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Angiogenesis
Published in: Angiogenesis 2/2008

Open Access 01-06-2008 | Review Paper

Vascular permeability, vascular hyperpermeability and angiogenesis

Authors: Janice A. Nagy, Laura Benjamin, Huiyan Zeng, Ann M. Dvorak, Harold F. Dvorak

Published in: Angiogenesis | Issue 2/2008

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Abstract

The vascular system has the critical function of supplying tissues with nutrients and clearing waste products. To accomplish these goals, the vasculature must be sufficiently permeable to allow the free, bidirectional passage of small molecules and gases and, to a lesser extent, of plasma proteins. Physiologists and many vascular biologists differ as to the definition of vascular permeability and the proper methodology for its measurement. We review these conflicting views, finding that both provide useful but complementary information. Vascular permeability by any measure is dramatically increased in acute and chronic inflammation, cancer, and wound healing. This hyperpermeability is mediated by acute or chronic exposure to vascular permeabilizing agents, particularly vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF, VEGF-A). We demonstrate that three distinctly different types of vascular permeability can be distinguished, based on the different types of microvessels involved, the composition of the extravasate, and the anatomic pathways by which molecules of different size cross-vascular endothelium. These are the basal vascular permeability (BVP) of normal tissues, the acute vascular hyperpermeability (AVH) that occurs in response to a single, brief exposure to VEGF-A or other vascular permeabilizing agents, and the chronic vascular hyperpermeability (CVH) that characterizes pathological angiogenesis. Finally, we list the numerous (at least 25) gene products that different authors have found to affect vascular permeability in variously engineered mice and classify them with respect to their participation, as far as possible, in BVP, AVH and CVH. Further work will be required to elucidate the signaling pathways by which each of these molecules, and others likely to be discovered, mediate the different types of vascular permeability.
Footnotes
1
Fenestrae are greatly thinned (70–150-nm diameter) zones of microvascular endothelium that can be induced by VEGF-A [60]. They are found in small numbers in many types of vascular endothelium and are especially numerous in specialized vascular beds that supply tissues that secrete protein hormones. They are induced in other types of vascular endothelium by VEGF-A[60]. Fenestrae are closed by a thin diaphragm, similar structurally to the diaphragms closing the stomata found in caveolae and VVOs [29, 34].
 
2
Although careful measurements have not been made, it is unlikely that extensive vascular permeability accompanies the angiogenesis of normal development. At least in later stages of embryonic growth and post-natally, the developing blood vessels exhibit the structure of normal adult vessels and do not resemble the chronically permeable MV found in pathological angiogenesis.
 
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Metadata
Title
Vascular permeability, vascular hyperpermeability and angiogenesis
Authors
Janice A. Nagy
Laura Benjamin
Huiyan Zeng
Ann M. Dvorak
Harold F. Dvorak
Publication date
01-06-2008
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Angiogenesis / Issue 2/2008
Print ISSN: 0969-6970
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7209
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-008-9099-z

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WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

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