Skip to main content
Top
Published in: AIDS and Behavior 4/2013

01-05-2013 | Original Paper

Perceived Discrimination and Physical Health Among HIV-Positive Black and Latino Men Who Have Sex with Men

Authors: Laura M. Bogart, Hope Landrine, Frank H. Galvan, Glenn J. Wagner, David J. Klein

Published in: AIDS and Behavior | Issue 4/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

We conducted the first study to examine health correlates of discrimination due to race/ethnicity, HIV-status, and sexual orientation among 348 HIV-positive Black (n = 181) and Latino (n = 167) men who have sex with men. Participants completed audio computer-assisted self-interviews. In multivariate analyses, Black participants who experienced greater racial discrimination were less likely to have a high CD4 cell count [OR = 0.7, 95 % CI = (0.5, 0.9), p = 0.02], and an undetectable viral load [OR = 0.8, 95 % CI = (0.6, 1.0), p = 0.03], and were more likely to visit the emergency department [OR = 1.3, 95 % CI = (1.0, 1.7), p = 0.04]; the combined three types of discrimination predicted greater AIDS symptoms [F (3,176) = 3.8, p < 0.01]. Among Latinos, the combined three types of discrimination predicted greater medication side effect severity [F (3,163) = 4.6, p < 0.01] and AIDS symptoms [F (3,163) = 3.1, p < 0.05]. Findings suggest that the stress of multiple types of discrimination plays a role in health outcomes.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Surveillance Report, 2009. Atlanta: Department of Health and Human Services; 2011. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Surveillance Report, 2009. Atlanta: Department of Health and Human Services; 2011.
2.
go back to reference Giordano TP, White AC, Sajja P, et al. Factors associated with the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients newly entering care in an urban clinic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;32(4):399–405.PubMedCrossRef Giordano TP, White AC, Sajja P, et al. Factors associated with the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients newly entering care in an urban clinic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;32(4):399–405.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Knowlton AR, Hoover DR, Chung SE, Celentano DD, Vlahov D, Latkin CA. Access to medical care and service utilization among injection drug users with HIV/AIDS. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2001;64(1):55–62.PubMedCrossRef Knowlton AR, Hoover DR, Chung SE, Celentano DD, Vlahov D, Latkin CA. Access to medical care and service utilization among injection drug users with HIV/AIDS. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2001;64(1):55–62.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Stone VE. Optimizing the care of minority patients with HIV/AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(3):400–4.PubMedCrossRef Stone VE. Optimizing the care of minority patients with HIV/AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(3):400–4.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Gebo KA, Fleishman JA, Conviser R, et al. Racial and gender disparities in receipt of highly active antiretroviral therapy persist in a multistate sample of HIV patients in 2001. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38(1):96–103.PubMedCrossRef Gebo KA, Fleishman JA, Conviser R, et al. Racial and gender disparities in receipt of highly active antiretroviral therapy persist in a multistate sample of HIV patients in 2001. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38(1):96–103.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Shapiro MF, Morton SC, McCaffrey DF, et al. Variations in the care of HIV-infected adults in the United States: results from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study. JAMA. 1999;281(24):2305–15.PubMedCrossRef Shapiro MF, Morton SC, McCaffrey DF, et al. Variations in the care of HIV-infected adults in the United States: results from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study. JAMA. 1999;281(24):2305–15.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Losina E, Schackman BR, Sadownik SN, et al. Racial and sex disparities in life expectancy losses among HIV-infected persons in the United States: impact of risk behavior, late initiation, and early discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(10):1570–8.PubMedCrossRef Losina E, Schackman BR, Sadownik SN, et al. Racial and sex disparities in life expectancy losses among HIV-infected persons in the United States: impact of risk behavior, late initiation, and early discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(10):1570–8.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Sabin CA, Smith CJ, Gumley H, et al. Late presenters in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: uptake of and responses to antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2004;18(16):2145–51.PubMedCrossRef Sabin CA, Smith CJ, Gumley H, et al. Late presenters in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: uptake of and responses to antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2004;18(16):2145–51.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Mugavero MJ, Lin HY, Allison JJ, et al. Failure to establish HIV care: characterizing the “no show” phenomenon. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(1):127–30.PubMedCrossRef Mugavero MJ, Lin HY, Allison JJ, et al. Failure to establish HIV care: characterizing the “no show” phenomenon. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(1):127–30.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Johnson MO, Catz SL, Remien RH, et al. Theory-guided empirically supported avenues for intervention on HIV medication nonadherence: findings from the Healthy Living Project. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2003;17(12):645–56.PubMedCrossRef Johnson MO, Catz SL, Remien RH, et al. Theory-guided empirically supported avenues for intervention on HIV medication nonadherence: findings from the Healthy Living Project. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2003;17(12):645–56.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV in the United States: The stages of care. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2012. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV in the United States: The stages of care. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2012.
12.
go back to reference Chen NE, Gallant JE, Page KR. A systematic review of HIV/AIDS survival and delayed diagnosis among Hispanics in the United States. J Immigr Minor Health. 2012;14(1):65–81.PubMedCrossRef Chen NE, Gallant JE, Page KR. A systematic review of HIV/AIDS survival and delayed diagnosis among Hispanics in the United States. J Immigr Minor Health. 2012;14(1):65–81.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Turner BJ, Cunningham WE, Duan N, et al. Delayed medical care after diagnosis in a US national probability sample of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(17):2614–22.PubMedCrossRef Turner BJ, Cunningham WE, Duan N, et al. Delayed medical care after diagnosis in a US national probability sample of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(17):2614–22.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Crystal S, Sambamoorthi U, Moynihan PJ, McSpiritt E. Initiation and continuation of newer antiretroviral treatments among medicaid recipients with AIDS. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(12):850–9.PubMedCrossRef Crystal S, Sambamoorthi U, Moynihan PJ, McSpiritt E. Initiation and continuation of newer antiretroviral treatments among medicaid recipients with AIDS. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(12):850–9.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Torian LV, Wiewel EW, Liu KL, Sackoff JE, Frieden TR. Risk factors for delayed initiation of medical care after diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(11):1181–7.PubMedCrossRef Torian LV, Wiewel EW, Liu KL, Sackoff JE, Frieden TR. Risk factors for delayed initiation of medical care after diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(11):1181–7.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Duran D, Usman HR, Beltrami J, Alvarez ME, Valleroy L, Lyles CM. HIV counseling and testing among Hispanics at CDC-funded sites in the United States, 2007. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(suppl 1):S152–8.PubMedCrossRef Duran D, Usman HR, Beltrami J, Alvarez ME, Valleroy L, Lyles CM. HIV counseling and testing among Hispanics at CDC-funded sites in the United States, 2007. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(suppl 1):S152–8.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Reed JB, Hanson D, McNaghten AD, et al. HIV testing factors associated with delayed entry into HIV medical care among HIV-infected persons from eighteen states, United States, 2000–2004. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009;23(9):765–73.PubMedCrossRef Reed JB, Hanson D, McNaghten AD, et al. HIV testing factors associated with delayed entry into HIV medical care among HIV-infected persons from eighteen states, United States, 2000–2004. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009;23(9):765–73.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Lillie-Blanton M, Stone VE. Snow Jones A, et al. Association of race, substance abuse, and health insurance coverage with use of highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected women, 2005. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(8):1493–9.PubMedCrossRef Lillie-Blanton M, Stone VE. Snow Jones A, et al. Association of race, substance abuse, and health insurance coverage with use of highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected women, 2005. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(8):1493–9.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Rajabiun S, Rumptz MH, Felizzola J, et al. The impact of acculturation on Latinos’ perceived barriers to HIV primary care. Ethn Dis. 2008;18(4):403–8.PubMed Rajabiun S, Rumptz MH, Felizzola J, et al. The impact of acculturation on Latinos’ perceived barriers to HIV primary care. Ethn Dis. 2008;18(4):403–8.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Hatzenbuehler ML, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Dovidio J. How does stigma “get under the skin”?: the mediating role of emotion regulation. Psychol Sci. 2009;20(10):1282–9.PubMedCrossRef Hatzenbuehler ML, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Dovidio J. How does stigma “get under the skin”?: the mediating role of emotion regulation. Psychol Sci. 2009;20(10):1282–9.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(5):674–97.PubMedCrossRef Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(5):674–97.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Landrine H, Klonoff EA. Cultural diversity and health psychology. In: Baum A, Singer J, Revenson T, editors. Handbook of health psychology. Mahwah: Erlbaum; 2001. p. 855–95. Landrine H, Klonoff EA. Cultural diversity and health psychology. In: Baum A, Singer J, Revenson T, editors. Handbook of health psychology. Mahwah: Erlbaum; 2001. p. 855–95.
23.
go back to reference Paradies Y. A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(4):888–901.PubMedCrossRef Paradies Y. A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(4):888–901.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Williams DR, Yu Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. J Health Psychol. 1997;2(3):335–51.PubMedCrossRef Williams DR, Yu Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. J Health Psychol. 1997;2(3):335–51.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Pascoe EA, Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(4):531–54.PubMedCrossRef Pascoe EA, Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(4):531–54.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Rintamaki LS, Davis TC, Skripkauskas S, Bennett CL, Wolf MS. Social stigma concerns and HIV medication adherence. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2006;20(5):359–68.PubMedCrossRef Rintamaki LS, Davis TC, Skripkauskas S, Bennett CL, Wolf MS. Social stigma concerns and HIV medication adherence. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2006;20(5):359–68.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Sayles JN, Hays RD, Sarkisian CA, Mahajan AP, Spritzer KL, Cunningham WE. Development and psychometric assessment of a multidimensional measure of internalized HIV stigma in a sample of HIV-positive adults. AIDS Behav. 2008;12(5):748–58.PubMedCrossRef Sayles JN, Hays RD, Sarkisian CA, Mahajan AP, Spritzer KL, Cunningham WE. Development and psychometric assessment of a multidimensional measure of internalized HIV stigma in a sample of HIV-positive adults. AIDS Behav. 2008;12(5):748–58.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Vanable PA, Carey MP, Blair DC, Littlewood RA. Impact of HIV-related stigma on health behaviors and psychological adjustment among HIV-positive men and women. AIDS Behav. 2006;10(5):473–82.PubMedCrossRef Vanable PA, Carey MP, Blair DC, Littlewood RA. Impact of HIV-related stigma on health behaviors and psychological adjustment among HIV-positive men and women. AIDS Behav. 2006;10(5):473–82.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Ren XS, Amick BC, Williams DR. Racial/ethnic disparities in health: the interplay between discrimination and socioeconomic status. Ethn Dis. 1999;9(2):151–65.PubMed Ren XS, Amick BC, Williams DR. Racial/ethnic disparities in health: the interplay between discrimination and socioeconomic status. Ethn Dis. 1999;9(2):151–65.PubMed
30.
go back to reference Thomas KS, Bardwell WA, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE. The toll of ethnic discrimination on sleep architecture and fatigue. Health Psychol. 2006;25(5):635–42.PubMedCrossRef Thomas KS, Bardwell WA, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE. The toll of ethnic discrimination on sleep architecture and fatigue. Health Psychol. 2006;25(5):635–42.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Harris R, Tobias M, Jeffreys M, Waldegrave K, Karlsen S, Nazroo J. Effects of self-reported racial discrimination and deprivation on Maori health and inequalities in New Zealand: cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2006;367(9527):2005–9.PubMedCrossRef Harris R, Tobias M, Jeffreys M, Waldegrave K, Karlsen S, Nazroo J. Effects of self-reported racial discrimination and deprivation on Maori health and inequalities in New Zealand: cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2006;367(9527):2005–9.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Larson A, Gillies M, Howard PJ, Coffin J. It’s enough to make you sick: the impact of racism on the health of Aboriginal Australians. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2007;31(4):322–9.PubMedCrossRef Larson A, Gillies M, Howard PJ, Coffin J. It’s enough to make you sick: the impact of racism on the health of Aboriginal Australians. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2007;31(4):322–9.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Clark R, Anderson NB, Clark VR, Williams DR. Racism as a stressor for African Americans: a biopsychosocial model. Am Psychol. 1999;54(10):805–16.PubMedCrossRef Clark R, Anderson NB, Clark VR, Williams DR. Racism as a stressor for African Americans: a biopsychosocial model. Am Psychol. 1999;54(10):805–16.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med. 2009;32(1):20–47.PubMedCrossRef Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med. 2009;32(1):20–47.PubMedCrossRef
35.
36.
go back to reference Nyblade L. Measuring HIV stigma: existing knowledge and gaps. Psychol Health Med. 2006;11(3):335–45.PubMedCrossRef Nyblade L. Measuring HIV stigma: existing knowledge and gaps. Psychol Health Med. 2006;11(3):335–45.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Reidpath DD, Chan KY. A method for the quantitative analysis of the layering of HIV-related stigma. AIDS Care. 2005;17(4):425–32.PubMedCrossRef Reidpath DD, Chan KY. A method for the quantitative analysis of the layering of HIV-related stigma. AIDS Care. 2005;17(4):425–32.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Earnshaw VA, Chaudoir SR. From conceptualizing to measuring HIV stigma: a review of HIV stigma mechanism measures. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(6):1160–77.PubMedCrossRef Earnshaw VA, Chaudoir SR. From conceptualizing to measuring HIV stigma: a review of HIV stigma mechanism measures. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(6):1160–77.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Boarts JM, Bogart LM, Tabak MA, Armelie AP, Delahanty DL. Relationship of race-, sexual orientation-, and HIV-related discrimination with adherence to HIV treatment: a pilot study. J Behav Med. 2008;31(5):445–51.PubMedCrossRef Boarts JM, Bogart LM, Tabak MA, Armelie AP, Delahanty DL. Relationship of race-, sexual orientation-, and HIV-related discrimination with adherence to HIV treatment: a pilot study. J Behav Med. 2008;31(5):445–51.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Bogart LM, Wagner GJ, Galvan FH, Klein DJ. Longitudinal relationships between antiretroviral treatment adherence and discrimination due to HIV-serostatus, race, and sexual orientation among African-American men with HIV. Ann Behav Med. 2010;40(2):184–90.PubMedCrossRef Bogart LM, Wagner GJ, Galvan FH, Klein DJ. Longitudinal relationships between antiretroviral treatment adherence and discrimination due to HIV-serostatus, race, and sexual orientation among African-American men with HIV. Ann Behav Med. 2010;40(2):184–90.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Zamboni BD, Crawford I. Minority stress and sexual problems among African-American gay and bisexual men. Arch Sex Behav. 2007;36(4):569–78.PubMedCrossRef Zamboni BD, Crawford I. Minority stress and sexual problems among African-American gay and bisexual men. Arch Sex Behav. 2007;36(4):569–78.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Diaz RM, Ayala G, Bein E, Henne J, Marin BV. The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: findings from 3 US cities. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(6):927–32.PubMedCrossRef Diaz RM, Ayala G, Bein E, Henne J, Marin BV. The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: findings from 3 US cities. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(6):927–32.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Diaz RM, Ayala G, Bein E. Sexual risk as an outcome of social oppression: data from a probability sample of Latino gay men in three U.S. cities. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2004;10(3):255–67.PubMedCrossRef Diaz RM, Ayala G, Bein E. Sexual risk as an outcome of social oppression: data from a probability sample of Latino gay men in three U.S. cities. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2004;10(3):255–67.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Weiner B, Perry RP, Magnusson J. An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;55(5):738–48.PubMedCrossRef Weiner B, Perry RP, Magnusson J. An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;55(5):738–48.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Malebranche DJ, Peterson JL, Fullilove RE, Stackhouse RW. Race and sexual identity: perceptions about medical culture and healthcare among black men who have sex with men. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96(1):97–107.PubMed Malebranche DJ, Peterson JL, Fullilove RE, Stackhouse RW. Race and sexual identity: perceptions about medical culture and healthcare among black men who have sex with men. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96(1):97–107.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Bogart LM, Wagner G, Galvan FH, Banks D. Conspiracy beliefs about HIV are related to antiretroviral treatment nonadherence among African American men with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53(5):648–55.PubMed Bogart LM, Wagner G, Galvan FH, Banks D. Conspiracy beliefs about HIV are related to antiretroviral treatment nonadherence among African American men with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;53(5):648–55.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Bogart LM, Galvan FH, Wagner G, Klein DJ. Longitudinal association of HIV conspiracy beliefs with sexual risk among Black males living with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(6):1180–6.PubMedCrossRef Bogart LM, Galvan FH, Wagner G, Klein DJ. Longitudinal association of HIV conspiracy beliefs with sexual risk among Black males living with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(6):1180–6.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Bogart LM, Wagner GJ, Galvan FH, Landrine H, Klein DJ, Sticklor LA. Perceived discrimination and mental health symptoms among Black men with HIV. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2011;17(3):295–302.PubMedCrossRef Bogart LM, Wagner GJ, Galvan FH, Landrine H, Klein DJ, Sticklor LA. Perceived discrimination and mental health symptoms among Black men with HIV. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2011;17(3):295–302.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Wagner GJ, Bogart LM, Galvan FH, Banks D, Klein DJ. Discrimination as a key mediator of the relationship between posttraumatic stress and HIV treatment adherence among African American men. J Behav Med. 2011;35(1):8–18.PubMedCrossRef Wagner GJ, Bogart LM, Galvan FH, Banks D, Klein DJ. Discrimination as a key mediator of the relationship between posttraumatic stress and HIV treatment adherence among African American men. J Behav Med. 2011;35(1):8–18.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Berger BE, Ferrans CE, Lashley FR. Measuring stigma in people with HIV: psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Res Nurs Health. 2001;24(6):518–29.PubMedCrossRef Berger BE, Ferrans CE, Lashley FR. Measuring stigma in people with HIV: psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Res Nurs Health. 2001;24(6):518–29.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Krieger N, Sidney S. Prevalence and health implications of anti-gay discrimination: a study of black and white women and men in the CARDIA cohort. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. Int J Health Serv. 1997;27(1):157–76.PubMedCrossRef Krieger N, Sidney S. Prevalence and health implications of anti-gay discrimination: a study of black and white women and men in the CARDIA cohort. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. Int J Health Serv. 1997;27(1):157–76.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Krieger N. Discrimination and health. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I, editors. Social epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000. p. 36–75. Krieger N. Discrimination and health. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I, editors. Social epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000. p. 36–75.
53.
go back to reference Sue DW, Capodilupo CM, Torino GC, et al. Racial microaggressions in everyday life: implications for clinical practice. Am Psychol. 2007;62(4):271–86.PubMedCrossRef Sue DW, Capodilupo CM, Torino GC, et al. Racial microaggressions in everyday life: implications for clinical practice. Am Psychol. 2007;62(4):271–86.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Brondolo E, Kelly KP, Coakley V, et al. The perceived ethnic discrimination questionnaire: development and preliminary validation of a community version. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2005;35(2):335–65.CrossRef Brondolo E, Kelly KP, Coakley V, et al. The perceived ethnic discrimination questionnaire: development and preliminary validation of a community version. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2005;35(2):335–65.CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Landrine H, Klonoff EA. The schedule of racist events: a measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences. J Black Psychol. 1996;22(2):144–68.CrossRef Landrine H, Klonoff EA. The schedule of racist events: a measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences. J Black Psychol. 1996;22(2):144–68.CrossRef
56.
go back to reference McKirnan DJ, Peterson PL. Stress, expectancies, and vulnerability to substance abuse: a test of a model among homosexual men. J Abnorm Psychol. 1988;97(4):461–6.PubMedCrossRef McKirnan DJ, Peterson PL. Stress, expectancies, and vulnerability to substance abuse: a test of a model among homosexual men. J Abnorm Psychol. 1988;97(4):461–6.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Krieger N, Smith K, Naishadham D, Hartman C, Barbeau EM. Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(7):1576–96.PubMedCrossRef Krieger N, Smith K, Naishadham D, Hartman C, Barbeau EM. Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(7):1576–96.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Landrine H, Klonoff EA, Corral I, Fernandez S, Roesch S. Conceptualizing and measuring ethnic discrimination in health research. J Behav Med. 2006;29(1):79–94.PubMedCrossRef Landrine H, Klonoff EA, Corral I, Fernandez S, Roesch S. Conceptualizing and measuring ethnic discrimination in health research. J Behav Med. 2006;29(1):79–94.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Williams DR, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):200–8.PubMedCrossRef Williams DR, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):200–8.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Tabatchnik BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statisitcs. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., Allyn & Bacon; 2007. Tabatchnik BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statisitcs. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., Allyn & Bacon; 2007.
61.
go back to reference Cattell RB. The scree test for the number of factors. Multivar Behav Res. 1966;1(2):245–76.CrossRef Cattell RB. The scree test for the number of factors. Multivar Behav Res. 1966;1(2):245–76.CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Costello AB, Osborne JW. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Pract Assess Res Eval. 2005;10(7):173–8. Costello AB, Osborne JW. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Pract Assess Res Eval. 2005;10(7):173–8.
63.
go back to reference Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC, Cloete A, Mthembu PP, Mkhonta RN, Ginindza T. Measuring AIDS stigmas in people living with HIV/AIDS: the internalized AIDS-related stigma scale. AIDS Care. 2009;21(1):87–93.PubMedCrossRef Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC, Cloete A, Mthembu PP, Mkhonta RN, Ginindza T. Measuring AIDS stigmas in people living with HIV/AIDS: the internalized AIDS-related stigma scale. AIDS Care. 2009;21(1):87–93.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Herek GM, Gillis JR, Cogan JC. Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: insights from a social psychological perspective. J Couns Psychol. 2009;56(1):32–43.CrossRef Herek GM, Gillis JR, Cogan JC. Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: insights from a social psychological perspective. J Couns Psychol. 2009;56(1):32–43.CrossRef
65.
go back to reference Cunningham WE, Rana HM, Shapiro MF, Hays RD. Reliability and validity of self-report CD4 counts-in persons hospitalized with HIV disease. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50(7):829–35.PubMedCrossRef Cunningham WE, Rana HM, Shapiro MF, Hays RD. Reliability and validity of self-report CD4 counts-in persons hospitalized with HIV disease. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50(7):829–35.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Catz SL, Kelly JA, Bogart LM, Benotsch EG, McAuliffe TL. Patterns, correlates, and barriers to medication adherence among persons prescribed new treatments for HIV disease. Health Psychol. 2000;19(2):124–33.PubMedCrossRef Catz SL, Kelly JA, Bogart LM, Benotsch EG, McAuliffe TL. Patterns, correlates, and barriers to medication adherence among persons prescribed new treatments for HIV disease. Health Psychol. 2000;19(2):124–33.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Kalichman SC, Ramachandran B, Catz S. Adherence to combination antiretroviral therapies in HIV patients of low health literacy. J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14(5):267–73.PubMedCrossRef Kalichman SC, Ramachandran B, Catz S. Adherence to combination antiretroviral therapies in HIV patients of low health literacy. J Gen Intern Med. 1999;14(5):267–73.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Mathews WC, McCutchan JA, Asch S, et al. National estimates of HIV-related symptom prevalence from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study. Med Care. 2000;38(7):750–62.PubMedCrossRef Mathews WC, McCutchan JA, Asch S, et al. National estimates of HIV-related symptom prevalence from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study. Med Care. 2000;38(7):750–62.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Nawar EW, Niska RW, Xu J. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2005 emergency department summary. Adv Data. 2007;386:1–32.PubMed Nawar EW, Niska RW, Xu J. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2005 emergency department summary. Adv Data. 2007;386:1–32.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Armstrong K, McMurphy S, Dean LT, et al. Differences in the patterns of health care system distrust between blacks and whites. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(6):827–33.PubMedCrossRef Armstrong K, McMurphy S, Dean LT, et al. Differences in the patterns of health care system distrust between blacks and whites. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(6):827–33.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Brandon DT, Isaac LA, LaVeist TA. The legacy of Tuskegee and trust in medical care: is Tuskegee responsible for race differences in mistrust of medical care? J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97(7):951–6.PubMed Brandon DT, Isaac LA, LaVeist TA. The legacy of Tuskegee and trust in medical care: is Tuskegee responsible for race differences in mistrust of medical care? J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97(7):951–6.PubMed
72.
go back to reference Chen FM, Fryer GEJ, Phillips RLJ, Wilson E, Pathman DE. Patients’ beliefs about racism, preferences for physician race, and satisfaction with care. Ann Fam Med. 2005;3(2):138–43.PubMedCrossRef Chen FM, Fryer GEJ, Phillips RLJ, Wilson E, Pathman DE. Patients’ beliefs about racism, preferences for physician race, and satisfaction with care. Ann Fam Med. 2005;3(2):138–43.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Hausmann LR, Jeong K, Bost JE, Ibrahim SA. Perceived discrimination in health care and health status in a racially diverse sample. Med Care. 2008;46(9):905–14.PubMedCrossRef Hausmann LR, Jeong K, Bost JE, Ibrahim SA. Perceived discrimination in health care and health status in a racially diverse sample. Med Care. 2008;46(9):905–14.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference LaVeist TA, Nickerson KJ, Bowie JV. Attitudes about racism, medical mistrust, and satisfaction with care among African American and white cardiac patients. Med Care Res Rev. 2000;57(suppl 1):146–61.PubMed LaVeist TA, Nickerson KJ, Bowie JV. Attitudes about racism, medical mistrust, and satisfaction with care among African American and white cardiac patients. Med Care Res Rev. 2000;57(suppl 1):146–61.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Lillie-Blanton M, Brodie M, Rowland D, Altman D, McIntosh M. Race, ethnicity, and the health care system: public perceptions and experiences. Med Care Res Rev. 2000;57(suppl 1):218–35.PubMed Lillie-Blanton M, Brodie M, Rowland D, Altman D, McIntosh M. Race, ethnicity, and the health care system: public perceptions and experiences. Med Care Res Rev. 2000;57(suppl 1):218–35.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Schrimshaw EW, Siegel K, Lekas HM. Changes in attitudes toward antiviral medication: a comparison of women living with HIV/AIDS in the pre-HAART and HAART eras. AIDS Behav. 2005;9(3):267–79.PubMedCrossRef Schrimshaw EW, Siegel K, Lekas HM. Changes in attitudes toward antiviral medication: a comparison of women living with HIV/AIDS in the pre-HAART and HAART eras. AIDS Behav. 2005;9(3):267–79.PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Siegel K, Karus D, Schrimshaw EW. Racial differences in attitudes toward protease inhibitors among older HIV-infected men. AIDS Care. 2000;12(4):423–34.PubMedCrossRef Siegel K, Karus D, Schrimshaw EW. Racial differences in attitudes toward protease inhibitors among older HIV-infected men. AIDS Care. 2000;12(4):423–34.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Brown L, Macintyre K, Trujillo L. Interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: what have we learned? AIDS Educ Prev. 2003;15(1):49–69.PubMedCrossRef Brown L, Macintyre K, Trujillo L. Interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: what have we learned? AIDS Educ Prev. 2003;15(1):49–69.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Mahajan AP, Sayles JN, Patel VA, et al. Stigma in the HIV/AIDS epidemic: a review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward. AIDS. 2008;22(suppl 2):S67–79.PubMedCrossRef Mahajan AP, Sayles JN, Patel VA, et al. Stigma in the HIV/AIDS epidemic: a review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward. AIDS. 2008;22(suppl 2):S67–79.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Uchino BN, Cacioppo JT, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. The relationship between social support and physiological processes: a review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychol Bull. 1996;119(3):488–531.PubMedCrossRef Uchino BN, Cacioppo JT, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. The relationship between social support and physiological processes: a review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychol Bull. 1996;119(3):488–531.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Cohen S. Psychosocial models of the role of social support in the etiology of physical disease. Health Psychol. 1988;7(3):269–97.PubMedCrossRef Cohen S. Psychosocial models of the role of social support in the etiology of physical disease. Health Psychol. 1988;7(3):269–97.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Hatzenbuehler ML. How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(5):707–30.PubMedCrossRef Hatzenbuehler ML. How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(5):707–30.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Nolen-Hoeksema S, Wisco BE, Lyubomirsky S. Rethinking rumination. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2008;3(5):400–24.CrossRef Nolen-Hoeksema S, Wisco BE, Lyubomirsky S. Rethinking rumination. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2008;3(5):400–24.CrossRef
84.
go back to reference Gross JJ. Emotion regulation in adulthood: timing is everything. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2001;10(6):214–9.CrossRef Gross JJ. Emotion regulation in adulthood: timing is everything. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2001;10(6):214–9.CrossRef
85.
go back to reference Gross JJ, John OP. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;85(2):348–62.PubMedCrossRef Gross JJ, John OP. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;85(2):348–62.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Pettigrew TF, Tropp LR. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2006;90(5):751–83.PubMedCrossRef Pettigrew TF, Tropp LR. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2006;90(5):751–83.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Earnshaw V, Bogart LM, Dovidio J, Williams D. Stigma and racial/ethnic HIV disparities: moving towards resilience (under review). Earnshaw V, Bogart LM, Dovidio J, Williams D. Stigma and racial/ethnic HIV disparities: moving towards resilience (under review).
88.
go back to reference Meyer IH. Prejudice as stress: conceptual and measurement problems. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):262.PubMedCrossRef Meyer IH. Prejudice as stress: conceptual and measurement problems. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):262.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Darity WA Jr. Employment discrimination, segregation, and health. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):226–31.PubMedCrossRef Darity WA Jr. Employment discrimination, segregation, and health. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):226–31.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Brondolo E, Hausmann LR, Jhalani J, et al. Dimensions of perceived racism and self-reported health: examination of racial/ethnic differences and potential mediators. Ann Behav Med. 2011;42(1):14–28.PubMedCrossRef Brondolo E, Hausmann LR, Jhalani J, et al. Dimensions of perceived racism and self-reported health: examination of racial/ethnic differences and potential mediators. Ann Behav Med. 2011;42(1):14–28.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Corral I, Landrine H. Racial discrimination and health-promoting vs damaging behaviors among African-American adults. J Health Psychol. 2012;17(8):1176–82.PubMedCrossRef Corral I, Landrine H. Racial discrimination and health-promoting vs damaging behaviors among African-American adults. J Health Psychol. 2012;17(8):1176–82.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Perceived Discrimination and Physical Health Among HIV-Positive Black and Latino Men Who Have Sex with Men
Authors
Laura M. Bogart
Hope Landrine
Frank H. Galvan
Glenn J. Wagner
David J. Klein
Publication date
01-05-2013
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
AIDS and Behavior / Issue 4/2013
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0397-5

Other articles of this Issue 4/2013

AIDS and Behavior 4/2013 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.