Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Medical Systems 3/2012

01-06-2012 | Original Paper

A Comprehensive Survey of Wireless Body Area Networks

On PHY, MAC, and Network Layers Solutions

Authors: Sana Ullah, Henry Higgins, Bart Braem, Benoit Latre, Chris Blondia, Ingrid Moerman, Shahnaz Saleem, Ziaur Rahman, Kyung Sup Kwak

Published in: Journal of Medical Systems | Issue 3/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Recent advances in microelectronics and integrated circuits, system-on-chip design, wireless communication and intelligent low-power sensors have allowed the realization of a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). A WBAN is a collection of low-power, miniaturized, invasive/non-invasive lightweight wireless sensor nodes that monitor the human body functions and the surrounding environment. In addition, it supports a number of innovative and interesting applications such as ubiquitous healthcare, entertainment, interactive gaming, and military applications. In this paper, the fundamental mechanisms of WBAN including architecture and topology, wireless implant communication, low-power Medium Access Control (MAC) and routing protocols are reviewed. A comprehensive study of the proposed technologies for WBAN at Physical (PHY), MAC, and Network layers is presented and many useful solutions are discussed for each layer. Finally, numerous WBAN applications are highlighted.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Footnotes
1
Energy absorbed by the body when exposed to RF waves and is measured in watts per kilogram
 
2
To differentiate it from the term Medium Access Control (MAC), Message Authentication Code (MAC) is represented in bold letters.
 
Literature
1.
go back to reference Campbell, P., Current population reports (population projections: States, 1995–2025), pp. 25–1131. Census Bureau, 2005. Campbell, P., Current population reports (population projections: States, 1995–2025), pp. 25–1131. Census Bureau, 2005.
2.
go back to reference Barroso, A., Benson, J., et al., The DSYS25 sensor platform. In: Proceedings of the ACM Sensys 2004, Baltimore, 2004. Barroso, A., Benson, J., et al., The DSYS25 sensor platform. In: Proceedings of the ACM Sensys 2004, Baltimore, 2004.
3.
go back to reference Jovanov, E., Milenkovic, A., Otto, C., and de Groen, P., A Wireless body area network of intelligent motion sensors for computer assisted physical rehabilitation. JNER 2(6):16–23, 2005. Jovanov, E., Milenkovic, A., Otto, C., and de Groen, P., A Wireless body area network of intelligent motion sensors for computer assisted physical rehabilitation. JNER 2(6):16–23, 2005.
4.
go back to reference IEEE 802.15.6, Technical requirements document, 2008. IEEE 802.15.6, Technical requirements document, 2008.
5.
go back to reference Yang, G. Z., Body sensor networks (chapter: Wirelss communication). Springer, 2006. Yang, G. Z., Body sensor networks (chapter: Wirelss communication). Springer, 2006.
6.
go back to reference Finkenzeller, K., RFID handbook, 2nd Edn. Wiley International, 2003. Finkenzeller, K., RFID handbook, 2nd Edn. Wiley International, 2003.
7.
go back to reference Kraus, J. D., Antennas, 2nd edn. McGraw Hill, 1988. Kraus, J. D., Antennas, 2nd edn. McGraw Hill, 1988.
8.
go back to reference Bancroft, R., Microstrip and printed antenna design, 2nd Edn. SciTech, 2008. Bancroft, R., Microstrip and printed antenna design, 2nd Edn. SciTech, 2008.
9.
go back to reference Cotton, S. L., Scanlon, W. G., Channel characterization for single- and multiple-antenna wearable systems used for indoor body-to-body communications. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2(4):980–990, 2009.CrossRef Cotton, S. L., Scanlon, W. G., Channel characterization for single- and multiple-antenna wearable systems used for indoor body-to-body communications. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2(4):980–990, 2009.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Conway, G., Cotton, S., and Scanlon, W., An antennas and propagation approach to improving physical layer performance in wireless body area networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 27(1):27–36, 2009.CrossRef Conway, G., Cotton, S., and Scanlon, W., An antennas and propagation approach to improving physical layer performance in wireless body area networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 27(1):27–36, 2009.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Wojclk, J., Tissue recipe calibration requirements, SSI/DRB-TP-D01-003, Spectrum Sciences Institute RF Dosemetry Research Board, 51 Spectrum Way, Nepean, Ontario, K2R 1E6 Canada, 1998. Wojclk, J., Tissue recipe calibration requirements, SSI/DRB-TP-D01-003, Spectrum Sciences Institute RF Dosemetry Research Board, 51 Spectrum Way, Nepean, Ontario, K2R 1E6 Canada, 1998.
12.
13.
14.
go back to reference Johansson, A. J., Wave-propagation from medical implants-inuence of body shape on radiation pattern, in 24th Annual Conference and the Annual Fall Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society, Proceedings of the Second Joint EMBS/BMES Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 1409–1410, 2002. Johansson, A. J., Wave-propagation from medical implants-inuence of body shape on radiation pattern, in 24th Annual Conference and the Annual Fall Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society, Proceedings of the Second Joint EMBS/BMES Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 1409–1410, 2002.
15.
go back to reference Ullah, S., Higgins, H., Shen, B., and Kwak, K. S., On the implant communication and MAC protocols for WBAN, International Journal of Communication Systems 982–999, 2010. doi:10.1002/dac.1100. Ullah, S., Higgins, H., Shen, B., and Kwak, K. S., On the implant communication and MAC protocols for WBAN, International Journal of Communication Systems 982–999, 2010. doi:10.​1002/​dac.​1100.
16.
go back to reference Sayrafian-Pour, K., Wen-Bin Yang, Hagedorn, J., Terrill, J., and Yazdandoost, K. Y., A statistical path loss model for medical implant communication channels, Personal, In the Proc. of 2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium onIndoor and Mobile Radio Communications , pp. 2995–2999, 2009. Sayrafian-Pour, K., Wen-Bin Yang, Hagedorn, J., Terrill, J., and Yazdandoost, K. Y., A statistical path loss model for medical implant communication channels, Personal, In the Proc. of 2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium onIndoor and Mobile Radio Communications , pp. 2995–2999, 2009.
17.
go back to reference Hall, P. S., Antennas Challenges for Body Centric Communications, International Workshop on Antenna Technology: Small and Smart Antennas Metamaterials and Applications, pp. 41–44, 2007. Hall, P. S., Antennas Challenges for Body Centric Communications, International Workshop on Antenna Technology: Small and Smart Antennas Metamaterials and Applications, pp. 41–44, 2007.
18.
go back to reference Kamarudin, M. R., Nechayev, Y. I., and Hall, P. S., Performance of antennas in the on body environment, IEEE AP-S International Symposium, Washington, USA, pp. 475–478, 2005. Kamarudin, M. R., Nechayev, Y. I., and Hall, P. S., Performance of antennas in the on body environment, IEEE AP-S International Symposium, Washington, USA, pp. 475–478, 2005.
19.
go back to reference Kamarudin, M. R., and Hall, P. S., Diversity measurements of antennas in the on-body environment, In the Proc. of European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP06), France, 2006. Kamarudin, M. R., and Hall, P. S., Diversity measurements of antennas in the on-body environment, In the Proc. of European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP06), France, 2006.
20.
go back to reference Hall, P. S., and Hao, Y., Antennas and propagation for body centric communications, In the Proc. of First European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2006), pp. 1–7, 2006. Hall, P. S., and Hao, Y., Antennas and propagation for body centric communications, In the Proc. of First European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2006), pp. 1–7, 2006.
21.
go back to reference Reusens, E., Joseph, W., Vermeeren, G., Martens, L., Latre, B., Moerman, I., Braem, B., and Blondia, C., Path loss models for wireless communication channel along arm and torso: measurements and simulations, In the Proc. of IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Society, pp. 345–348, 2007. Reusens, E., Joseph, W., Vermeeren, G., Martens, L., Latre, B., Moerman, I., Braem, B., and Blondia, C., Path loss models for wireless communication channel along arm and torso: measurements and simulations, In the Proc. of IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Society, pp. 345–348, 2007.
22.
go back to reference Salonen, P., and Rahmat, Y., Textile Antennas: Effects of Antenna Bending on Input Matching and Impedance Bandwidth, In the Proc. of European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP06). France, 2006. Salonen, P., and Rahmat, Y., Textile Antennas: Effects of Antenna Bending on Input Matching and Impedance Bandwidth, In the Proc. of European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP06). France, 2006.
23.
go back to reference Ullah, S., Bin, S., Islam, S. M. R., Pervez. K., Shahnaz. S., and Kwak, K. S., A Study of MAC Protocols for WBANs. Sensors 10(1):128–145, 2010.CrossRef Ullah, S., Bin, S., Islam, S. M. R., Pervez. K., Shahnaz. S., and Kwak, K. S., A Study of MAC Protocols for WBANs. Sensors 10(1):128–145, 2010.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Huaming, L., and Jindong, T., An Ultra-low-power Medium Access Control Protocol for Body Sensor Network, in the Proc. of 27th Annual International Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 2451–2454, 2005. Huaming, L., and Jindong, T., An Ultra-low-power Medium Access Control Protocol for Body Sensor Network, in the Proc. of 27th Annual International Conference of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. 2451–2454, 2005.
25.
go back to reference Zhen, B., Li, H. B., and Kohno, R., IEEE body area networks and medical implant communications, in the Proc. of the ICST 3rd International Conference on Body Area Networks. Tempe, Ariz, USA, 2008. Zhen, B., Li, H. B., and Kohno, R., IEEE body area networks and medical implant communications, in the Proc. of the ICST 3rd International Conference on Body Area Networks. Tempe, Ariz, USA, 2008.
26.
go back to reference Ullah, S., Kwak, D., Lee, C., Lee, H., and Kwak, K. S., Numerical Analysis of CSMA/CA for Pattern-Based WBAN System, in the Proc. of 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, (BMEI 2009) pp. 1–3, 2009. Ullah, S., Kwak, D., Lee, C., Lee, H., and Kwak, K. S., Numerical Analysis of CSMA/CA for Pattern-Based WBAN System, in the Proc. of 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, (BMEI 2009) pp. 1–3, 2009.
27.
go back to reference Polastre, J., Hill, J., and Culler, D., Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks. In Proc. of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, pp. 95–107. New York, USA, 2004. Polastre, J., Hill, J., and Culler, D., Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks. In Proc. of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, pp. 95–107. New York, USA, 2004.
28.
go back to reference Ye, W., and Estrin, H. J., An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proc. of Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, pp. 1567–1576. Miami, USA, 2002. Ye, W., and Estrin, H. J., An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In Proc. of Twenty-First Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, pp. 1567–1576. Miami, USA, 2002.
29.
go back to reference Ullah, S., Islam, S. M. R., Nessa, A., Zhong, Y., and Kwak, K. S., Performance analysis of preamble based TDMA protocol for wireless body area network, Journal of Communication Software and Systems 4(3):222–226, 2008. Ullah, S., Islam, S. M. R., Nessa, A., Zhong, Y., and Kwak, K. S., Performance analysis of preamble based TDMA protocol for wireless body area network, Journal of Communication Software and Systems 4(3):222–226, 2008.
30.
go back to reference IEEE Std.802.15.4, Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for low data rate wireless personal area networks (WPAN). IEEE: Piscataway, USA, 2006. IEEE Std.802.15.4, Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for low data rate wireless personal area networks (WPAN). IEEE: Piscataway, USA, 2006.
31.
go back to reference Timmons, N. F., and Scanlon, W. G., Analysis of the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 for medical sensor body area networking. in the Proc. of First Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (IEEE SECON 2004) pp. 16–24, 2004. Timmons, N. F., and Scanlon, W. G., Analysis of the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 for medical sensor body area networking. in the Proc. of First Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (IEEE SECON 2004) pp. 16–24, 2004.
32.
go back to reference Changle, L., Huan-Bang, L., and Kohno, R., Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). in the Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops 2009) pp. 1–5, 2009. Changle, L., Huan-Bang, L., and Kohno, R., Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). in the Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops 2009) pp. 1–5, 2009.
33.
go back to reference IEEE 802.11e Std Amendment to Part 11, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications: Medium access control quality of services enhancements, 2005. IEEE 802.11e Std Amendment to Part 11, Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications: Medium access control quality of services enhancements, 2005.
34.
go back to reference Cavalcanti, D., Schmitt, R., and Soomro, A., Performance Analysis of 802.15.4 and 802.11e for body sensor network applications. in the Proc. of 4th International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, 2007. Cavalcanti, D., Schmitt, R., and Soomro, A., Performance Analysis of 802.15.4 and 802.11e for body sensor network applications. in the Proc. of 4th International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, 2007.
35.
go back to reference Chen, C., and Pomalaza-Raez, C., Monitoring human movements at home using wearable wireless sensors. in the Proc. of ISMICT 2009. Montreal, 2009. Chen, C., and Pomalaza-Raez, C., Monitoring human movements at home using wearable wireless sensors. in the Proc. of ISMICT 2009. Montreal, 2009.
36.
go back to reference Su, H., and Zhang, X., Battery-dynamics driven tdma mac protocols for wireless body-area monitoring networks in healthcare applications. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 27(4):424–434, 2009.CrossRef Su, H., and Zhang, X., Battery-dynamics driven tdma mac protocols for wireless body-area monitoring networks in healthcare applications. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 27(4):424–434, 2009.CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Chiasserini, C. F., and Rao, R. R., A model for battery pulsed discharge with recovery effect. in the Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC 1999), Vol. 2, pp. 636–639, 1999. Chiasserini, C. F., and Rao, R. R., A model for battery pulsed discharge with recovery effect. in the Proc. of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC 1999), Vol. 2, pp. 636–639, 1999.
38.
go back to reference Marinkovi, S. J., Popovici, E. M., Spagnol, C., Faul, S., and Marnane, W. P., Energy-efficient low duty cycle MAC protocol for wireless body area networks. IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed. 13(6):915–925, 2009.CrossRef Marinkovi, S. J., Popovici, E. M., Spagnol, C., Faul, S., and Marnane, W. P., Energy-efficient low duty cycle MAC protocol for wireless body area networks. IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed. 13(6):915–925, 2009.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Zhang, Y., and Dolmans, G., A new priority-guaranteed MAC protocol for emerging body area networks. in the Proc. of Fifth International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC 2009), pp.140–145, 2009. Zhang, Y., and Dolmans, G., A new priority-guaranteed MAC protocol for emerging body area networks. in the Proc. of Fifth International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC 2009), pp.140–145, 2009.
40.
go back to reference Li, H. M., and Tan, J. D., Heartbeat driven MAC for body sensor networks. In Proc. of the 1st ACM SIGMOBILE international workshop on systems and networking support for healthcare and assisted living environments, pp. 25–30. Puerto Rico, 2007. Li, H. M., and Tan, J. D., Heartbeat driven MAC for body sensor networks. In Proc. of the 1st ACM SIGMOBILE international workshop on systems and networking support for healthcare and assisted living environments, pp. 25–30. Puerto Rico, 2007.
41.
go back to reference Li, C., Li, H. B., and Kohno, R., Reservation-based dynamic TDMA protocol for medical body area networks. IEICE Trans. Commun. 2009 92(2):387–395, 2009.CrossRef Li, C., Li, H. B., and Kohno, R., Reservation-based dynamic TDMA protocol for medical body area networks. IEICE Trans. Commun. 2009 92(2):387–395, 2009.CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Fang, G., and Dutkiewicz, E., BodyMAC: Energy efficient TDMA-based MAC protocol for wireless body area networks. in the Proc. of 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology (ISCIT 2009), pp. 1455–1459, 2009. Fang, G., and Dutkiewicz, E., BodyMAC: Energy efficient TDMA-based MAC protocol for wireless body area networks. in the Proc. of 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology (ISCIT 2009), pp. 1455–1459, 2009.
43.
go back to reference Kwak, K. S., Ullah, S., Kwak, D. H., Lee, C. H., and Lee., H. S., A power-efficient MAC protocol for WBAN. Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems 8(6):131–140, 2009. Kwak, K. S., Ullah, S., Kwak, D. H., Lee, C. H., and Lee., H. S., A power-efficient MAC protocol for WBAN. Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems 8(6):131–140, 2009.
44.
go back to reference El-Hoiydi, A., and Decotignie, J. D., WiseMAC: An ultra low power MAC protocol for multi-hop wireless sensor networks. in the Proc. of the First International Workshop on Algorithmic Aspects of Wireless Sensor Networks (ALGOSENSORS 2004), LNCS 3121, pp. 18.31, 2004. El-Hoiydi, A., and Decotignie, J. D., WiseMAC: An ultra low power MAC protocol for multi-hop wireless sensor networks. in the Proc. of the First International Workshop on Algorithmic Aspects of Wireless Sensor Networks (ALGOSENSORS 2004), LNCS 3121, pp. 18.31, 2004.
45.
go back to reference Saleem, S., Ullah, S., and Yoo, H. S., On the security issues in wireless body area networks. Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications (JDCTA) 3(3):178–184, 2009. Saleem, S., Ullah, S., and Yoo, H. S., On the security issues in wireless body area networks. Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications (JDCTA) 3(3):178–184, 2009.
46.
go back to reference Ng, H. S., Sim, M. L., and Tan, C. M., Security issues of wireless sensor networks in healthcare applications. BT Technol. J. 24(2):138–144, 2006.CrossRef Ng, H. S., Sim, M. L., and Tan, C. M., Security issues of wireless sensor networks in healthcare applications. BT Technol. J. 24(2):138–144, 2006.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Law, Y. W., Doumen, J., and Hartel, P., Survey and benchmark of block ciphers for wireless sensor networks. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN) 2(1):65–93, 2006.CrossRef Law, Y. W., Doumen, J., and Hartel, P., Survey and benchmark of block ciphers for wireless sensor networks. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN) 2(1):65–93, 2006.CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Riu, P. J., and Foster, K. R., Heating of tissue by near-field exposure to a dipole: a model analysis. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 46(8):911–917, 1999.CrossRef Riu, P. J., and Foster, K. R., Heating of tissue by near-field exposure to a dipole: a model analysis. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 46(8):911–917, 1999.CrossRef
49.
go back to reference Akkaya, K., and Younis, M., A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks 3(3):325–349, 2005.CrossRef Akkaya, K., and Younis, M., A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks 3(3):325–349, 2005.CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Cypher, D., Chevrollier, N., Montavont, N., and Golmie, N., Prevailing over wires in healthcare environments: benefits and challenges. IEEE Commun. Mag. 44(4):56–63, 2006.CrossRef Cypher, D., Chevrollier, N., Montavont, N., and Golmie, N., Prevailing over wires in healthcare environments: benefits and challenges. IEEE Commun. Mag. 44(4):56–63, 2006.CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Zasowski, T., Althaus, F., Stager, M., Wittneben, A., and Troster, G., UWB for noninvasive wireless body area networks: channel measurements and results, in the Proc. of 2003 IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, pp. 285–289, 2003. Zasowski, T., Althaus, F., Stager, M., Wittneben, A., and Troster, G., UWB for noninvasive wireless body area networks: channel measurements and results, in the Proc. of 2003 IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, pp. 285–289, 2003.
52.
go back to reference Latre, B., Vermeeren, G., Moerman, I., Martens, L., and Demeester, P., Networking and propagation issues in body area networks. in the Proc. of 11th Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Technology. Belgium, 2004. Latre, B., Vermeeren, G., Moerman, I., Martens, L., and Demeester, P., Networking and propagation issues in body area networks. in the Proc. of 11th Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Technology. Belgium, 2004.
53.
go back to reference Shankar, V., Natarajan, A., Gupta, S. K. S., and Schwiebert, L., Energy-efficient protocols for wireless communication in biosensornetworks. in the Proc. of 12th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC 2001), Vol. 1, pp. 114–118, 2001. Shankar, V., Natarajan, A., Gupta, S. K. S., and Schwiebert, L., Energy-efficient protocols for wireless communication in biosensornetworks. in the Proc. of 12th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC 2001), Vol. 1, pp. 114–118, 2001.
54.
go back to reference Braem, B., Latre, B., Moerman, I., Blondia, C., Reusens, E., Joseph, W., Martens, L., and Demeester, P., The need for cooperation and relaying in short-range high path loss sensor networks. In the Proc. of First International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2007), pp. 566–571. Spain, 2007. Braem, B., Latre, B., Moerman, I., Blondia, C., Reusens, E., Joseph, W., Martens, L., and Demeester, P., The need for cooperation and relaying in short-range high path loss sensor networks. In the Proc. of First International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2007), pp. 566–571. Spain, 2007.
55.
go back to reference Reusens, E., Joseph, W., Vermeeren, G., Kurup, D., and Martens, L., Real human body measurements, model, and simulations of 2.45 GHz wireless body area network communication channel. In the Proc. of International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN 2008), pp. 149–152. China, 2008. Reusens, E., Joseph, W., Vermeeren, G., Kurup, D., and Martens, L., Real human body measurements, model, and simulations of 2.45 GHz wireless body area network communication channel. In the Proc. of International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN 2008), pp. 149–152. China, 2008.
56.
go back to reference Fort, A., Ryckaert, J., Desset, C., De Doncker, P., Wambacq, P., and Van Biesen, L., Ultra-wideband channel model for communication around the human body. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 24(4):927–933, 2006.CrossRef Fort, A., Ryckaert, J., Desset, C., De Doncker, P., Wambacq, P., and Van Biesen, L., Ultra-wideband channel model for communication around the human body. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 24(4):927–933, 2006.CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Natarajan, A., Motani, M., de Silva, B., Yap, K., and Chua, K. C., Investigating network architectures for body sensor networks. in the Proc. of 1st ACM SIGMOBILE international workshop on Systems and networking support for healthcare and assisted living environments. New York, NY, USA, 2007. Natarajan, A., Motani, M., de Silva, B., Yap, K., and Chua, K. C., Investigating network architectures for body sensor networks. in the Proc. of 1st ACM SIGMOBILE international workshop on Systems and networking support for healthcare and assisted living environments. New York, NY, USA, 2007.
58.
go back to reference Arumugam, D. D., Gautham, A., Narayanaswamy, G., and Engels, D. W., Impacts of RF radiation on the human body in a passive wireless healthcare environment. in the Proc. of Second International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth 2008), pp. 181–182, 2008. Arumugam, D. D., Gautham, A., Narayanaswamy, G., and Engels, D. W., Impacts of RF radiation on the human body in a passive wireless healthcare environment. in the Proc. of Second International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth 2008), pp. 181–182, 2008.
59.
go back to reference Ren, H., and Meng, M. Q. H., Rate control to reduce bioeffects in wireless biomedical sensor networks. in the Proc. of 3rd Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems, pp. 1–7. San Jose, CA, 2006. Ren, H., and Meng, M. Q. H., Rate control to reduce bioeffects in wireless biomedical sensor networks. in the Proc. of 3rd Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems, pp. 1–7. San Jose, CA, 2006.
60.
go back to reference Tang, Q., Tummala, N., Gupta, S. K. S., and Schwiebert, L., Communication scheduling to minimize thermal effects of implanted biosensor networks in homogeneous tissue. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 52(7):1285–1294, 2005.CrossRef Tang, Q., Tummala, N., Gupta, S. K. S., and Schwiebert, L., Communication scheduling to minimize thermal effects of implanted biosensor networks in homogeneous tissue. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 52(7):1285–1294, 2005.CrossRef
61.
go back to reference Bag, A., and Bassiouni, M. A., Energy efficient thermal aware routing algorithms for embedded biomedical sensor networks. in the Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS 2006), pp. 604–609. Vancouver, BC, 2006. Bag, A., and Bassiouni, M. A., Energy efficient thermal aware routing algorithms for embedded biomedical sensor networks. in the Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS 2006), pp. 604–609. Vancouver, BC, 2006.
62.
go back to reference Takahashi, D., Xiao, Y., Hu, F., Chen, J., and Sun, Y., Temperature-aware routing for telemedicine applications in embedded biomedical sensor networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, Article ID 572636, 11 pages, 2008. Takahashi, D., Xiao, Y., Hu, F., Chen, J., and Sun, Y., Temperature-aware routing for telemedicine applications in embedded biomedical sensor networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, Article ID 572636, 11 pages, 2008.
63.
go back to reference Watteyne, T., Auge-Blum, S., Dohler, M., and Barthel, D., Anybody: a self-organization protocol for body area networks. in the Proc. of Second International Conference on Body Area Networks (BODYNETS 2007). Florence, Italy, 2007. Watteyne, T., Auge-Blum, S., Dohler, M., and Barthel, D., Anybody: a self-organization protocol for body area networks. in the Proc. of Second International Conference on Body Area Networks (BODYNETS 2007). Florence, Italy, 2007.
64.
go back to reference Heinzelman, W. R., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H, Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. in the Proc. of 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 8020–8024, 2000. Heinzelman, W. R., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H, Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. in the Proc. of 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 8020–8024, 2000.
65.
go back to reference Moh, M., Culpepper, B. J., Dung, L., Moh, T. S., Hamada, T., and Su, C., On data gathering protocols for in-body biomedical sensor networks. in the Proc. of IEEE Conference on Global Telecommunications (GLOBECOM 2005), Vol. 5, 2005. Moh, M., Culpepper, B. J., Dung, L., Moh, T. S., Hamada, T., and Su, C., On data gathering protocols for in-body biomedical sensor networks. in the Proc. of IEEE Conference on Global Telecommunications (GLOBECOM 2005), Vol. 5, 2005.
66.
go back to reference Madan, R., Cui, S., Lall, S., and Goldsmith, N. A., Cross-layer design for lifetime maximization in interference-limited wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 5(11):3142–3152, 2006.CrossRef Madan, R., Cui, S., Lall, S., and Goldsmith, N. A., Cross-layer design for lifetime maximization in interference-limited wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 5(11):3142–3152, 2006.CrossRef
67.
go back to reference Melodia, T., Vuran, M., and Pompil, D., The state of the art in cross-layer design for wireless sensor networks. in the Proc. of EuroNGI Workshop on Wireless and Mobility, LNCS 3883, pp. 78–92, 2005. Melodia, T., Vuran, M., and Pompil, D., The state of the art in cross-layer design for wireless sensor networks. in the Proc. of EuroNGI Workshop on Wireless and Mobility, LNCS 3883, pp. 78–92, 2005.
68.
go back to reference Ruzzelli, A. G., Jurdak, R., OHare, G. M., and Stok, P. V. D., Energy-efficient multi-hop medical sensor networking. in the Proc. of 1st ACM SIGMOBILE international workshop on Systems and networking support for healthcare and assisted living environments, pp. 37–42. ACM: New York, NY, USA, 2007.CrossRef Ruzzelli, A. G., Jurdak, R., OHare, G. M., and Stok, P. V. D., Energy-efficient multi-hop medical sensor networking. in the Proc. of 1st ACM SIGMOBILE international workshop on Systems and networking support for healthcare and assisted living environments, pp. 37–42. ACM: New York, NY, USA, 2007.CrossRef
69.
go back to reference Braem, B., Latre, B., Moerman, I., Blondia, C., and Demeester, P., The wireless autonomous spanning tree protocol for multihop wireless body area networks. in the Proc. of 3rd International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services, pp. 479–486. San Jose, CA, USA, 2006. Braem, B., Latre, B., Moerman, I., Blondia, C., and Demeester, P., The wireless autonomous spanning tree protocol for multihop wireless body area networks. in the Proc. of 3rd International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services, pp. 479–486. San Jose, CA, USA, 2006.
70.
go back to reference Latre, B., Braem, B., Moerman, I., Blondia, C., Reusens, E., Joseph, W., and Demeester, P., A low-delay protocol for multihop wireless body area networks. in the Proc. of 4th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services, pp. 479–486. Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2007. Latre, B., Braem, B., Moerman, I., Blondia, C., Reusens, E., Joseph, W., and Demeester, P., A low-delay protocol for multihop wireless body area networks. in the Proc. of 4th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services, pp. 479–486. Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2007.
71.
go back to reference De Poorter, E., Latre, B., Moerman, I., and Demeester, P., Sensor and Ad-Hoc networks: theoretical and algorithmic aspects. Lecture Notes Electrical Engineering, Vol. 7. Springer, Chapter: Universal Framework for Sensor Networks, 2008. De Poorter, E., Latre, B., Moerman, I., and Demeester, P., Sensor and Ad-Hoc networks: theoretical and algorithmic aspects. Lecture Notes Electrical Engineering, Vol. 7. Springer, Chapter: Universal Framework for Sensor Networks, 2008.
72.
go back to reference Zhou, G., Lu, J., Wan, C. Y., Yarvis, M. D., and Stankovic, J. A., BodyQoS: Adaptive and radio-agnostic QoS for body sensor networks. in the Proc. of 27th Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM 2008), pp. 565–573, 2008. Zhou, G., Lu, J., Wan, C. Y., Yarvis, M. D., and Stankovic, J. A., BodyQoS: Adaptive and radio-agnostic QoS for body sensor networks. in the Proc. of 27th Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM 2008), pp. 565–573, 2008.
73.
go back to reference Ullah, S., Khan, P., Ullah, N., Higgins, H., Saleem, S., and Kwak, K. S., A review of WBANs for medical applications. International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences (IJCNS) 2(8):797–803, 2009.CrossRef Ullah, S., Khan, P., Ullah, N., Higgins, H., Saleem, S., and Kwak, K. S., A review of WBANs for medical applications. International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences (IJCNS) 2(8):797–803, 2009.CrossRef
74.
go back to reference Lo, B., and Yang, G. Z., Key technical challenges and current implementations of body sensor networks. in the Proc. of IEEE 2nd International Workshop on Body Sensor Networks (BSN 2005), pp. 1–5, 2005. Lo, B., and Yang, G. Z., Key technical challenges and current implementations of body sensor networks. in the Proc. of IEEE 2nd International Workshop on Body Sensor Networks (BSN 2005), pp. 1–5, 2005.
75.
go back to reference Chu, H. T., Huang, C. C., Lian, Z. H., and Tsai, T. P., A ubiquitous warning system for asthma-inducement. in the Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Sensor networks, Ubiquitous and Thrustworthy Computing, pp. 186–191. Taichung, Taiwan, 2006. Chu, H. T., Huang, C. C., Lian, Z. H., and Tsai, T. P., A ubiquitous warning system for asthma-inducement. in the Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Sensor networks, Ubiquitous and Thrustworthy Computing, pp. 186–191. Taichung, Taiwan, 2006.
76.
go back to reference Theogarajan, L., Wyatt, J., Rizzo, J., Drohan, B., Markova, M., Kelly, S., Swider, G., Raj, M., Shire, D., Gingerich, M., Lowenstein, J., and Yomtov., B., Minimally invasive retinal prosthesis. In solid-state circuits. in the Proc. of IEEE International Conference Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 99–108, 2006. Theogarajan, L., Wyatt, J., Rizzo, J., Drohan, B., Markova, M., Kelly, S., Swider, G., Raj, M., Shire, D., Gingerich, M., Lowenstein, J., and Yomtov., B., Minimally invasive retinal prosthesis. In solid-state circuits. in the Proc. of IEEE International Conference Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 99–108, 2006.
Metadata
Title
A Comprehensive Survey of Wireless Body Area Networks
On PHY, MAC, and Network Layers Solutions
Authors
Sana Ullah
Henry Higgins
Bart Braem
Benoit Latre
Chris Blondia
Ingrid Moerman
Shahnaz Saleem
Ziaur Rahman
Kyung Sup Kwak
Publication date
01-06-2012
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Medical Systems / Issue 3/2012
Print ISSN: 0148-5598
Electronic ISSN: 1573-689X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-010-9571-3

Other articles of this Issue 3/2012

Journal of Medical Systems 3/2012 Go to the issue