Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 2/2010

01-02-2010

Update on heparin: what do we need to know?

Authors: Daniel S. Weitz, Jeffrey I. Weitz

Published in: Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis | Issue 2/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Over the last 15 years, there has been a shift from unfractionated heparin to low-molecular-weight heparin or fondaparinux for many indications. Nonetheless, heparin continues to be used and it remains the drug of choice for selected indications and patients. This paper reviews when and how to use heparin and when low-molecular-weight heparin or fondaparinux may be a better choice. The paper also describes some of the new parenteral anticoagulants under development and provides perspective on how the introduction of rapid-acting oral thrombin or factor Xa inhibitors is likely to reduce or eliminate the need for bridging with parenteral anticoagulants.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Hirsh J, Bauer KA, Donati MB, Gould M, Samama MM, Weitz JI, American College of Chest Physicians (2008) Parenteral anticoagulants: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Chest 133:141S–159SCrossRefPubMed Hirsh J, Bauer KA, Donati MB, Gould M, Samama MM, Weitz JI, American College of Chest Physicians (2008) Parenteral anticoagulants: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Chest 133:141S–159SCrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Young E, Prins M, Levine MN, Hirsh J (1992) Heparin binding to plasma proteins, an important mechanism for heparin resistance. Thromb Haemost 67:639–643PubMed Young E, Prins M, Levine MN, Hirsh J (1992) Heparin binding to plasma proteins, an important mechanism for heparin resistance. Thromb Haemost 67:639–643PubMed
4.
go back to reference Young E, Cosmi B, Weitz J, Hirsh J (1993) Comparison of the non-specific binding of unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin (Enoxaparin) to plasma proteins. Thromb Haemost 70:625–630PubMed Young E, Cosmi B, Weitz J, Hirsh J (1993) Comparison of the non-specific binding of unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin (Enoxaparin) to plasma proteins. Thromb Haemost 70:625–630PubMed
5.
go back to reference Young E, Wells P, Holloway S, Weitz J, Hirsh J (1994) Ex-vivo and in vitro evidence that low molecular weight heparins exhibit less binding to plasma proteins than unfractionated heparin. Thromb Haemost 71:300–304PubMed Young E, Wells P, Holloway S, Weitz J, Hirsh J (1994) Ex-vivo and in vitro evidence that low molecular weight heparins exhibit less binding to plasma proteins than unfractionated heparin. Thromb Haemost 71:300–304PubMed
6.
go back to reference Othieno R, Abu Affan M, Okpo E (2007) Home versus in-patient treatment for deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18:CD003076 Othieno R, Abu Affan M, Okpo E (2007) Home versus in-patient treatment for deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18:CD003076
7.
go back to reference Siragusa S, Cosmi B, Piovella F, Hirsh J, Ginsberg JS (1996) Low-molecular-weight heparins and unfractionated heparin in the treatment of patients with acute venous thromboembolism: results of a meta-analysis. Am J Med 100:269–277CrossRefPubMed Siragusa S, Cosmi B, Piovella F, Hirsh J, Ginsberg JS (1996) Low-molecular-weight heparins and unfractionated heparin in the treatment of patients with acute venous thromboembolism: results of a meta-analysis. Am J Med 100:269–277CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Rocha E, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Montes R, Panizo C (2000) Do the low molecular weight heparins improve efficacy and safety of the treatment of deep venous thrombosis? A meta-analysis. Haematologica 85:935–942PubMed Rocha E, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Montes R, Panizo C (2000) Do the low molecular weight heparins improve efficacy and safety of the treatment of deep venous thrombosis? A meta-analysis. Haematologica 85:935–942PubMed
9.
go back to reference Dolovich LR, Ginsberg JS, Douketis JD, Holbrook AM, Cheah G (2000) A meta-analysis comparing low-molecular-weight heparins with unfractionated heparin in the treatment of venous thromboembolism: examining some unanswered questions regarding location of treatment, product type, and dosing frequency. Arch Intern Med 160:181–188CrossRefPubMed Dolovich LR, Ginsberg JS, Douketis JD, Holbrook AM, Cheah G (2000) A meta-analysis comparing low-molecular-weight heparins with unfractionated heparin in the treatment of venous thromboembolism: examining some unanswered questions regarding location of treatment, product type, and dosing frequency. Arch Intern Med 160:181–188CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Louzada ML, Majeed H, Wells PS (2009) Efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparin versus vitamin K antagonists for long term treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism in adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Thromb Res 123:837–844CrossRefPubMed Louzada ML, Majeed H, Wells PS (2009) Efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparin versus vitamin K antagonists for long term treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism in adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Thromb Res 123:837–844CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference van Doormaal FF, Raskob GE, Davidson BL, Decousus H, Gallus A, Lensing AW, Piovella F, Prins MH, Buller HR (2009) Treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: Subgroup analysis of the Matisse clinical trials. Thromb Haemost 101:762–769PubMed van Doormaal FF, Raskob GE, Davidson BL, Decousus H, Gallus A, Lensing AW, Piovella F, Prins MH, Buller HR (2009) Treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: Subgroup analysis of the Matisse clinical trials. Thromb Haemost 101:762–769PubMed
12.
go back to reference Chong BH, Isaacs A (2009) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: what clinicians need to know. Thromb Haemost 101:279–283PubMed Chong BH, Isaacs A (2009) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: what clinicians need to know. Thromb Haemost 101:279–283PubMed
13.
go back to reference Handschin AE, Trentz OA, Hoerstrup SP, Kock HJ, Wanner GA, Trentz O (2005) Effect of low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) and fondaparinux (Arixtra) on human osteoblasts in vitro. Br J Surg 92:177–183CrossRefPubMed Handschin AE, Trentz OA, Hoerstrup SP, Kock HJ, Wanner GA, Trentz O (2005) Effect of low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) and fondaparinux (Arixtra) on human osteoblasts in vitro. Br J Surg 92:177–183CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Bhandari M, Hirsh J, Weitz JI, Young E, Venner TJ, Shaughnessy SG (1998) The effects of standard and low molecular weight heparin on bone nodule formation in vitro. Thromb Haemost 80:413–417PubMed Bhandari M, Hirsh J, Weitz JI, Young E, Venner TJ, Shaughnessy SG (1998) The effects of standard and low molecular weight heparin on bone nodule formation in vitro. Thromb Haemost 80:413–417PubMed
15.
go back to reference Rajgopal R, Butcher M, Weitz JI, Shaughnessy SG (2006) Heparin synergistically enhances interleukin-11 signalling through up-regulation of the MAPK pathway. J Biol Chem 281:20780–20787CrossRefPubMed Rajgopal R, Butcher M, Weitz JI, Shaughnessy SG (2006) Heparin synergistically enhances interleukin-11 signalling through up-regulation of the MAPK pathway. J Biol Chem 281:20780–20787CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Muir JM, Hirsh J, Weitz JI, Andrew M, Young E, Shaughnessy SG (1997) A histomorphometric comparison of the effects of heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin on cancellous bone in rats. Blood 89:3236–3242PubMed Muir JM, Hirsh J, Weitz JI, Andrew M, Young E, Shaughnessy SG (1997) A histomorphometric comparison of the effects of heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin on cancellous bone in rats. Blood 89:3236–3242PubMed
17.
go back to reference Hawkins D, Evans J (2005) Minimizing the risk of heparin-induced osteoporosis during pregnancy. Expert Opin Drug Saf 4:583–590CrossRefPubMed Hawkins D, Evans J (2005) Minimizing the risk of heparin-induced osteoporosis during pregnancy. Expert Opin Drug Saf 4:583–590CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Warkentin TE, Cook RJ, Marder VJ, Sheppard JA, Moore JC, Eriksson BI, Greinacher A, Kelton JG (2005) Anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies in orthopaedic surgery patients receiving antithrombotic prophylaxis with fondaparinux or enoxaparin. Blood 106:3791–3796CrossRefPubMed Warkentin TE, Cook RJ, Marder VJ, Sheppard JA, Moore JC, Eriksson BI, Greinacher A, Kelton JG (2005) Anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies in orthopaedic surgery patients receiving antithrombotic prophylaxis with fondaparinux or enoxaparin. Blood 106:3791–3796CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Rauova L, Poncz M, McKenzie SE, Reilly MP, Arepally G, Weisel JW, Nagaswami C, Cines DB, Sachais BS (2005) Ultralarge complexes of PF4 and heparin are central to the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 105:131–138CrossRefPubMed Rauova L, Poncz M, McKenzie SE, Reilly MP, Arepally G, Weisel JW, Nagaswami C, Cines DB, Sachais BS (2005) Ultralarge complexes of PF4 and heparin are central to the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 105:131–138CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Greinacher A, Gopinadhan M, Gunther JU, Omer-Adam MA, Strobel U, Warkentin TE, Papastavrou G, Weitschies W, Helm CA (2006) Close approximation of two platelet factor 4 tetramers by charge neutralization forms the antigens recognized by HIT antibodies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26:2386–2393CrossRefPubMed Greinacher A, Gopinadhan M, Gunther JU, Omer-Adam MA, Strobel U, Warkentin TE, Papastavrou G, Weitschies W, Helm CA (2006) Close approximation of two platelet factor 4 tetramers by charge neutralization forms the antigens recognized by HIT antibodies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26:2386–2393CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Lobo B, Finch C, Howard A, Minhas S (2008) Fondaparinux for the treatment of patients with acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 99:208–214PubMed Lobo B, Finch C, Howard A, Minhas S (2008) Fondaparinux for the treatment of patients with acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 99:208–214PubMed
22.
go back to reference Blackmer AB, Oertel MD, Valgus JM (2009) Fondaparinux and the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: the journey continues (October). Ann Pharmacother [Epub ahead of print] Blackmer AB, Oertel MD, Valgus JM (2009) Fondaparinux and the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: the journey continues (October). Ann Pharmacother [Epub ahead of print]
23.
go back to reference Blossom DB, Kallen AJ, Patel PR, Elward A, Robinson L, Gao G, Langer R, Perkins KM, Jaeger JL, Kurkjian KM, Jones M, Schillie SF, Shehab N, Ketterer D, Venkataraman G, Kishimoto TK, Shriver Z, McMahon AW, Austen KF, Kozlowski S, Srinivasan A, Turabelidze G, Gould CV, Arduino MJ, Sasisekharan R (2008) Outbreak of adverse reactions associated with contaminated heparin. N Engl J Med 359:2674–2684CrossRefPubMed Blossom DB, Kallen AJ, Patel PR, Elward A, Robinson L, Gao G, Langer R, Perkins KM, Jaeger JL, Kurkjian KM, Jones M, Schillie SF, Shehab N, Ketterer D, Venkataraman G, Kishimoto TK, Shriver Z, McMahon AW, Austen KF, Kozlowski S, Srinivasan A, Turabelidze G, Gould CV, Arduino MJ, Sasisekharan R (2008) Outbreak of adverse reactions associated with contaminated heparin. N Engl J Med 359:2674–2684CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Fifth Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes Investigators, Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Afzal R, Pogue J, Granger CB, Budaj A, Peters RJ, Bassand JP, Wallentin L, Joyner C, Fox KA (2006) Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 354:1464–1476CrossRefPubMed Fifth Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes Investigators, Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Afzal R, Pogue J, Granger CB, Budaj A, Peters RJ, Bassand JP, Wallentin L, Joyner C, Fox KA (2006) Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 354:1464–1476CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Afzal R, Pogue J, Granger CB, Budaj A, Peters RJ, Bassand JP, Wallentin L, Joyner C, Fox KA, OASIS-6 Trial Group (2006) Effects of fondaparinux on mortality and reinfarction in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the OASIS-6 randomized trial. JAMA 295:1519–1530CrossRefPubMed Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Afzal R, Pogue J, Granger CB, Budaj A, Peters RJ, Bassand JP, Wallentin L, Joyner C, Fox KA, OASIS-6 Trial Group (2006) Effects of fondaparinux on mortality and reinfarction in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the OASIS-6 randomized trial. JAMA 295:1519–1530CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Mehta SR, Granger CB, Eikelboom JW, Bassand JP, Wallentin L, Faxon DP, Peters RJ, Budaj A, Afzal R, Chrolavicius S, Fox KA, Yusuf S (2007) Efficacy and safety of fondaparinux versus enoxaparin in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the OASIS-5 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:1742–1751CrossRefPubMed Mehta SR, Granger CB, Eikelboom JW, Bassand JP, Wallentin L, Faxon DP, Peters RJ, Budaj A, Afzal R, Chrolavicius S, Fox KA, Yusuf S (2007) Efficacy and safety of fondaparinux versus enoxaparin in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the OASIS-5 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:1742–1751CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Wiebe EM, Stafford AR, Fredenburgh JC, Weitz JI (2003) Mechanism of catalysis of inhibition of factor IXa by antithrombin in the presence of heparin or pentasaccharide. J Biol Chem 278:35767–35774CrossRefPubMed Wiebe EM, Stafford AR, Fredenburgh JC, Weitz JI (2003) Mechanism of catalysis of inhibition of factor IXa by antithrombin in the presence of heparin or pentasaccharide. J Biol Chem 278:35767–35774CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Yang L, Manithody C, Rezaie AR (2007) Localization of the heparin binding exosites of factor IXa. J Biol Chem 277:50756–50760CrossRef Yang L, Manithody C, Rezaie AR (2007) Localization of the heparin binding exosites of factor IXa. J Biol Chem 277:50756–50760CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Bedsted T, Swanson R, Chuang YJ, Bock PE, Bjork I, Olson ST (2003) Heparin and calcium ions dramatically enhance antithrombin reactivity with factor IXa by generating new interaction exosites. Biochemistry 42:8143–8152CrossRefPubMed Bedsted T, Swanson R, Chuang YJ, Bock PE, Bjork I, Olson ST (2003) Heparin and calcium ions dramatically enhance antithrombin reactivity with factor IXa by generating new interaction exosites. Biochemistry 42:8143–8152CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Buller HR, Davidson BL, Decousus H, Gallus A, Gent M, Piovella F, Prins MH, Raskob G, van den Berg-Segers AE, Cariou R, Leeuwenkamp O, Lensing AW, Matisse Investigators (2003) Subcutaneous fondaparinux versus intravenous unfractionated heparin in the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 349:1695–1702CrossRefPubMed Buller HR, Davidson BL, Decousus H, Gallus A, Gent M, Piovella F, Prins MH, Raskob G, van den Berg-Segers AE, Cariou R, Leeuwenkamp O, Lensing AW, Matisse Investigators (2003) Subcutaneous fondaparinux versus intravenous unfractionated heparin in the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 349:1695–1702CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Buller HR, Davidson BL, Decousus H, Gallus A, Gent M, Piovella F, Prins MH, Raskob G, Segers AE, Cariou R, Leeuwenkamp O, Lensing AW, Matisse Investigators (2004) Fondaparinux or enoxaparin for the initial treatment of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 140:867–873PubMed Buller HR, Davidson BL, Decousus H, Gallus A, Gent M, Piovella F, Prins MH, Raskob G, Segers AE, Cariou R, Leeuwenkamp O, Lensing AW, Matisse Investigators (2004) Fondaparinux or enoxaparin for the initial treatment of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 140:867–873PubMed
32.
go back to reference Eriksson BI, Bauer KA, Lassen MR, Turpie AG, Steering Committee of the Pentasaccharide in Hip-Fracture Surgery Study (2001) Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip-fracture surgery. N Engl J Med 345:1298–1304CrossRefPubMed Eriksson BI, Bauer KA, Lassen MR, Turpie AG, Steering Committee of the Pentasaccharide in Hip-Fracture Surgery Study (2001) Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip-fracture surgery. N Engl J Med 345:1298–1304CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Eriksson BI, Lassen MR, PENTasaccharide in Hip-FRActure Surgery Plus Investigators (2003) Duration of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism with fondaparinux after hip fracture surgery: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Arch Intern Med 163:1337–1342CrossRefPubMed Eriksson BI, Lassen MR, PENTasaccharide in Hip-FRActure Surgery Plus Investigators (2003) Duration of prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism with fondaparinux after hip fracture surgery: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Arch Intern Med 163:1337–1342CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Lim W, Dentali F, Eikelboom JW, Crowther MA (2006) Meta-analysis: low-molecular-weight heparin and bleeding in patients with severe renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 144:673–684PubMed Lim W, Dentali F, Eikelboom JW, Crowther MA (2006) Meta-analysis: low-molecular-weight heparin and bleeding in patients with severe renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 144:673–684PubMed
35.
go back to reference Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Julian JA, Douketis J, Solymoss S, Ockelford P, Jackson S, Turpie AG, MacKinnon B, Hirsh J, Gent M, Fixed-Dose Heparin (FIDO) Investigators (2006) Comparison of fixed-dose weight-adjusted unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin for acute treatment of venous thromboembolism. JAMA 296:935–942CrossRefPubMed Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Julian JA, Douketis J, Solymoss S, Ockelford P, Jackson S, Turpie AG, MacKinnon B, Hirsh J, Gent M, Fixed-Dose Heparin (FIDO) Investigators (2006) Comparison of fixed-dose weight-adjusted unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin for acute treatment of venous thromboembolism. JAMA 296:935–942CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Raschke RA, Reilly BM, Guidry JR, Fontana JR, Srinivas S (1993) The weight-based heparin dosing nomogram compared with a “standard care” nomogram. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 119:874–881PubMed Raschke RA, Reilly BM, Guidry JR, Fontana JR, Srinivas S (1993) The weight-based heparin dosing nomogram compared with a “standard care” nomogram. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 119:874–881PubMed
37.
go back to reference Gawoski JM, Arkin CF, Bovill T, Brandt J, Rock WA Jr, Triplett DA (1987) The effects of heparin on the activated partial thromboplastin time of the College of American Pathologists Survey specimens. Responsiveness, precision, and sample effects. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111:785–790PubMed Gawoski JM, Arkin CF, Bovill T, Brandt J, Rock WA Jr, Triplett DA (1987) The effects of heparin on the activated partial thromboplastin time of the College of American Pathologists Survey specimens. Responsiveness, precision, and sample effects. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111:785–790PubMed
38.
go back to reference Bates SM, Weitz JI, Johnston M, Hirsh J, Ginsberg JS (2001) Use of a fixed activated partial thromboplastin time ratio to establish a therapeutic range for unfractionated heparin. Arch Intern Med 161:385–391CrossRefPubMed Bates SM, Weitz JI, Johnston M, Hirsh J, Ginsberg JS (2001) Use of a fixed activated partial thromboplastin time ratio to establish a therapeutic range for unfractionated heparin. Arch Intern Med 161:385–391CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Levine MN, Hirsh J, Gent M, Turpie AG, Cruickshank M, Weitz J, Anderson D, Johnston M (1994) A randomized trial comparing activated thromboplastin time with heparin assays in patients with acute venous thromboembolism requiring large daily doses of heparin. Arch Intern Med 154:49–56CrossRefPubMed Levine MN, Hirsh J, Gent M, Turpie AG, Cruickshank M, Weitz J, Anderson D, Johnston M (1994) A randomized trial comparing activated thromboplastin time with heparin assays in patients with acute venous thromboembolism requiring large daily doses of heparin. Arch Intern Med 154:49–56CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Koster A, Lincoff AM, American College of Chest Physicians (2008) Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Chest 133:340S–380SCrossRefPubMed Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Koster A, Lincoff AM, American College of Chest Physicians (2008) Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Chest 133:340S–380SCrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Savi P, Herault JP, Duchaussoy P, Millet L, Schaeffer P, Petitou M, Bono F, Herbert JM (2008) Reversible biotinylated oligosaccharides: a new approach for a better management of anticoagulant therapy. J Thromb Haemost 6:1697–1706CrossRefPubMed Savi P, Herault JP, Duchaussoy P, Millet L, Schaeffer P, Petitou M, Bono F, Herbert JM (2008) Reversible biotinylated oligosaccharides: a new approach for a better management of anticoagulant therapy. J Thromb Haemost 6:1697–1706CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Buller HR, Cohen AT, Davidson B, Decousus H, Gallus AS, Gent M, Pillion G, Piovella F, Prins MH, Raskob GE (2007) Idraparinux versus standard therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. N Engl J Med 357:1094–1104CrossRefPubMed Buller HR, Cohen AT, Davidson B, Decousus H, Gallus AS, Gent M, Pillion G, Piovella F, Prins MH, Raskob GE (2007) Idraparinux versus standard therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. N Engl J Med 357:1094–1104CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Buller HR, Cohen AT, Davidson B, Decousus H, Gallus AS, Gent M, Pillion G, Piovella F, Prins MH, Raskob GE (2007) Extended prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism with idraparinux. N Engl J Med 357:1105–1112CrossRefPubMed Buller HR, Cohen AT, Davidson B, Decousus H, Gallus AS, Gent M, Pillion G, Piovella F, Prins MH, Raskob GE (2007) Extended prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism with idraparinux. N Engl J Med 357:1105–1112CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Bousser MG, Bouthier J, Buller HR, Cohen AT, Crijns H, Davidson BL, Halperin J, Hankey G, Levy S, Pengo V, Prandoni P, Prins MH, Tomkowski W, Thorp-Pedersen C, Wyse DG (2008) Comparison of idraparinux with vitamin K antagonists for prevention of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomized, open-label non-inferiority trial. Lancet 371:315–321CrossRefPubMed Bousser MG, Bouthier J, Buller HR, Cohen AT, Crijns H, Davidson BL, Halperin J, Hankey G, Levy S, Pengo V, Prandoni P, Prins MH, Tomkowski W, Thorp-Pedersen C, Wyse DG (2008) Comparison of idraparinux with vitamin K antagonists for prevention of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomized, open-label non-inferiority trial. Lancet 371:315–321CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Weitz JI, Hirsh J, Samama MM, American College of Chest Physicians (2008) New antithrombotic drugs: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Chest 133:234S–256SCrossRefPubMed Weitz JI, Hirsh J, Samama MM, American College of Chest Physicians (2008) New antithrombotic drugs: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Chest 133:234S–256SCrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Guertin KR, Choi YM (2007) The discovery of the Factor Xa inhibitor otamixaban: from lead identification to clinical development. Curr Med Chem 14:2471–2481CrossRefPubMed Guertin KR, Choi YM (2007) The discovery of the Factor Xa inhibitor otamixaban: from lead identification to clinical development. Curr Med Chem 14:2471–2481CrossRefPubMed
47.
48.
go back to reference Sabatine MS, Antman EM, Widimsky P, Ebrahim IO, Kiss RG, Saaiman A, Polasek R, Contant CF, McCabe CH, Braunwald E (2009) Otamixaban for the treatment of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (SEPIA-AC1 TIMI42): a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet 374:787–795CrossRefPubMed Sabatine MS, Antman EM, Widimsky P, Ebrahim IO, Kiss RG, Saaiman A, Polasek R, Contant CF, McCabe CH, Braunwald E (2009) Otamixaban for the treatment of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (SEPIA-AC1 TIMI42): a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet 374:787–795CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Dyke CK, Steinhubl SR, Kleiman NS, Cannon RO, Aberle LG, Lin M, Myles SK, Melloni C, Harrington RA, Alexander JH, Becker RC, Rusconi CP (2006) First-in-human experience of an antidote-controlled anticoagulant using RNA aptamer technology: a phase 1a pharmacodynamic evaluation of a drug-antidote pair for the controlled regulation of factor IXa activity. Circulation 114:2490–2497CrossRefPubMed Dyke CK, Steinhubl SR, Kleiman NS, Cannon RO, Aberle LG, Lin M, Myles SK, Melloni C, Harrington RA, Alexander JH, Becker RC, Rusconi CP (2006) First-in-human experience of an antidote-controlled anticoagulant using RNA aptamer technology: a phase 1a pharmacodynamic evaluation of a drug-antidote pair for the controlled regulation of factor IXa activity. Circulation 114:2490–2497CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Chan MY, Cohen MG, Dyke CK, Myles SK, Aberle LG, Lin M, Walder J, Steinhubl SR, Gilchrist IC, Kleiman NS, Vorchheimer DA, Chronos N, Melloni C, Alexander JH, Harrington RA, Tonkens RM, Becker RC, Rusconi CP (2008) Phase 1b randomized study of antidote-controlled modulation of factor IXa activity in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 117:2865–2874CrossRefPubMed Chan MY, Cohen MG, Dyke CK, Myles SK, Aberle LG, Lin M, Walder J, Steinhubl SR, Gilchrist IC, Kleiman NS, Vorchheimer DA, Chronos N, Melloni C, Alexander JH, Harrington RA, Tonkens RM, Becker RC, Rusconi CP (2008) Phase 1b randomized study of antidote-controlled modulation of factor IXa activity in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 117:2865–2874CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Gross PL, Weitz JI (2009) New antithrombotic drugs. Clin Pharmacol Therap 86:139–146CrossRef Gross PL, Weitz JI (2009) New antithrombotic drugs. Clin Pharmacol Therap 86:139–146CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Update on heparin: what do we need to know?
Authors
Daniel S. Weitz
Jeffrey I. Weitz
Publication date
01-02-2010
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis / Issue 2/2010
Print ISSN: 0929-5305
Electronic ISSN: 1573-742X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-009-0411-6

Other articles of this Issue 2/2010

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 2/2010 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.