Top

Published in:

01-12-2024 | Photodynamic Therapy | Original Article

In vitro photoinactivation effectiveness of a portable LED device aimed for intranasal photodisinfection and a photosensitizer formulation comprising methylene blue and potassium iodide against bacterial, fungal, and viral respiratory pathogens

Authors: Sourabrata Chakraborty, Deepanwita Mohanty, Anupam Chowdhury, Hemant Krishna, Debjani Taraphdar, Sheetal Chitnis, Sadhna Sodani, Khageswar Sahu, Shovan Kumar Majumder

Published in: Lasers in Medical Science | Issue 1/2024

Abstract

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can be a viable option for management of intranasal infections. However, there are light delivery, fluence, and photosensitizer-related challenges. We report in vitro effectiveness of an easily fabricated, low-cost, portable, LED device and a formulation comprising methylene blue (MB) and potassium iodide (KI) for photoinactivation of pathogens of the nasal cavity, namely, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, multi-antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida spp., and SARS-CoV-2.

In a 96-well plate, microbial suspensions incubated with 0.005% MB alone or MB and KI formulation were exposed to different red light (~ 660 ± 25 nm) fluence using the LED device fitted to each well. Survival loss in bacteria and fungi was quantified using colony-forming unit assay, and SARS-CoV-2 photodamage was assessed by RT-PCR.

The results suggest that KI addition to MB leads to KI concentration-dependent potentiation (up to ~ 5 log₁₀) of photoinactivation in bacteria and fungi. aPDT in the presence of 25 or 50 mM KI shows the following photoinactivation trend; Gm + ve bacteria > Gm − ve bacteria > fungi > virus. aPDT in the presence of 100 mM KI, using 3- or 5-min red light exposure, results in complete eradication of bacteria or fungi, respectively. For SARS-CoV-2, aPDT using MB-KI leads to a ~ 6.5 increase in cycle threshold value.

The results demonstrate the photoinactivation effectiveness of the device and MB-KI formulation, which may be helpful in designing of an optimized protocol for future intranasal photoinactivation studies in clinical settings.

Available only for authorised users

Rawls M, Ellis AK (2019) The microbiome of the nose. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 122:17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2018.05.009CrossRefPubMed

Dimitri-Pinheiro S, Soares R, Barata P (2020) The microbiome of the nose—friend or foe? Allergy Rhinol 11:215265672091160. https://doi.org/10.1177/2152656720911605CrossRef

Mahdavinia M, Keshavarzian A, Tobin MC et al (2016) A comprehensive review of the nasal microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Clin Exp Allergy 46:21–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12666CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Köck R, Werner P, Friedrich AW et al (2016) Persistence of nasal colonization with human pathogenic bacteria and associated antimicrobial resistance in the German general population. New Microbes New Infect 9:24–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.11.004CrossRefPubMed

Ning J, Wang J, Zhang S, Sha X (2020) Nasal colonization of Staphylococcus aureus and the risk of surgical site infection after spine surgery: a meta-analysis. Spine J 20:448–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2019.10.009CrossRefPubMed

Tang J, Hui J, Ma J, Mingquan C (2020) Nasal decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus and the risk of surgical site infection after surgery: a meta-analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 19:33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-020-00376-wCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bouyer B, Arvieu R, Gerlinger M-P et al (2020) Individual decontamination measures reduce by two the incidence of surgical site infections in spinal surgery. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 106:1175–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2020.01.013CrossRefPubMed

Lefebvre J, Buffet-Bataillon S, Henaux PL et al (2017) Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization reduces the risk of surgical site infections in patients undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery. J Hosp Infect 95:144–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2016.11.019CrossRefPubMed

Scharf M, Holzapfel DE, Ehrnsperger M, Grifka J (2023) Preoperative decolonization appears to reduce the risk of infection in high-risk groups undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Antibiotics 12:877. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050877CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Miller LG, Singh R, Eells SJ et al (2023) Chlorhexidine and mupirocin for clearance of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus colonization after hospital discharge: a secondary analysis of the changing lives by eradicating antibiotic resistance trial. Clin Infect Dis 76:e1208–e1216. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac402CrossRefPubMed

11.

Septimus EJ (2019) Nasal decolonization: what antimicrobials are most effective prior to surgery? Am J Infect Control 47:A53–A57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2019.02.028CrossRef

12.

Hetem DJ, Bonten MJM (2013) Clinical relevance of mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 85:249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2013.09.006CrossRefPubMed

13.

Saleem HGM, Seers CA, Sabri AN, Reynolds EC (2016) Dental plaque bacteria with reduced susceptibility to chlorhexidine are multidrug resistant. BMC Microbiol 16:214. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-016-0833-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Wand ME, Bock LJ, Bonney LC, Sutton JM (2017) Mechanisms of increased resistance to chlorhexidine and cross-resistance to colistin following exposure of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates to chlorhexidine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61:. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01162-16

15.

Dadashi M, Hajikhani B, Darban-Sarokhalil D et al (2020) Mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 20:238–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2019.07.032CrossRefPubMed

16.

Wainwright M, Maisch T, Nonell S et al (2017) Photoantimicrobials—are we afraid of the light? Lancet Infect Dis 17:e49–e55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30268-7CrossRefPubMed

17.

Maliszewska I, Zdubek A (2023) On the photo-eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm using methylene blue. Int J Mol Sci 24:791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010791CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

de Santi MESO, Prates RA, França CM et al (2018) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as a new approach for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis: preliminary results. Lasers Med Sci 33:1925–1931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-018-2557-yCrossRefPubMed

19.

da Mota ACC, Gonçalves MLL, Horliana ACRT et al (2022) Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with red led and methylene blue on the reduction of halitosis: controlled microbiological clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci 37:877–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-021-03325-xCrossRefPubMed

20.

Fernandez-Montero A, Zuaznabar J, Pina-Sanchez M, et al (2023) Photodynamic nasal SARS-CoV-2 decolonization shortens infectivity and influences specific T-Cell responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 13:. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1110467

21.

Sabino CP, Ball AR, Baptista MS et al (2020) Light-based technologies for management of COVID-19 pandemic crisis. J Photochem Photobiol B 212:111999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111999CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Pires L, Wilson BC, Bremner R et al (2022) Translational feasibility and efficacy of nasal photodynamic disinfection of SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 12:14438. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18513-0ADSCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Alves E, Faustino MA, Neves MG, Cunha A, Tome J, Almeida A (2014) An insight on bacterial cellular targets of photodynamic inactivation. Future Med Chem 6:141–164. https://doi.org/10.4155/fmc.13.211. (PMID: 24467241)CrossRefPubMed

24.

Atta D, Elarif A, Bahrawy Al (2023) Reactive oxygen species creation by laser-irradiated indocyanine green as photodynamic therapy modality: an in vitro study Lasers. Med Sci 38:213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-023-03876-1CrossRef

25.

Boltes Cecatto R, Siqueira de Magalhães L, Rodrigues Fernanda Setúbal Destro, M, Pavani C, Lino-dos-Santos-Franco A, Teixeira Gomes M and Fátima Teixeira Silva D (2020) Methylene blue mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in clinical human studies: the state of the art Photodiagnosis. Photodyn Ther 31:101828CrossRef

26.

Dabholkar N, Gorantla S, Dubey SK et al (2021) Repurposing methylene blue in the management of COVID-19: mechanistic aspects and clinical investigations. Biomed Pharmacother 142:112023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112023CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Tardivo JP, Adami F, Correa JA, Pinhal MAS, Baptista MS (2014) A clinical trial testing the efficacy of PDT in preventing amputation in diabetic patients. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 11:342–350CrossRefPubMed

28.

Hempstead J, Jones DP, Ziouche A et al (2015) Low-cost photodynamic therapy devices for global health settings: characterization of battery-powered LED performance and smartphone imaging in 3D tumor models. Sci Rep 5:10093. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10093ADSCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Maliszewska I, Lisiak B, Popko K, Matczyszyn K (2017) Enhancement of the efficacy of photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans with the use of biogenic gold nanoparticles. Photochem Photobiol 93:1081–1090. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12733CrossRefPubMed

30.

Bryce E, Wong T, Forrester L et al (2014) Nasal photodisinfection and chlorhexidine wipes decrease surgical site infections: a historical control study and propensity analysis. J Hosp Infect 88:89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2014.06.017CrossRefPubMed

31.

Vieira C, Gomes ATPC, Mesquita MQ, et al (2018) An insight into the potentiation effect of potassium iodide on aPDT efficacy. Front Microbiol 9:. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02665

32.

Mrig S, Sardana K, Arora P et al (2022) Adjunctive use of saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI) with liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) in mucormycosis achieves favorable response, shortened dose and duration of amphotericin: a retrospective study from a COVID-19 tertiary care center. Am J Otolaryngol 43:103465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103465CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Costa RO, Macedo PM, Carvalhal A, Bernardes-Engemann AR (2013) Use of potassium iodide in dermatology: updates on an old drug. An Bras Dermato 88(3):396–402. https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132377CrossRef

34.

Sehrawat M, Dixit N, Sardana K, Malhotra P (2018) Exploring the combination of SSKI and topical heparin in a case of erythema nodosum migrans. Dermatol Ther 31:e12610. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12610CrossRefPubMed

35.

Vieira C, Santos A, Mesquita MQ, et al (2021) Advances in aPDT based on the combination of a porphyrinic formulation with potassium iodide: effectiveness on bacteria and fungi planktonic/biofilm forms and viruses. In: Porphyrin science by women. World Scientific, pp 290–301 https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811223556_0022

36.

Li Y, Du J, Huang S et al (2022) Antimicrobial photodynamic effect of cross-kingdom microorganisms with toluidine blue O and potassium iodide. Int J Mol Sci 23:11373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911373CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Yu F, Yan L, Wang N et al (2020) Quantitative detection and viral load analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 71:793–798. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa345CrossRefPubMed

38.

Wang J, Lin C-Y, Moore C et al (2018) Switchable photoacoustic intensity of methylene blue via sodium dodecyl sulfate micellization. Langmuir 34:359–365. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03718CrossRefPubMed

39.

Conference I (2022) Photocatalytic activity of chitosan/Z gel blind for the photodegradation of methyl orange, for west water treatment. Egypt J Chem 0:0–0. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2022.156162.6759

40.

López-Fernández AM, Moisescu EE, de Llanos R, Galindo F (2022) Development of a polymeric film entrapping rose bengal and iodide anion for the light-induced generation and release of bactericidal hydrogen peroxide. Int J Mol Sci 23:10162. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710162CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Septimus EJ, Schweizer ML (2016) Decolonization in prevention of health care-associated infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 29:201–222. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00049-15CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Cheng VCC, Li IWS, Wu AKL et al (2008) Effect of antibiotics on the bacterial load of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonisation in anterior nares. J Hosp Infect 70:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2008.05.019CrossRefPubMed

43.

Al Bayat S, Mundodan J, Hasnain S et al (2021) Can the cycle threshold (Ct) value of RT-PCR test for SARS CoV2 predict infectivity among close contacts? J Infect Public Health 14:1201–1205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.08.013CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Hepburn J, Williams-Lockhart S, Bensadoun RJ, Hanna R (2022) A novel approach of combining methylene blue photodynamic inactivation, photobiomodulation and oral ingested methylene blue in COVID-19 management: a pilot clinical study with 12-month follow-up. Antioxidants 11:2211. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112211CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Li R, Yuan L, Jia W et al (2021) Effects of rose bengal- and methylene blue-mediated potassium iodide-potentiated photodynamic therapy on Enterococcus faecalis: a comparative study. Lasers Surg Med 53:400–410. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.23299CrossRefPubMed

46.

Yuan L, Lyu P, Huang Y-Y et al (2020) Potassium iodide enhances the photobactericidal effect of methylene blue on Enterococcus faecalis as planktonic cells and as biofilm infection in teeth. J Photochem Photobiol B 203:111730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111730CrossRefPubMed

47.

Nuñez SC, Yoshimura TM, Ribeiro MS et al (2015) Urea enhances the photodynamic efficiency of methylene blue. J Photochem Photobiol B 150:3137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.03.018CrossRef

48.

Bilal MY, Dambaeva S, Kwak-Kim J, Gilman-Sachs A, Beaman KD (2017) A role for iodide and thyroglobulin in modulating the function of human immune cells. Front Immunol 2017(8):1573. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01573CrossRef

Title: In vitro photoinactivation effectiveness of a portable LED device aimed for intranasal photodisinfection and a photosensitizer formulation comprising methylene blue and potassium iodide against bacterial, fungal, and viral respiratory pathogens
Authors: Sourabrata Chakraborty
Deepanwita Mohanty
Anupam Chowdhury
Hemant Krishna
Debjani Taraphdar
Sheetal Chitnis
Sadhna Sodani
Khageswar Sahu
Shovan Kumar Majumder
Publication date: 01-12-2024
Publisher: Springer London
Keywords: Photodynamic Therapy
SARS-CoV-2
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Published in: Lasers in Medical Science / Issue 1/2024
Print ISSN: 0268-8921
Electronic ISSN: 1435-604X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-024-03996-2

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

In vitro photoinactivation effectiveness of a portable LED device aimed for intranasal photodisinfection and a photosensitizer formulation comprising methylene blue and potassium iodide against bacterial, fungal, and viral respiratory pathogens

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2024

308 nm excimer laser and tacrolimus ointment in the treatment of facial vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Meta-analysis of efficacy, safety, stability and predictability of Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) for myopia

Laser ablation on vascular diseases: mechanisms and influencing factors

Awake endoscopic laser surgery for early glottic carcinoma

Dosimetry in cranial photobiomodulation therapy: effect of cranial thickness and bone density

Enhancing nerve regeneration in infraorbital nerve injury rat model: effects of vitamin B complex and photobiomodulation