Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 2/2024

17-10-2023 | Finerenone | Review article

The role of a novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, finerenone, in chronic kidney disease: mechanisms and clinical advances

Authors: Xinping Chen, Xuan Li, Kexin Zhang, Kexin Lian, Wenqiang Zhang, Yixin Song, Chengxia Kan, Jingwen Zhang, Fang Han, Xiaodong Sun, Zhentao Guo

Published in: Clinical and Experimental Nephrology | Issue 2/2024

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a significant health risk in contemporary society. Current CKD treatments primarily involve renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, albeit associated with hyperkalemia risks. A novel selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, finerenone, offers a promising, safer alternative for CKD therapy.

Summary

This review comprehensively assesses the role and efficacy of finerenone in CKD treatment by analyzing clinical and animal studies. Emerging evidence consistently supports finerenone's ability to effectively slow the progression of CKD. By targeting the mineralocorticoid receptor, finerenone not only mitigates renal damage but also exhibits a favorable safety profile, minimizing hyperkalemia concerns.

Conclusion

Finerenone emerges as a valuable addition to CKD therapy, demonstrating potential benefits in delaying CKD progression while minimizing side effects. Nevertheless, further clinical trials are necessary to provide a comprehensive understanding of its safety and efficacy.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Jager KJ, Fraser S. The ascending rank of chronic kidney disease in the global burden of disease study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32:ii121–8.PubMedCrossRef Jager KJ, Fraser S. The ascending rank of chronic kidney disease in the global burden of disease study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32:ii121–8.PubMedCrossRef
2.
3.
go back to reference GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet. 2020;395:709–33. GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet. 2020;395:709–33.
4.
go back to reference Eckardt KU, Coresh J, Devuyst O, et al. Evolving importance of kidney disease: from subspecialty to global health burden. Lancet. 2013;382:158–69.PubMedCrossRef Eckardt KU, Coresh J, Devuyst O, et al. Evolving importance of kidney disease: from subspecialty to global health burden. Lancet. 2013;382:158–69.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Yang S, Zhao L, Mi Y, He W. Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and aldosterone antagonists, in addition to renin-angiotensin system antagonists, on major adverse kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24:2159–68.PubMedCrossRef Yang S, Zhao L, Mi Y, He W. Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and aldosterone antagonists, in addition to renin-angiotensin system antagonists, on major adverse kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24:2159–68.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference van der Aart-van der Beek AB, de Boer RA, Heerspink H. Kidney and heart failure outcomes associated with SGLT2 inhibitor use. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022;18:294–306.PubMedCrossRef van der Aart-van der Beek AB, de Boer RA, Heerspink H. Kidney and heart failure outcomes associated with SGLT2 inhibitor use. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022;18:294–306.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Zhang F, Liu H, Liu D, et al. Effects of RAAS inhibitors in patients with kidney disease. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2017;19:72.PubMedCrossRef Zhang F, Liu H, Liu D, et al. Effects of RAAS inhibitors in patients with kidney disease. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2017;19:72.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Bärfacker L, Kuhl A, Hillisch A, et al. Discovery of BAY 94–8862: a nonsteroidal antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor for the treatment of cardiorenal diseases. ChemMedChem. 2012;7:1385–403.PubMedCrossRef Bärfacker L, Kuhl A, Hillisch A, et al. Discovery of BAY 94–8862: a nonsteroidal antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor for the treatment of cardiorenal diseases. ChemMedChem. 2012;7:1385–403.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Kolkhof P, Bärfacker L. 30 years of the mineralocorticoid receptor: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: 60 years of research and development. J Endocrinol. 2017;234:T125–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kolkhof P, Bärfacker L. 30 years of the mineralocorticoid receptor: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: 60 years of research and development. J Endocrinol. 2017;234:T125–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Kolkhof P, Jaisser F, Kim SY, Filippatos G, Nowack C, Pitt B. Steroidal and novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure and cardiorenal diseases: comparison at bench and bedside. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2017;243:271–305.PubMedCrossRef Kolkhof P, Jaisser F, Kim SY, Filippatos G, Nowack C, Pitt B. Steroidal and novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure and cardiorenal diseases: comparison at bench and bedside. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2017;243:271–305.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Kintscher U, Bakris GL, Kolkhof P. Novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in cardiorenal disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179:3220–34.PubMedCrossRef Kintscher U, Bakris GL, Kolkhof P. Novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in cardiorenal disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179:3220–34.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Parfianowicz D, Shah S, Nguyen C, et al. Finerenone: a new era for mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism and cardiorenal protection. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2022;47: 101386.PubMedCrossRef Parfianowicz D, Shah S, Nguyen C, et al. Finerenone: a new era for mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism and cardiorenal protection. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2022;47: 101386.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Viengchareun S, Le Menuet D, Martinerie L, Munier M, Pascual-Le Tallec L, Lombès M. The mineralocorticoid receptor: insights into its molecular and (patho)physiological biology. Nucl Recept Signal. 2007;5: e012.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Viengchareun S, Le Menuet D, Martinerie L, Munier M, Pascual-Le Tallec L, Lombès M. The mineralocorticoid receptor: insights into its molecular and (patho)physiological biology. Nucl Recept Signal. 2007;5: e012.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Funder JW. Minireview: aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptors: past, present, and future. Endocrinology. 2010;151:5098–102.PubMedCrossRef Funder JW. Minireview: aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptors: past, present, and future. Endocrinology. 2010;151:5098–102.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference de Borst MH, Navis G. Sodium intake, RAAS-blockade and progressive renal disease. Pharmacol Res. 2016;107:344–51.PubMedCrossRef de Borst MH, Navis G. Sodium intake, RAAS-blockade and progressive renal disease. Pharmacol Res. 2016;107:344–51.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Nishiyama A. Pathophysiological mechanisms of mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. Hypertens Res. 2019;42:293–300.PubMedCrossRef Nishiyama A. Pathophysiological mechanisms of mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. Hypertens Res. 2019;42:293–300.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Farman N, Bocchi B. Mineralocorticoid selectivity: molecular and cellular aspects. Kidney Int. 2000;57:1364–9.PubMedCrossRef Farman N, Bocchi B. Mineralocorticoid selectivity: molecular and cellular aspects. Kidney Int. 2000;57:1364–9.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Lother A. Mineralocorticoid receptors: master regulators of extracellular matrix remodeling. Circ Res. 2020;127:354–6.PubMedCrossRef Lother A. Mineralocorticoid receptors: master regulators of extracellular matrix remodeling. Circ Res. 2020;127:354–6.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Palacios-Ramirez R, Lima-Posada I, Bonnard B, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism prevents the synergistic effect of metabolic challenge and chronic kidney disease on renal fibrosis and inflammation in mice. Front Physiol. 2022;13: 859812.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Palacios-Ramirez R, Lima-Posada I, Bonnard B, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism prevents the synergistic effect of metabolic challenge and chronic kidney disease on renal fibrosis and inflammation in mice. Front Physiol. 2022;13: 859812.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Qiang P, Hao J, Yang F, et al. Esaxerenone inhibits the macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition through mineralocorticoid receptor/TGF-β1 pathway in mice induced with aldosterone. Front Immunol. 2022;13: 948658.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Qiang P, Hao J, Yang F, et al. Esaxerenone inhibits the macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition through mineralocorticoid receptor/TGF-β1 pathway in mice induced with aldosterone. Front Immunol. 2022;13: 948658.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Ferreira NS, Tostes RC, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Aldosterone, inflammation, immune system, and hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2021;34:15–27.PubMedCrossRef Ferreira NS, Tostes RC, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Aldosterone, inflammation, immune system, and hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2021;34:15–27.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Luther JM, Fogo AB. The role of mineralocorticoid receptor activation in kidney inflammation and fibrosis. Kidney Int Suppl. 2011;2022(12):63–8. Luther JM, Fogo AB. The role of mineralocorticoid receptor activation in kidney inflammation and fibrosis. Kidney Int Suppl. 2011;2022(12):63–8.
27.
go back to reference Barrera-Chimal J, Jaisser F, Anders HJ. The mineralocorticoid receptor in chronic kidney disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179:3152–64.PubMedCrossRef Barrera-Chimal J, Jaisser F, Anders HJ. The mineralocorticoid receptor in chronic kidney disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179:3152–64.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Agarwal R, Anker SD, Bakris G, et al. Investigating new treatment opportunities for patients with chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: the role of finerenone. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37:1014–23.PubMedCrossRef Agarwal R, Anker SD, Bakris G, et al. Investigating new treatment opportunities for patients with chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: the role of finerenone. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37:1014–23.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Rico-Mesa JS, White A, Ahmadian-Tehrani A, Anderson AS. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: a comprehensive review of finerenone. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020;22:140.PubMedCrossRef Rico-Mesa JS, White A, Ahmadian-Tehrani A, Anderson AS. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: a comprehensive review of finerenone. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020;22:140.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Filippatos G, Anker SD, Böhm M, et al. A randomized controlled study of finerenone vs. eplerenone in patients with worsening chronic heart failure and diabetes mellitus and/or chronic kidney disease. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2105–14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Filippatos G, Anker SD, Böhm M, et al. A randomized controlled study of finerenone vs. eplerenone in patients with worsening chronic heart failure and diabetes mellitus and/or chronic kidney disease. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2105–14.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Filippatos G, Anker SD, Agarwal R, et al. Finerenone and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Circulation. 2021;143:540–52.PubMedCrossRef Filippatos G, Anker SD, Agarwal R, et al. Finerenone and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Circulation. 2021;143:540–52.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Lavall D, Jacobs N, Mahfoud F, Kolkhof P, Böhm M, Laufs U. The non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone prevents cardiac fibrotic remodeling. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019;168:173–83.PubMedCrossRef Lavall D, Jacobs N, Mahfoud F, Kolkhof P, Böhm M, Laufs U. The non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone prevents cardiac fibrotic remodeling. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019;168:173–83.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Luettges K, Bode M, Diemer JN, et al. Finerenone Reduces renal RORγt γδ T cells and protects against cardiorenal damage. Am J Nephrol. 2022;53:552–64.PubMedCrossRef Luettges K, Bode M, Diemer JN, et al. Finerenone Reduces renal RORγt γδ T cells and protects against cardiorenal damage. Am J Nephrol. 2022;53:552–64.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Gueret A, Harouki N, Favre J, et al. Vascular smooth muscle mineralocorticoid receptor contributes to coronary and left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Hypertension. 2016;67:717–23.PubMedCrossRef Gueret A, Harouki N, Favre J, et al. Vascular smooth muscle mineralocorticoid receptor contributes to coronary and left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Hypertension. 2016;67:717–23.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Bonnard B, Pieronne-Deperrois M, Djerada Z, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism improves diastolic dysfunction in chronic kidney disease in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2018;121:124–33.PubMedCrossRef Bonnard B, Pieronne-Deperrois M, Djerada Z, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism improves diastolic dysfunction in chronic kidney disease in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2018;121:124–33.PubMedCrossRef
37.
38.
go back to reference Haller H, Bertram A, Stahl K, Menne J. Finerenone: a new mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist without hyperkalemia: an opportunity in patients with CKD. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2016;18:41.PubMedCrossRef Haller H, Bertram A, Stahl K, Menne J. Finerenone: a new mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist without hyperkalemia: an opportunity in patients with CKD. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2016;18:41.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Heinig R, Kimmeskamp-Kirschbaum N, Halabi A, Lentini S. Pharmacokinetics of the novel nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone (BAY 94–8862) in individuals with renal impairment. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2016;5:488–501.PubMedCrossRef Heinig R, Kimmeskamp-Kirschbaum N, Halabi A, Lentini S. Pharmacokinetics of the novel nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone (BAY 94–8862) in individuals with renal impairment. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2016;5:488–501.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference van den Berg P, Ruppert M, Mesic E, et al. Finerenone dose-exposure-response for the primary kidney outcome in FIDELIO-DKD phase III: population pharmacokinetic and time-to-event analysis. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2022;61:439–50.PubMedCrossRef van den Berg P, Ruppert M, Mesic E, et al. Finerenone dose-exposure-response for the primary kidney outcome in FIDELIO-DKD phase III: population pharmacokinetic and time-to-event analysis. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2022;61:439–50.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Lentini S, Heinig R, Kimmeskamp-Kirschbaum N, Wensing G. Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of the novel, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone-results from first-in-man and relative bioavailability studies. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2016;30:172–84.PubMedCrossRef Lentini S, Heinig R, Kimmeskamp-Kirschbaum N, Wensing G. Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of the novel, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone-results from first-in-man and relative bioavailability studies. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2016;30:172–84.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Gerisch M, Heinig R, Engelen A, et al. Biotransformation of finerenone, a novel nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, in dogs, rats, and humans, In Vivo and In Vitro. Drug Metab Dispos. 2018;46:1546–55.PubMedCrossRef Gerisch M, Heinig R, Engelen A, et al. Biotransformation of finerenone, a novel nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, in dogs, rats, and humans, In Vivo and In Vitro. Drug Metab Dispos. 2018;46:1546–55.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Cook CS, Berry LM, Bible RH, Hribar JD, Hajdu E, Liu NW. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of [14C] eplerenone after oral administration to humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003;31:1448–55.PubMedCrossRef Cook CS, Berry LM, Bible RH, Hribar JD, Hajdu E, Liu NW. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of [14C] eplerenone after oral administration to humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003;31:1448–55.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Gardiner P, Schrode K, Quinlan D, et al. Spironolactone metabolism: steady-state serum levels of the sulfur-containing metabolites. J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;29:342–7.PubMedCrossRef Gardiner P, Schrode K, Quinlan D, et al. Spironolactone metabolism: steady-state serum levels of the sulfur-containing metabolites. J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;29:342–7.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Danjuma MI, Mukherjee I, Makaronidis J, Osula S. Converging indications of aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone and eplerenone): a narrative review of safety profiles. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2014;16:414.PubMedCrossRef Danjuma MI, Mukherjee I, Makaronidis J, Osula S. Converging indications of aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone and eplerenone): a narrative review of safety profiles. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2014;16:414.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Lainscak M, Pelliccia F, Rosano G, et al. Safety profile of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: spironolactone and eplerenone. Int J Cardiol. 2015;200:25–9.PubMedCrossRef Lainscak M, Pelliccia F, Rosano G, et al. Safety profile of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: spironolactone and eplerenone. Int J Cardiol. 2015;200:25–9.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Amazit L, Le Billan F, Kolkhof P, et al. Finerenone impedes aldosterone-dependent nuclear import of the mineralocorticoid receptor and prevents genomic recruitment of steroid receptor coactivator-1. J Biol Chem. 2015;290:21876–89.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Amazit L, Le Billan F, Kolkhof P, et al. Finerenone impedes aldosterone-dependent nuclear import of the mineralocorticoid receptor and prevents genomic recruitment of steroid receptor coactivator-1. J Biol Chem. 2015;290:21876–89.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Le Billan F, Perrot J, Carceller E, et al. Antagonistic effects of finerenone and spironolactone on the aldosterone-regulated transcriptome of human kidney cells. FASEB J. 2021;35:e21314.PubMedCrossRef Le Billan F, Perrot J, Carceller E, et al. Antagonistic effects of finerenone and spironolactone on the aldosterone-regulated transcriptome of human kidney cells. FASEB J. 2021;35:e21314.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference González-Blázquez R, Somoza B, Gil-Ortega M, et al. Finerenone attenuates endothelial dysfunction and albuminuria in a chronic kidney disease model by a reduction in oxidative stress. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1131.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef González-Blázquez R, Somoza B, Gil-Ortega M, et al. Finerenone attenuates endothelial dysfunction and albuminuria in a chronic kidney disease model by a reduction in oxidative stress. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1131.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Chung EY, Ruospo M, Natale P, et al. Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;10:CD007004.PubMed Chung EY, Ruospo M, Natale P, et al. Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;10:CD007004.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Goulooze SC, Snelder N, Seelmann A, et al. Finerenone dose-exposure-serum potassium response analysis of FIDELIO-DKD phase III: the role of dosing, titration, and inclusion criteria. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2022;61:451–62.PubMedCrossRef Goulooze SC, Snelder N, Seelmann A, et al. Finerenone dose-exposure-serum potassium response analysis of FIDELIO-DKD phase III: the role of dosing, titration, and inclusion criteria. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2022;61:451–62.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Mima A. A narrative review of diabetic kidney disease: previous and current evidence-based therapeutic approaches. Adv Ther. 2022;39:3488–500.PubMedCrossRef Mima A. A narrative review of diabetic kidney disease: previous and current evidence-based therapeutic approaches. Adv Ther. 2022;39:3488–500.PubMedCrossRef
53.
54.
go back to reference Epstein M. Considerations for the future: current and future treatment paradigms with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists-unmet needs and underserved patient cohorts. Kidney Int Suppl. 2011;2022(12):69–75. Epstein M. Considerations for the future: current and future treatment paradigms with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists-unmet needs and underserved patient cohorts. Kidney Int Suppl. 2011;2022(12):69–75.
55.
go back to reference Lattenist L, Lechner SM, Messaoudi S, et al. Nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone protects against acute kidney injury-mediated chronic kidney disease: role of oxidative stress. Hypertension. 2017;69:870–8.PubMedCrossRef Lattenist L, Lechner SM, Messaoudi S, et al. Nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone protects against acute kidney injury-mediated chronic kidney disease: role of oxidative stress. Hypertension. 2017;69:870–8.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Mansour SG, Puthumana J, Coca SG, Gentry M, Parikh CR. Biomarkers for the detection of renal fibrosis and prediction of renal outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18:72.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mansour SG, Puthumana J, Coca SG, Gentry M, Parikh CR. Biomarkers for the detection of renal fibrosis and prediction of renal outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18:72.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Droebner K, Pavkovic M, Grundmann M, et al. Direct blood pressure-independent anti-fibrotic effects by the selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone in progressive models of kidney fibrosis. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52:588–601.PubMedCrossRef Droebner K, Pavkovic M, Grundmann M, et al. Direct blood pressure-independent anti-fibrotic effects by the selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone in progressive models of kidney fibrosis. Am J Nephrol. 2021;52:588–601.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Kuppe C, Ibrahim MM, Kranz J, et al. Decoding myofibroblast origins in human kidney fibrosis. Nature. 2021;589:281–6.PubMedCrossRef Kuppe C, Ibrahim MM, Kranz J, et al. Decoding myofibroblast origins in human kidney fibrosis. Nature. 2021;589:281–6.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R, Thadhani R, Bonventre JV. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): a novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int. 2002;62:237–44.PubMedCrossRef Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R, Thadhani R, Bonventre JV. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): a novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int. 2002;62:237–44.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Bolignano D, Donato V, Coppolino G, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a marker of kidney damage. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:595–605.PubMedCrossRef Bolignano D, Donato V, Coppolino G, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a marker of kidney damage. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;52:595–605.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Martínez-Martínez E, Buonafine M, Boukhalfa I, et al. Aldosterone target NGAL (Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) is involved in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction through NFκB pathway. Hypertension. 2017;70:1148–56.PubMedCrossRef Martínez-Martínez E, Buonafine M, Boukhalfa I, et al. Aldosterone target NGAL (Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) is involved in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction through NFκB pathway. Hypertension. 2017;70:1148–56.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Li L, Fu H, Liu Y. The fibrogenic niche in kidney fibrosis: components and mechanisms. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022;18:545–57.PubMedCrossRef Li L, Fu H, Liu Y. The fibrogenic niche in kidney fibrosis: components and mechanisms. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022;18:545–57.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Wang Z, Chen JK, Wang SW, Moeckel G, Harris RC. Importance of functional EGF receptors in recovery from acute nephrotoxic injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:3147–54.PubMedCrossRef Wang Z, Chen JK, Wang SW, Moeckel G, Harris RC. Importance of functional EGF receptors in recovery from acute nephrotoxic injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:3147–54.PubMedCrossRef
66.
67.
go back to reference Mima A. Inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy: new insights on its inhibition as new therapeutic targets. J Diabetes Res. 2013;2013: 248563.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mima A. Inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy: new insights on its inhibition as new therapeutic targets. J Diabetes Res. 2013;2013: 248563.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Mima A, Yasuzawa T, King GL, Ueshima S. Obesity-associated glomerular inflammation increases albuminuria without renal histological changes. FEBS Open Bio. 2018;8:664–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mima A, Yasuzawa T, King GL, Ueshima S. Obesity-associated glomerular inflammation increases albuminuria without renal histological changes. FEBS Open Bio. 2018;8:664–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
70.
go back to reference Komada T, Muruve DA. The role of inflammasomes in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019;15:501–20.PubMedCrossRef Komada T, Muruve DA. The role of inflammasomes in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019;15:501–20.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Barrera-Chimal J, Estrela GR, Lechner SM, et al. The myeloid mineralocorticoid receptor controls inflammatory and fibrotic responses after renal injury via macrophage interleukin-4 receptor signaling. Kidney Int. 2018;93:1344–55.PubMedCrossRef Barrera-Chimal J, Estrela GR, Lechner SM, et al. The myeloid mineralocorticoid receptor controls inflammatory and fibrotic responses after renal injury via macrophage interleukin-4 receptor signaling. Kidney Int. 2018;93:1344–55.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Huang LL, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Han Y, et al. Myeloid mineralocorticoid receptor activation contributes to progressive kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25:2231–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Huang LL, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Han Y, et al. Myeloid mineralocorticoid receptor activation contributes to progressive kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25:2231–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Zhu Z, Rosenkranz K, Kusunoki Y, et al. Finerenone added to RAS/SGLT2 blockade for CKD in alport syndrome. Results of a randomized controlled trial with Col4a3-/-mice. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2023;34:1513–20.PubMedCrossRef Zhu Z, Rosenkranz K, Kusunoki Y, et al. Finerenone added to RAS/SGLT2 blockade for CKD in alport syndrome. Results of a randomized controlled trial with Col4a3-/-mice. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2023;34:1513–20.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Jerome JR, Deliyanti D, Suphapimol V, Kolkhof P, Wilkinson-Berka JL. Finerenone, a non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, reduces vascular injury and increases regulatory t-cells: studies in rodents with diabetic and neovascular retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:2334.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jerome JR, Deliyanti D, Suphapimol V, Kolkhof P, Wilkinson-Berka JL. Finerenone, a non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, reduces vascular injury and increases regulatory t-cells: studies in rodents with diabetic and neovascular retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:2334.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
76.
go back to reference Barrera-Chimal J, Rocha L, Amador-Martínez I, et al. Delayed spironolactone administration prevents the transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease through improving renal inflammation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34:794–801.PubMedCrossRef Barrera-Chimal J, Rocha L, Amador-Martínez I, et al. Delayed spironolactone administration prevents the transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease through improving renal inflammation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34:794–801.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Dutzmann J, Musmann RJ, Haertlé M, et al. The novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone attenuates neointima formation after vascular injury. PLoS ONE. 2017;12: e0184888.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Dutzmann J, Musmann RJ, Haertlé M, et al. The novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone attenuates neointima formation after vascular injury. PLoS ONE. 2017;12: e0184888.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Mima A, Yasuzawa T, Nakamura T, Ueshima S. Linagliptin affects IRS1/Akt signaling and prevents high glucose-induced apoptosis in podocytes. Sci Rep. 2020;10:5775.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mima A, Yasuzawa T, Nakamura T, Ueshima S. Linagliptin affects IRS1/Akt signaling and prevents high glucose-induced apoptosis in podocytes. Sci Rep. 2020;10:5775.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Mima A, Ohshiro Y, Kitada M, et al. Glomerular-specific protein kinase C-β-induced insulin receptor substrate-1 dysfunction and insulin resistance in rat models of diabetes and obesity. Kidney Int. 2011;79:883–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mima A, Ohshiro Y, Kitada M, et al. Glomerular-specific protein kinase C-β-induced insulin receptor substrate-1 dysfunction and insulin resistance in rat models of diabetes and obesity. Kidney Int. 2011;79:883–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al. Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2219–29.PubMedCrossRef Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al. Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2219–29.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Spoto B, Pisano A, Zoccali C. Insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2016;311:1087–108.CrossRef Spoto B, Pisano A, Zoccali C. Insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2016;311:1087–108.CrossRef
83.
84.
go back to reference Emanuelsson F, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Benn M. Impact of LDL cholesterol on microvascular versus macrovascular disease: a mendelian randomization study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:1465–76.PubMedCrossRef Emanuelsson F, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Benn M. Impact of LDL cholesterol on microvascular versus macrovascular disease: a mendelian randomization study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:1465–76.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Jin T, Fu X, Liu M, An F. Finerenone attenuates myocardial apoptosis, metabolic disturbance and myocardial fibrosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2023;15:87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jin T, Fu X, Liu M, An F. Finerenone attenuates myocardial apoptosis, metabolic disturbance and myocardial fibrosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2023;15:87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Galindo RJ, Beck RW, Scioscia MF, Umpierrez GE, Tuttle KR. Glycemic monitoring and management in advanced chronic kidney disease. Endocr Rev. 2020;41:756–74.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Galindo RJ, Beck RW, Scioscia MF, Umpierrez GE, Tuttle KR. Glycemic monitoring and management in advanced chronic kidney disease. Endocr Rev. 2020;41:756–74.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Hirata A, Maeda N, Hiuge A, et al. Blockade of mineralocorticoid receptor reverses adipocyte dysfunction and insulin resistance in obese mice. Cardiovasc Res. 2009;84:164–72.PubMedCrossRef Hirata A, Maeda N, Hiuge A, et al. Blockade of mineralocorticoid receptor reverses adipocyte dysfunction and insulin resistance in obese mice. Cardiovasc Res. 2009;84:164–72.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Pieronne-Deperrois M, Guéret A, Djerada Z, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade with finerenone improves heart function and exercise capacity in ovariectomized mice. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8:1933–43.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pieronne-Deperrois M, Guéret A, Djerada Z, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade with finerenone improves heart function and exercise capacity in ovariectomized mice. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8:1933–43.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Hager MR, Narla AD, Tannock LR. Dyslipidemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2017;18:29–40.PubMedCrossRef Hager MR, Narla AD, Tannock LR. Dyslipidemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2017;18:29–40.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Marzolla V, Feraco A, Gorini S, et al. The novel non-steroidal MR antagonist finerenone improves metabolic parameters in high-fat diet-fed mice and activates brown adipose tissue via AMPK-ATGL pathway. FASEB J. 2020;34:12450–65.PubMedCrossRef Marzolla V, Feraco A, Gorini S, et al. The novel non-steroidal MR antagonist finerenone improves metabolic parameters in high-fat diet-fed mice and activates brown adipose tissue via AMPK-ATGL pathway. FASEB J. 2020;34:12450–65.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Marzolla V, Feraco A, Limana F, Kolkhof P, Armani A, Caprio M. Class-specific responses of brown adipose tissue to steroidal and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. J Endocrinol Invest. 2022;45:215–20.PubMedCrossRef Marzolla V, Feraco A, Limana F, Kolkhof P, Armani A, Caprio M. Class-specific responses of brown adipose tissue to steroidal and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. J Endocrinol Invest. 2022;45:215–20.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Theofilis P, Vordoni A, Kalaitzidis RG. Oxidative stress management in cardiorenal diseases: focus on novel antidiabetic agents, finerenone, and melatonin. Life (Basel). 2022;12:1663.PubMedPubMedCentral Theofilis P, Vordoni A, Kalaitzidis RG. Oxidative stress management in cardiorenal diseases: focus on novel antidiabetic agents, finerenone, and melatonin. Life (Basel). 2022;12:1663.PubMedPubMedCentral
93.
94.
go back to reference Barrera-Chimal J, André-Grégoire G, Nguyen Dinh Cat A, et al. Benefit of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism in AKI: role of vascular smooth muscle rac1. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:1216–26.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Barrera-Chimal J, André-Grégoire G, Nguyen Dinh Cat A, et al. Benefit of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism in AKI: role of vascular smooth muscle rac1. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:1216–26.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Pitt B, Kober L, Ponikowski P, et al. Safety and tolerability of the novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist BAY 94–8862 in patients with chronic heart failure and mild or moderate chronic kidney disease: a randomized, double-blind trial. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2453–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pitt B, Kober L, Ponikowski P, et al. Safety and tolerability of the novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist BAY 94–8862 in patients with chronic heart failure and mild or moderate chronic kidney disease: a randomized, double-blind trial. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2453–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Pitt B, Anker SD, Böhm M, et al. Rationale and design of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist tolerability study-heart failure (ARTS-HF): a randomized study of finerenone vs. eplerenone in patients who have worsening chronic heart failure with diabetes and/or chronic kidney disease. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:224–32.PubMedCrossRef Pitt B, Anker SD, Böhm M, et al. Rationale and design of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist tolerability study-heart failure (ARTS-HF): a randomized study of finerenone vs. eplerenone in patients who have worsening chronic heart failure with diabetes and/or chronic kidney disease. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:224–32.PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Chan JC, et al. Effect of finerenone on albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314:884–94.PubMedCrossRef Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Chan JC, et al. Effect of finerenone on albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314:884–94.PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Agarwal R, Ruilope LM, Ruiz-Hurtado G, et al. Effect of finerenone on ambulatory blood pressure in chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. J Hypertens. 2023;41:295–302.PubMedCrossRef Agarwal R, Ruilope LM, Ruiz-Hurtado G, et al. Effect of finerenone on ambulatory blood pressure in chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. J Hypertens. 2023;41:295–302.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Zhu Y, Song M, Chen T, Yang Z, Liu Y. Effect of finerenone on cardiovascular events in kidney disease and/or diabetes: a meta analysis of randomized control trials. Int Urol Nephrol. 2023;55:1373–81.PubMedCrossRef Zhu Y, Song M, Chen T, Yang Z, Liu Y. Effect of finerenone on cardiovascular events in kidney disease and/or diabetes: a meta analysis of randomized control trials. Int Urol Nephrol. 2023;55:1373–81.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Pitt B, Filippatos G, Agarwal R, et al. Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:2252–63.PubMedCrossRef Pitt B, Filippatos G, Agarwal R, et al. Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:2252–63.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Rossing P, Anker SD, Filippatos G, et al. The impact of obesity on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes treated with finerenone: post hoc analysis of the FIDELITY study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25:2989–98.PubMedCrossRef Rossing P, Anker SD, Filippatos G, et al. The impact of obesity on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes treated with finerenone: post hoc analysis of the FIDELITY study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25:2989–98.PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Major RW, Cheng M, Grant RA, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2018;13: e0192895.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Major RW, Cheng M, Grant RA, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2018;13: e0192895.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Agarwal R, Filippatos G, Pitt B, et al. Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:474–84.PubMedCrossRef Agarwal R, Filippatos G, Pitt B, et al. Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:474–84.PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Filippatos G, Bakris GL, Pitt B, et al. Finerenone reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78:142–52.PubMedCrossRef Filippatos G, Bakris GL, Pitt B, et al. Finerenone reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78:142–52.PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Filippatos G, Anker SD, August P, et al. Finerenone and effects on mortality in chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes: a FIDELITY analysis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2023;9:183–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Filippatos G, Anker SD, August P, et al. Finerenone and effects on mortality in chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes: a FIDELITY analysis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2023;9:183–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Kolkhof P, Delbeck M, Kretschmer A, et al. Finerenone, a novel selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist protects from rat cardiorenal injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2014;64:69–78.PubMedCrossRef Kolkhof P, Delbeck M, Kretschmer A, et al. Finerenone, a novel selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist protects from rat cardiorenal injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2014;64:69–78.PubMedCrossRef
107.
108.
go back to reference Weir MR, Bakris GL, Bushinsky DA, et al. Patiromer in patients with kidney disease and hyperkalemia receiving RAAS inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:211–21.PubMedCrossRef Weir MR, Bakris GL, Bushinsky DA, et al. Patiromer in patients with kidney disease and hyperkalemia receiving RAAS inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:211–21.PubMedCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Packham DK, Rasmussen HS, Lavin PT, et al. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in hyperkalemia. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:222–31.PubMedCrossRef Packham DK, Rasmussen HS, Lavin PT, et al. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in hyperkalemia. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:222–31.PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2021;99:S1–S87. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2021;99:S1–S87.
111.
go back to reference DeFronzo RA, Bakris GL. Modifying chronic kidney disease progression with the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24:1197–205.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef DeFronzo RA, Bakris GL. Modifying chronic kidney disease progression with the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24:1197–205.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Mima A. Renal protection by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and its underlying mechanisms in diabetic kidney disease. J Diabetes Complicat. 2018;32:720–5.CrossRef Mima A. Renal protection by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and its underlying mechanisms in diabetic kidney disease. J Diabetes Complicat. 2018;32:720–5.CrossRef
113.
go back to reference Mima A. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Adv Ther. 2021;38:2201–12.PubMedCrossRef Mima A. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. Adv Ther. 2021;38:2201–12.PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Herrington WG, Staplin N, Wanner C, et al. Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:117–27.PubMedCrossRef Herrington WG, Staplin N, Wanner C, et al. Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:117–27.PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference McGuire DK, Shih WJ, Cosentino F, et al. Association of SGLT2 inhibitors with cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6:148–58.PubMedCrossRef McGuire DK, Shih WJ, Cosentino F, et al. Association of SGLT2 inhibitors with cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6:148–58.PubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Barrera-Chimal J, Bonnard B, Jaisser F. Roles of mineralocorticoid receptors in cardiovascular and cardiorenal diseases. Annu Rev Physiol. 2022;84:585–610.PubMedCrossRef Barrera-Chimal J, Bonnard B, Jaisser F. Roles of mineralocorticoid receptors in cardiovascular and cardiorenal diseases. Annu Rev Physiol. 2022;84:585–610.PubMedCrossRef
117.
go back to reference Agarwal R, Anker SD, Filippatos G, et al. Effects of canagliflozin versus finerenone on cardiorenal outcomes: exploratory post hoc analyses from FIDELIO-DKD compared to reported CREDENCE results. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37:1261–9.PubMedCrossRef Agarwal R, Anker SD, Filippatos G, et al. Effects of canagliflozin versus finerenone on cardiorenal outcomes: exploratory post hoc analyses from FIDELIO-DKD compared to reported CREDENCE results. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37:1261–9.PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference Rossing P, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al. Efficacy and safety of finerenone in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes by GLP-1RA treatment: a subgroup analysis from the FIDELIO-DKD trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24:125–34.PubMedCrossRef Rossing P, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al. Efficacy and safety of finerenone in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes by GLP-1RA treatment: a subgroup analysis from the FIDELIO-DKD trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24:125–34.PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Rossing P, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al. Finerenone in patients across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25:407–16.PubMedCrossRef Rossing P, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al. Finerenone in patients across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25:407–16.PubMedCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Barrera-Chimal J, Lima-Posada I, Bakris GL, Jaisser F. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in diabetic kidney disease-mechanistic and therapeutic effects. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022;18:56–70.PubMedCrossRef Barrera-Chimal J, Lima-Posada I, Bakris GL, Jaisser F. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in diabetic kidney disease-mechanistic and therapeutic effects. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022;18:56–70.PubMedCrossRef
121.
go back to reference Yao L, Liang X, Wang P. Therapeutic perspective: evolving evidence of nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2023;324:531–41.CrossRef Yao L, Liang X, Wang P. Therapeutic perspective: evolving evidence of nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in diabetic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2023;324:531–41.CrossRef
122.
go back to reference Heerspink H, Jongs N, Neuen BL, et al. Effects of newer kidney protective agents on kidney endpoints provide implications for future clinical trials. Kidney Int. 2023;104:181–8.PubMedCrossRef Heerspink H, Jongs N, Neuen BL, et al. Effects of newer kidney protective agents on kidney endpoints provide implications for future clinical trials. Kidney Int. 2023;104:181–8.PubMedCrossRef
123.
go back to reference Tu L, Thuillet R, Perrot J, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism by finerenone attenuates established pulmonary hypertension in rats. Hypertension. 2022;79:2262–73.PubMedCrossRef Tu L, Thuillet R, Perrot J, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism by finerenone attenuates established pulmonary hypertension in rats. Hypertension. 2022;79:2262–73.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
The role of a novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, finerenone, in chronic kidney disease: mechanisms and clinical advances
Authors
Xinping Chen
Xuan Li
Kexin Zhang
Kexin Lian
Wenqiang Zhang
Yixin Song
Chengxia Kan
Jingwen Zhang
Fang Han
Xiaodong Sun
Zhentao Guo
Publication date
17-10-2023
Publisher
Springer Nature Singapore
Published in
Clinical and Experimental Nephrology / Issue 2/2024
Print ISSN: 1342-1751
Electronic ISSN: 1437-7799
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-023-02413-2

Other articles of this Issue 2/2024

Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 2/2024 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.