RANGE) Study. Arch Intern Med 167:229–235PubMedCrossRef
30.
Witt DM, Delate T, Clark NP et al (2013) Nonadherence with INR monitoring and anticoagulant complications. Thromb Res 132:e124–e130PubMedCrossRef
31.
Clark NP, Witt DM, Delate T et al (2008) Thromboembolic consequences of subtherapeutic anticoagulation in patients stabilized on warfarin therapy: the low INR study. Pharmacotherapy 28:960–967PubMedCrossRef
32.
Weitz JI, Eikelboom JW, Samama MM, American College of Chest P (2012) New antithrombotic drugs: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141:e120S–e151SPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Majeed A, Hwang HG, Connolly SJ et al (2013) Management and outcomes of major bleeding during treatment with dabigatran or warfarin. Circulation 128:2325–2332PubMedCrossRef
34.
Hellwig T, Gulseth M (2013) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with new oral anticoagulants: what do they mean for patients with atrial fibrillation? Ann Pharmacother 47:1478–1487PubMedCrossRef
35.
Johnson SG, Rogers K, Delate T, Witt DM (2008) Outcomes associated with combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy. Chest 133:948–954PubMedCrossRef
36.
Lefebvre P, Coleman CI, Bookhart BK et al (2014) Cost-effectiveness of rivaroxaban compared with enoxaparin plus a vitamin K antagonist for the treatment of venous thromboembolism. J Med Econ 17:52–64PubMedCrossRef
37.
Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S et al (2012) VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141:e691S–e736SPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Wang L, He K, Maxwell B et al (2011) Tissue distribution and elimination of [14C] apixaban in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 39:256–264PubMedCrossRef
39.
Bapat P, Kedar R, Lubetsky A et al (2014) Transfer of dabigatran and dabigatran etexilate mesylate across the dually perfused human placenta. Obstet Gynecol 123:1256–1261PubMedCrossRef
40.
Clark NP, Delate T, Witt DM, Parker S, McDuffie R (2009) A descriptive evaluation of unfractionated heparin use during pregnancy. J Thromb Thrombolysis 27:267–273PubMedCrossRef
41.
Crowl A, Schullo-Feulner A, Moon JY (2014) Warfarin monitoring in antiphospholipid syndrome and lupus anticoagulant. Ann Pharmacother 48:1479–1483PubMedCrossRef
42.
Schaefer JK, McBane RD, Black DF, Williams LN, Moder KG, Wysokinski WE (2014) Failure of dabigatran and rivaroxaban to prevent thromboembolism in antiphospholipid syndrome: a case series of three patients. Thromb Haemost 112:947–950PubMedCrossRef
43.
Crowther MA, Ginsberg JS, Julian J et al (2003) A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 349:1133–1138PubMedCrossRef
44.
Borgman MP, Pendleton RC, McMillin GA et al (2012) Prospective pilot trial of PerMIT versus standard anticoagulation service management of patients initiating oral anticoagulation. Thromb Haemost 108:561–569PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
Stergiopoulos K, Brown DL (2014) Genotype-guided vs clinical dosing of warfarin and its analogues: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Intern Med 174:1330–1338PubMedCrossRef
46.
Pirmohamed M, Burnside G, Eriksson N et al (2013) A randomized trial of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin. N Engl J Med 369:2294–2303PubMedCrossRef
47.
48.
You JH (2011) Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of warfarin pharmacogenomics. Expert Opin Pharmacother 12:435–441PubMedCrossRef
49.
Cryder B, Felczak M, Janociak J, Dela Pena L, Allen S, Gutierrez P (2011) Prevalent aetiologies of non-therapeutic warfarin anticoagulation in a network of pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinics. J Clin Pharm Ther 36:64–70PubMedCrossRef
50.
Grzymala-Lubanski B, Sjalander S, Renlund H, Svensson PJ, Sjalander A (2013) Computer aided warfarin dosing in the Swedish national quality registry AuriculA–Algorithmic suggestions are performing better than manually changed doses. Thromb Res 131:130–134PubMedCrossRef
51.
Nieuwlaat R, Hubers LM, Spyropoulos AC et al (2012) Randomised comparison of a simple warfarin dosing algorithm versus a computerised anticoagulation management system for control of warfarin maintenance therapy. Thromb Haemost 108:1228–1235PubMedCrossRef
52.
Poller L, Keown M, Ibrahim S et al (2008) An international multicenter randomized study of computer-assisted oral anticoagulant dosage vs. medical staff dosage. J Thromb Haemost 6:935–943PubMedCrossRef
53.
Garcia DA, Witt DM, Hylek E et al (2008) Delivery of optimized anticoagulant therapy: consensus statement from the Anticoagulation Forum. Ann Pharmacother 42:979–988PubMedCrossRef
54.
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (2004) ASHP therapeutic position statement on the use of low-molecular-weight heparins for adult outpatient treatment of acute deep-vein thrombosis. Am J Health Syst Pharm 61:1950–1955
55.
Saokaew S, Permsuwan U, Chaiyakunapruk N, Nathisuwan S, Sukonthasarn A (2010) Effectiveness of pharmacist-participated warfarin therapy management: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 8:2418–2427PubMedCrossRef
56.
Maynard G, Humber D, Jenkins I (2014) Multidisciplinary initiative to improve inpatient anticoagulation and management of venous thromboembolism. Am J Health Syst Pharm 71:305–310PubMedCrossRef
57.
Christensen TD, Larsen TB (2012) Precision and accuracy of point-of-care testing coagulometers used for self-testing and self-management of oral anticoagulation therapy. J Thromb Haemost 10:251–260PubMedCrossRef
58.
Heneghan C, Ward A, Perera R et al (2012) Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet 379:322–334PubMedCrossRef
59.
DeSantis G, Hogan-Schlientz J, Liska G et al (2014) STABLE results: warfarin home monitoring achieves excellent INR control. Am J Manag Care 20:202–209PubMed
60.
Bajolle F, Lasne D, Elie C et al (2012) Home point-of-care international normalised ratio monitoring sustained by a non-selective educational program in children. Thromb Haemost 108:710–718PubMedCrossRef
61.
Gaw JR, Crowley S, Monagle P, Jones S, Newall F (2013) The economic costs of routine INR monitoring in infants and children–examining point-of-care devices used within the home setting compared to traditional anticoagulation clinic monitoring. Thromb Res 132:26–31PubMedCrossRef
62.
Jones S, Monagle P, Manias E, Bruce AA, Newall F (2013) Quality of life assessment in children commencing home INR self-testing. Thromb Res 132:37–43PubMedCrossRef
63.
Jowett S, Bryan S, Murray E et al (2006) Patient self-management of anticoagulation therapy: a trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis. Br J Haematol 134:632–639PubMedCrossRef
64.
Witt DM (2012) Approaches to optimal dosing of vitamin K antagonists. Semin Thromb Hemost 38:667–672PubMedCrossRef
65.
Banet GA, Waterman AD, Milligan PE, Gatchel SK, Gage BF (2003) Warfarin dose reduction vs watchful waiting for mild elevations in the international normalized ratio. Chest 123:499–503PubMedCrossRef
66.
Schulman S, Melinyshyn A, Ennis D, Rudd-Scott L (2009) Single-dose adjustment versus no adjustment of warfarin in stably anticoagulated patients with an occasional international normalized ratio (INR) out of range. Thromb Res 125:393–397PubMedCrossRef
67.
Van Spall HG, Wallentin L, Yusuf S et al (2012) Variation in warfarin dose adjustment practice is responsible for differences in the quality of anticoagulation control between centers and countries: an analysis of patients receiving warfarin in the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulation therapy (RE-LY) trial. Circulation 126:2309–2316PubMedCrossRef
68.
Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Spencer FA et al (2012) Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141:e326S–e350SPubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
Siegal D, Yudin J, Kaatz S, Douketis JD, Lim W, Spyropoulos AC (2012) Periprocedural heparin bridging in patients receiving vitamin K antagonists: systematic review and meta-analysis of bleeding and thromboembolic rates. Circulation 126:1630–1639PubMedCrossRef
70.
Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Kaatz S, Becker RC, Caprini JA, Dunn AS, Garcia DA, Jacobson A, Jaffer AK, Kong DF, Schulman S, Turpie AG, Hasselblad V, Ortel TL, Investigators BRIDGE (2015) Perioperative bridging anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 379(9):823–833CrossRef
71.
Clark NP, Witt DM, Davies LE et al (2015) Bleeding, recurrent venous thromboembolism, and mortality risks during warfarin interruption for invasive procedures. JAMA Intern Med 175:1163–1168PubMedCrossRef
72.
Callahan S, Goldsberry A, Kim G, Yoo S (2012) The management of antithrombotic medication in skin surgery. Dermatol Surg 38:1417–1426PubMedCrossRef
73.
Steinberg BA, Peterson ED, Kim S et al (2015) Use and outcomes associated with bridging during anticoagulation interruptions in patients with atrial fibrillation: findings from the outcomes registry for better informed treatment of atrial fibrillation (ORBIT-AF). Circulation 131:488–494PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
74.
Tafur AJ, Wysokinski WE, McBane RD et al (2012) Cancer effect on periprocedural thromboembolism and bleeding in anticoagulated patients. Ann Oncol 23:1998–2005PubMedCrossRef
75.
Crowther MA, Ageno W, Garcia D et al (2009) Oral vitamin K versus placebo to correct excessive anticoagulation in patients receiving warfarin: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 150:293–300PubMedCrossRef
76.
Crowther MA, Garcia D, Ageno W et al (2010) Oral vitamin K effectively treats international normalised ratio (INR) values in excess of 10. Results of a prospective cohort study. Thromb Haemost 104:118–121PubMedCrossRef
77.
Crowther MA, Douketis JD, Schnurr T et al (2002) Oral vitamin K lowers the international normalized ratio more rapidly than subcutaneous vitamin K in the treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 137:251–254PubMedCrossRef
78.
Crowther MA, Warkentin TE (2009) Managing bleeding in anticoagulated patients with a focus on novel therapeutic agents. J Thromb Haemost 7(Suppl 1):107–110PubMedCrossRef
79.
Quinlan DJ, Eikelboom JW, Weitz JI (2013) Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for urgent reversal of vitamin K antagonists in patients with major bleeding. Circulation 128:1179–1181PubMed
80.
Sarode R, Milling TJ Jr, Refaai MA et al (2013) Efficacy and safety of a 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in patients on vitamin K antagonists presenting with major bleeding: a randomized, plasma-controlled, phase IIIb study. Circulation 128:1234–1243PubMed
81.
Tran HA, Chunilal SD, Harper PL et al (2013) An update of consensus guidelines for warfarin reversal. Med J Aust 198:198–199PubMedCrossRef
82.
Thachil J (2012) Recurrent venous thromboembolism while on anticoagulant therapy. Blood Rev 26:175–181PubMedCrossRef
83.
Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI et al (2003) Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 349:146–153PubMedCrossRef
84.
Holbrook AM, Pereira JA, Labiris R et al (2005) Systematic overview of warfarin and its drug and food interactions. Arch Intern Med 165:1095–1106PubMedCrossRef
85.
Koplan KE, Brush AD, Packer MS, Zhang F, Senese MD, Simon SR (2012) “Stealth” alerts to improve warfarin monitoring when initiating interacting medications. J Gen Intern Med 27:1666–1673PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
Clark NP, Delate T, Riggs CS et al (2014) Warfarin interactions with antibiotics in the ambulatory care setting. JAMA Intern Med 174:409–416PubMedCrossRef
87.
Schurgers LJ, Shearer MJ, Hamulyak K, Stocklin E, Vermeer C (2004) Effect of vitamin K intake on the stability of oral anticoagulant treatment: dose-response relationships in healthy subjects. Blood 104:2682–2689PubMedCrossRef
88.
Sconce E, Avery P, Wynne H, Kamali F (2007) Vitamin K supplementation can improve stability of anticoagulation for patients with unexplained variability in response to warfarin. Blood 109:2419–2423PubMedCrossRef
89.
Rombouts EK, Rosendaal FR, Van Der Meer FJM (2007) Daily vitamin K supplementation improves anticoagulant stability. J Thromb Haemost 5:2043–2048PubMedCrossRef
90.
Majeed H, Rodger M, Forgie M et al (2013) Effect of 200 muG/day of vitamin K1 on the variability of anticoagulation control in patients on warfarin: a randomized controlled trial. Thromb Res 132:329–335PubMedCrossRef
91.
Gebuis EPA, Rosendaal FR, van Meegen E, van der Meer FJM (2011) Vitamin K1 supplementation to improve the stability of anticoagulation therapy with vitamin K antagonists: a dose-finding study. Haematologica 96:583–589PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
Lam J, Schulman S, Witt DM, Vandvik PO, Qayyum F, Holbrook AM (2013) Anticoagulation control with daily low-dose vitamin k to reduce clinically adverse outcomes and international normalized ratio variability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy 33:1184–1190PubMedCrossRef
93.
94.
Rose AJ, Hylek EM, Berlowitz DR, Ash AS, Reisman JI, Ozonoff A (2011) Prompt repeat testing after out-of-range INR values: a quality indicator for anticoagulation care. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 4:276–282PubMedCrossRef
95.
Patel RJ, Witt DM, Saseen JJ, Tillman DJ, Wilkinson DS (2000) Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oral phytonadione for excessive anticoagulation. Pharmacotherapy 20:1159–1166PubMedCrossRef
96.
Schillig J, Kaatz S, Hudson M, Krol GD, Szandzik EG, Kalus JS (2011) Clinical and safety impact of an inpatient pharmacist-directed anticoagulation service. J Hosp Med 6:322–328PubMedCrossRef
97.
Field TS, Tjia J, Mazor KM et al (2011) Randomized trial of a warfarin communication protocol for nursing homes: an SBAR-based approach. Am J Med 124(179):e1–e7PubMed
98.
Motycka C, Kesgen C, Smith SM, Alvarez E, Jones K (2012) Potential benefits of warfarin monitoring by a clinical pharmacist in a long term care facility. J Thromb Thrombolysis 33:173–177PubMedCrossRef
99.
Moreland CJ, Kravitz RL, Paterniti DA, Li CS, Lin TC, White RH (2013) Anticoagulation education: do patients understand potential medication-related emergencies? Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 39:22–31PubMed
100.
Tillman DJ, Charland SL, Witt DM (2000) Effectiveness and economic impact associated with a program for outpatient management of acute deep vein thrombosis in a group model health maintenance organization. Arch Intern Med 160:2926–2932PubMedCrossRef
101.
Efird LM, Mishkin DS, Berlowitz DR et al (2014) Stratifying the risks of oral anticoagulation in patients with liver disease. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 7:461–467PubMedCrossRef
102.
Werner KT, Sando S, Carey EJ et al (2013) Portal vein thrombosis in patients with end stage liver disease awaiting liver transplantation: outcome of anticoagulation. Dig Dis Sci 58:1776–1780PubMedCrossRef
103.
Ho PM, Bryson CL, Rumsfeld JS (2009) Medication adherence: its importance in cardiovascular outcomes. Circulation 119:3028–3035PubMedCrossRef
104.
Truong T, Armor BL (2012) Successful management of anticoagulation therapy during international travel. Pharmacotherapy 32:e45–e49PubMedCrossRef
105.
106.
Aerospace Medical Association Medical Guidelines Task Force (2003) Medical guidelines for airline travel, 2nd ed. Aviat Space Environ Med 74:A1–A19
107.
Kovacs MJ, Rodger M, Anderson DR et al (2003) Comparison of 10 mg and 5 mg warfarin initiation nomograms together with low molecular weight heparin for outpatient treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 138:714–719PubMedCrossRef
108.
Schulman S, Hwang HG, Eikelboom JW, Kearon C, Pai M, Delaney J (2014) Loading dose vs. maintenance dose of warfarin for reinitiation after invasive procedures: a randomized trial. J Thromb Haemost 12:1254–1259PubMedCrossRef
109.
Baron TH, Kamath PS, McBane RD (2013) Management of antithrombotic therapy in patients undergoing invasive procedures. N Engl J Med 368:2113–2124PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Guidance for the practical management of warfarin therapy in the treatment of venous thromboembolism
Authors
Daniel M. Witt
Nathan P. Clark
Scott Kaatz
Terri Schnurr
Jack E. Ansell
Publication date
01-01-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis / Issue 1/2016
Print ISSN: 0929-5305
Electronic ISSN: 1573-742X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-015-1319-y

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 1/2016 Go to the issue

OriginalPaper

Guidance for the evaluation and treatment of hereditary and acquired thrombophilia

OriginalPaper

Guidance for the prevention and treatment of the post-thrombotic syndrome

EditorialNotes

Management of venous thromboembolism: clinical guidance from the Anticoagulation Forum

OriginalPaper

Pharmacology of anticoagulants used in the treatment of venous thromboembolism

OriginalPaper

Guidance for the management of venous thrombosis in unusual sites

OriginalPaper

Guidance for the treatment and prevention of obstetric-associated venous thromboembolism
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits