Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Digestive Diseases and Sciences
Published in: Digestive Diseases and Sciences 5/2016

01-05-2016 | Review

Animal Models of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Eat, Delete, and Inflame

Authors: Samar H. Ibrahim, Petra Hirsova, Harmeet Malhi, Gregory J. Gores

Published in: Digestive Diseases and Sciences | Issue 5/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

With the obesity epidemic, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a public health problem with increasing prevalence. The mechanism of disease progression remains obscure and effective therapy is lacking. Therefore, there is a need to understand the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for disease development and progression in order to develop innovative therapies. To accomplish this goal, experimental animal models that recapitulate the human disease are necessary, especially, since causative mechanistic studies of NAFLD are more difficult or unethical to perform in humans. A large number of studies regarding the pathophysiology and treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have been undertaken in mice to model human NAFLD and NASH. This review discusses the known dietary, genetic, and inflammation-based animal models of NASH described in recent years, with a focus on the major advances made in this field.
Literature
1.
Williams CD, Stengel J, Asike MI, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among a largely middle-aged population utilizing ultrasound and liver biopsy: a prospective study. Gastroenterology. 2011;140:124–131.CrossRefPubMed
2.
3.
Angulo P, Lindor KD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;17:S186–190.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Bugianesi E, McCullough AJ, Marchesini G. Insulin resistance: a metabolic pathway to chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;42:987–1000.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Vanni E, Marengo A, Mezzabotta L, Bugianesi E. Systemic complications of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: when the liver is not an innocent bystander. Semin Liver Dis. 2015;35:236–249.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Korenblat KM, Fabbrini E, Mohammed BS, Klein S. Liver, muscle, and adipose tissue insulin action is directly related to intrahepatic triglyceride content in obese subjects. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1369–1375.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R, Searle J, Halliday JW, Powell LW. The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology. 1990;11:74–80.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Propst A, Propst T, Judmaier G, Vogel W. Prognosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1995;108:1607.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:113–121.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Lackner C. Hepatocellular ballooning in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: the pathologist’s perspective. Expert Rev Gastroenterol. 2011;5:223–231.CrossRef
11.
Brunt EM, Janney CG, Di Bisceglie AM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Bacon BR. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:2467–2474.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Carter-Kent C, Brunt EM, Yerian LM, et al. Relations of steatosis type, grade, and zonality to histological features in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;52:190–197.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Schwimmer JB, Behling C, Newbury R, et al. Histopathology of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;42:641–649.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41:1313–1321.CrossRefPubMed
15.
16.
Feldstein AE, Werneburg NW, Canbay A, et al. Free fatty acids promote hepatic lipotoxicity by stimulating TNF-alpha expression via a lysosomal pathway. Hepatology. 2004;40:185–194.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Tilg H, Diehl AM. Mechanisms of disease: cytokines in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1467–1476.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Duval C, Thissen U, Keshtkar S, et al. Adipose tissue dysfunction signals progression of hepatic steatosis towards nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in c57bl/6 mice. Diabetes. 2010;59:3181–3191.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Charlton M, Krishnan A, Viker K, et al. Fast food diet mouse: novel small animal model of nash with ballooning, progressive fibrosis, and high physiological fidelity to the human condition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011;301:G825–834.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Romeo S, Kozlitina J, Xing C, et al. Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Genet. 2008;40:1461–1465.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Deng QG, She H, Cheng JH, et al. Steatohepatitis induced by intragastric overfeeding in mice. Hepatology. 2005;42:905–914.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Ito M, Suzuki J, Tsujioka S, et al. Longitudinal analysis of murine steatohepatitis model induced by chronic exposure to high-fat diet. Hepatol Res. 2007;37:50–57.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Rinella ME, Green RM. The methionine-choline deficient dietary model of steatohepatitis does not exhibit insulin resistance. J Hepatol. 2004;40:47–51.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Svegliati-Baroni G, Candelaresi C, Saccomanno S, et al. A model of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment on liver injury. Am J Pathol. 2006;169:846–860.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Weltman MD, Farrell GC, Liddle C. Increased hepatocyte CYP2E1 expression in a rat nutritional model of hepatic steatosis with inflammation. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:1645–1653.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Tetri LH, Basaranoglu M, Brunt EM, Yerian LM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Severe NAFLD with hepatic necroinflammatory changes in mice fed trans fats and a high-fructose corn syrup equivalent. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008;295:G987–995.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Shiri-Sverdlov R, Wouters K, van Gorp PJ, et al. Early diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in APOE2 knock-in mice and its prevention by fibrates. J Hepatol. 2006;44:732–741.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Kohli R, Kirby M, Xanthakos SA, et al. High-fructose, medium chain trans fat diet induces liver fibrosis and elevates plasma coenzyme Q9 in a novel murine model of obesity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2010;52:934–944.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Verbeek J, Lannoo M, Pirinen E, et al. Roux-en-y gastric bypass attenuates hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction in mice with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Gut. 2015;64:673–683.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Lieber CS, Leo MA, Mak KM, et al. Model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:502–509.PubMed
31.
Hewitt KN, Pratis K, Jones MEE, Simpson ER. Estrogen replacement reverses the hepatic steatosis phenotype in the male aromatase knockout mouse. Endocrinology. 2004;145:1842–1848.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Newberry EP, Kennedy S, Xie Y, et al. Phenotypic divergence in two lines of L-FABP −/− mice reflects substrain differences and environmental modifiers. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2015;309:G648–661.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Yao ZM, Vance DE. Reduction in VLDL, but not HDL, in plasma of rats deficient in choline. Biochem Cell Biol. 1990;68:552–558.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Leclercq IA, Farrell GC, Field J, Bell DR, Gonzalez FJ, Robertson GR. CYP2E1 and CYP4A as microsomal catalysts of lipid peroxides in murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Invest. 2000;105:1067–1075.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Larter CZ, Yeh MM, Williams J, Bell-Anderson KS, Farrell GC. MCD-induced steatohepatitis is associated with hepatic adiponectin resistance and adipogenic transformation of hepatocytes. J Hepatol. 2008;49:407–416.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Yamaguchi K, Yang L, McCall S, et al. Inhibiting triglyceride synthesis improves hepatic steatosis but exacerbates liver damage and fibrosis in obese mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2007;45:1366–1374.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Dela Pena A, Leclercq I, Field J, George J, Jones B, Farrell G. NF-kappaB activation, rather than TNF, mediates hepatic inflammation in a murine dietary model of steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:1663–1674.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Ip E, Farrell G, Hall P, Robertson G, Leclercq I. Administration of the potent PPARalpha agonist, wy-14,643, reverses nutritional fibrosis and steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology. 2004;39:1286–1296.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Hebbard L, George J. Animal models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;8:34–44.CrossRef
40.
Nakae D, Mizumoto Y, Andoh N, et al. Comparative changes in the liver of female fischer-344 rats after short-term feeding of a semipurified or a semisynthetic l-amino acid-defined choline-deficient diet. Toxicol Pathol. 1995;23:583–590.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Kodama Y, Kisseleva T, Iwaisako K, et al. C-jun n-terminal kinase-1 from hematopoietic cells mediates progression from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis in mice. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:1467–1477.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
Zou YH, Li J, Lu C, et al. High-fat emulsion-induced rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Life Sci. 2006;79:1100–1107.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Wouters K, van Gorp PJ, Bieghs V, et al. Dietary cholesterol, rather than liver steatosis, leads to hepatic inflammation in hyperlipidemic mouse models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2008;48:474–486.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Vergnes L, Phan J, Strauss M, Tafuri S, Reue K. Cholesterol and cholate components of an atherogenic diet induce distinct stages of hepatic inflammatory gene expression. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:42774–42784.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Matsuzawa N, Takamura T, Kurita S, et al. Lipid-induced oxidative stress causes steatohepatitis in mice fed an atherogenic diet. Hepatology. 2007;46:1392–1403.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Ichimura M, Kawase M, Masuzumi M, et al. High-fat and high-cholesterol diet rapidly induces non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with advanced fibrosis in Sprague–Dawley rats. Hepatol Res. 2015;45:458–469.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Abdelmalek MF, Suzuki A, Guy C, et al. Increased fructose consumption is associated with fibrosis severity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2010;51:1961–1971.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
48.
49.
Lee L, Alloosh M, Saxena R, et al. Nutritional model of steatohepatitis and metabolic syndrome in the Ossabaw miniature swine. Hepatology. 2009;50:56–67.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Alisi A, Manco M, Pezzullo M, Nobili V. Fructose at the center of necroinflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2011;53:372–373.CrossRefPubMed
51.
du Plessis J, van Pelt J, Korf H, et al. Association of adipose tissue inflammation with histologic severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:635–648 e614.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Idrissova L, Malhi H, Werneburg NW, et al. Trail receptor deletion in mice suppresses the inflammation of nutrient excess. J Hepatol. 2015;62:1156–1163.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Mayer J, Bates MW, Dickie MM. Hereditary diabetes in genetically obese mice. Science. 1951;113:746–747.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Yang SQ, Lin HZ, Lane MD, Clemens M, Diehl AM. Obesity increases sensitivity to endotoxin liver injury: implications for the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:2557–2562.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Brix AE, Elgavish A, Nagy TR, Gower BA, Rhead WJ, Wood PA. Evaluation of liver fatty acid oxidation in the leptin-deficient obese mouse. Mol Genet Metab. 2002;75:219–226.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Leclercq IA, Farrell GC, Schriemer R, Robertson GR. Leptin is essential for the hepatic fibrogenic response to chronic liver injury. J Hepatol. 2002;37:206–213.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Chitturi S, Farrell G, Frost L, et al. Serum leptin in nash correlates with hepatic steatosis but not fibrosis: a manifestation of lipotoxicity? Hepatology. 2002;36:403–409.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Uygun A, Kadayifci A, Yesilova Z, et al. Serum leptin levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:3584–3589.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Chalasani N, Crabb DW, Cummings OW, et al. Does leptin play a role in the pathogenesis of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis? Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:2771–2776.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Hummel KP, Dickie MM, Coleman DL. Diabetes, a new mutation in the mouse. Science. 1966;153:1127–1128.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Sahai A, Malladi P, Pan X, et al. Obese and diabetic db/db mice develop marked liver fibrosis in a model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: role of short-form leptin receptors and osteopontin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2004;287:G1035–1043.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Shimomura I, Hammer RE, Richardson JA, et al. Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in transgenic mice expressing nuclear SREBP-1c in adipose tissue: model for congenital generalized lipodystrophy. Genes Dev. 1998;12:3182–3194.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
63.
Nakayama H, Otabe S, Ueno T, et al. Transgenic mice expressing nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c in adipose tissue exhibit liver histology similar to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Metabolism. 2007;56:470–475.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Fan W, Boston BA, Kesterson RA, Hruby VJ, Cone RD. Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome. Nature. 1997;385:165–168.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Okumura K, Ikejima K, Kon K, et al. Exacerbation of dietary steatohepatitis and fibrosis in obese, diabetic kk-a(y) mice. Hepatol Res. 2006;36:217–228.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Stiles B, Wang Y, Stahl A, et al. Liver-specific deletion of negative regulator PTEN results in fatty liver and insulin hypersensitivity [corrected]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:2082–2087.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
67.
Horie Y, Suzuki A, Kataoka E, et al. Hepatocyte-specific PTEN deficiency results in steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinomas. J Clin Investig. 2004;113:1774–1783.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
68.
Kersten S, Seydoux J, Peters JM, Gonzalez FJ, Desvergne B, Wahli W. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha mediates the adaptive response to fasting. J Clin Investig. 1999;103:1489–1498.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
69.
Leone TC, Weinheimer CJ, Kelly DP. A critical role for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (pparalpha) in the cellular fasting response: The pparalpha-null mouse as a model of fatty acid oxidation disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:7473–7478.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
70.
Kroetz DL, Yook P, Costet P, Bianchi P, Pineau T. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha controls the hepatic CYP4A induction adaptive response to starvation and diabetes. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:31581–31589.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Costet P, Legendre C, More J, Edgar A, Galtier P, Pineau T. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-isoform deficiency leads to progressive dyslipidemia with sexually dimorphic obesity and steatosis. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:29577–29585.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Fan CY, Pan J, Chu R, et al. Hepatocellular and hepatic peroxisomal alterations in mice with a disrupted peroxisomal fatty acyl-coenzyme A oxidase gene. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:24698–24710.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Fan CY, Pan J, Usuda N, Yeldandi AV, Rao MS, Reddy JK. Steatohepatitis, spontaneous peroxisome proliferation and liver tumors in mice lacking peroxisomal fatty acyl-coa oxidase. Implications for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha natural ligand metabolism. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:15639–15645.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Martinez-Chantar ML, Corrales FJ, Martinez-Cruz LA, et al. Spontaneous oxidative stress and liver tumors in mice lacking methionine adenosyltransferase 1A. Faseb J. 2002;16:1292–1294.PubMed
75.
Lu SC, Alvarez L, Huang ZZ, et al. Methionine adenosyltransferase 1a knockout mice are predisposed to liver injury and exhibit increased expression of genes involved in proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:5560–5565.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
76.
Argo CK, Northup PG, Al-Osaimi AM, Caldwell SH. Systematic review of risk factors for fibrosis progression in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol. 2009;51:371–379.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Brunt EM, Kleiner DE, Wilson LA, et al. Portal chronic inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a histologic marker of advanced NAFLD-clinicopathologic correlations from the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis clinical research network. Hepatology. 2009;49:809–820.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
78.
Morinaga H, Mayoral R, Heinrichsdorff J, et al. Characterization of distinct subpopulations of hepatic macrophages in HFD/obese mice. Diabetes. 2015;64:1120–1130.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
79.
Schulz C, Gomez Perdiguero E, Chorro L, et al. A lineage of myeloid cells independent of myb and hematopoietic stem cells. Science. 2012;336:86–90.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Gomez Perdiguero E, Klapproth K, Schulz C, et al. Tissue-resident macrophages originate from yolk-sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors. Nature. 2015;518:547–551.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Miura K, Yang L, van Rooijen N, Ohnishi H, Seki E. Hepatic recruitment of macrophages promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through CCR2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012;302:G1310–1321.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
82.
Ye D, Li FY, Lam KS, et al. Toll-like receptor-4 mediates obesity-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis through activation of x-box binding protein-1 in mice. Gut. 2012;61:1058–1067.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Csak T, Velayudham A, Hritz I, et al. Deficiency in myeloid differentiation factor-2 and toll-like receptor 4 expression attenuates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011;300:G433–441.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
84.
Hosoi T, Yokoyama S, Matsuo S, Akira S, Ozawa K. Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-deficiency increases risk of diabetes in mice. PLoS One 2010;5:e12537.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
85.
Jia L, Vianna CR, Fukuda M, et al. Hepatocyte toll-like receptor 4 regulates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3878.PubMedPubMedCentral
86.
Solinas G, Vilcu C, Neels JG, et al. JNK1 in hematopoietically derived cells contributes to diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance without affecting obesity. Cell metabolism. 2007;6:386–397.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Han MS, Jung DY, Morel C, et al. JNK expression by macrophages promotes obesity-induced insulin resistance and inflammation. Science. 2013;339:218–222.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Ibrahim SH, Gores GJ, Hirsova P, et al. Mixed lineage kinase 3 deficient mice are protected against the high fat high carbohydrate diet-induced steatohepatitis. Liver Int. 2014;34:427–437.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
89.
Latz E, Xiao TS, Stutz A. Activation and regulation of the inflammasomes. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:397–411.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Vandanmagsar B, Youm YH, Ravussin A, et al. The NLRP3 inflammasome instigates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Nat Med. 2011;17:179–188.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
91.
Henao-Mejia J, Elinav E, Jin C, et al. Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity. Nature. 2012;482:179–185.PubMedPubMedCentral
92.
Metadata
Title
Animal Models of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Eat, Delete, and Inflame
Authors
Samar H. Ibrahim
Petra Hirsova
Harmeet Malhi
Gregory J. Gores
Publication date
01-05-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Digestive Diseases and Sciences / Issue 5/2016
Print ISSN: 0163-2116
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2568
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-015-3977-1

Other articles of this Issue 5/2016

Digestive Diseases and Sciences 5/2016 Go to the issue

Review

Novel Pharmacotherapy Options for NASH

Review

Histological Assessment of NAFLD

Review

Fibrosis Assessment in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in 2016

Review

Medical and Surgical Treatment Options for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Review

Global Epidemiology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Perspectives on US Minority Populations

Editorial

Editors’ Introduction to the NAFLD and NASH Special Issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits