Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Archives of Virology 1/2015

01-01-2015 | Brief Report

Beak and feather disease virus: correlation between viral load and clinical signs in wild Cape parrots (Poicepahlus robustus) in South Africa

Authors: Guy L. Regnard, Rutledge S. Boyes, Rowan O. Martin, Inga I. Hitzeroth, Edward P. Rybicki

Published in: Archives of Virology | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), the most prevalent viral disease affecting psittacines, is caused by beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). This study assessed viral load using qPCR in a wild Cape parrot population affected by PBFD and compared it to overall physical condition based on clinical signs attributable to PBFD. A significant inverse correlation between viral load and overall physical condition was found, which confirmed that clinical signs may confidently be used to diagnose the relative severity of BFDV infections in wild populations. This is the first assessment of BFDV viral load in a wild psittacine population.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Varsani A, Regnard GL, Bragg R, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP (2011) Global genetic diversity and geographical and host-species distribution of beak and feather disease virus isolates. J Gen Virol 92(Pt 4):752–767. doi:10.1099/vir.0.028126-0 CrossRefPubMed Varsani A, Regnard GL, Bragg R, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP (2011) Global genetic diversity and geographical and host-species distribution of beak and feather disease virus isolates. J Gen Virol 92(Pt 4):752–767. doi:10.​1099/​vir.​0.​028126-0 CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Todd D, Bendinelli M, Biagini P, Hino S, Mankertz A, Mishiro S, Niel C, Okamoto H, Raidal S, Ritchie BW, Teo GC (2005) Circoviridae. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (eds) Virus taxonomy: VIIIth report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, pp 327–334 Todd D, Bendinelli M, Biagini P, Hino S, Mankertz A, Mishiro S, Niel C, Okamoto H, Raidal S, Ritchie BW, Teo GC (2005) Circoviridae. In: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (eds) Virus taxonomy: VIIIth report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, pp 327–334
3.
go back to reference Crowther R, Berriman J, Curran W, Allan G, Todd D (2003) Comparison of the structures of three circoviruses: chicken anemia virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and beak and feather disease virus. J Virol 77(24):13036–13041PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Crowther R, Berriman J, Curran W, Allan G, Todd D (2003) Comparison of the structures of three circoviruses: chicken anemia virus, porcine circovirus type 2, and beak and feather disease virus. J Virol 77(24):13036–13041PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Bassami M, Ypelaar I, Berryman D, Wilcox G, Raidal S (2001) Genetic diversity of beak and feather disease virus detected in psittacine species in Australia. Virology 279(2):392–400CrossRefPubMed Bassami M, Ypelaar I, Berryman D, Wilcox G, Raidal S (2001) Genetic diversity of beak and feather disease virus detected in psittacine species in Australia. Virology 279(2):392–400CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Niagro F, Forsthoefel A, Lawther R, Kamalanathan L, Ritchie B, Latimer K, Lukert P (1998) Beak and feather disease virus and porcine circovirus genomes: intermediates between the geminiviruses and plant circoviruses. Arch Virol 143(9):1723–1744CrossRefPubMed Niagro F, Forsthoefel A, Lawther R, Kamalanathan L, Ritchie B, Latimer K, Lukert P (1998) Beak and feather disease virus and porcine circovirus genomes: intermediates between the geminiviruses and plant circoviruses. Arch Virol 143(9):1723–1744CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Todd D (2004) Avian circovirus diseases: lessons for the study of PMWS. Vet Microbiol 98(2):169–174CrossRefPubMed Todd D (2004) Avian circovirus diseases: lessons for the study of PMWS. Vet Microbiol 98(2):169–174CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Hsu C-M, Ko C-Y, Tsai H-J (2006) Detection and sequence analysis of avian polyomavirus and psittacine beak and feather disease virus from psittacine birds in Taiwan. Avian Dis 50(3):348–353CrossRefPubMed Hsu C-M, Ko C-Y, Tsai H-J (2006) Detection and sequence analysis of avian polyomavirus and psittacine beak and feather disease virus from psittacine birds in Taiwan. Avian Dis 50(3):348–353CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Peters A, Patterson EI, Baker BG, Holdsworth M, Sarker S, Ghorashi SA, Raidal SR (2014) Evidence of psittacine beak and feather disease virus spillover into wild critically endangered orange-bellied parrots (Neophema chrysogaster). J Wildl Dis 50(2):288–296 Peters A, Patterson EI, Baker BG, Holdsworth M, Sarker S, Ghorashi SA, Raidal SR (2014) Evidence of psittacine beak and feather disease virus spillover into wild critically endangered orange-bellied parrots (Neophema chrysogaster). J Wildl Dis 50(2):288–296
9.
go back to reference Raidal S, Firth G, Cross G (1993) Vaccination and challenge studies with psittacine beak and feather disease virus. Aust Vet J 70(12):437–441CrossRefPubMed Raidal S, Firth G, Cross G (1993) Vaccination and challenge studies with psittacine beak and feather disease virus. Aust Vet J 70(12):437–441CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Sa RC, Cunningham AA, Dagleish MP, Wheelhouse N, Pocknell A, Borel N, Peck HL, Lawson B (2014) Psittacine beak and feather disease in a free-living ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri) in Great Britain. Eur J Wildlife Res 60(2):395–398 Sa RC, Cunningham AA, Dagleish MP, Wheelhouse N, Pocknell A, Borel N, Peck HL, Lawson B (2014) Psittacine beak and feather disease in a free-living ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri) in Great Britain. Eur J Wildlife Res 60(2):395–398
11.
go back to reference Rahaus M, Desloges N, Probst S, Loebbert B, Lantermann W, Wolff M (2008) Detection of beak and feather disease virus DNA in embryonated eggs of psittacine birds. Vet Med (Praha) 53(1):53 Rahaus M, Desloges N, Probst S, Loebbert B, Lantermann W, Wolff M (2008) Detection of beak and feather disease virus DNA in embryonated eggs of psittacine birds. Vet Med (Praha) 53(1):53
12.
go back to reference Ritchie BW, Niagro FD, Latimer KS, Lukert PD, Steffens WL, Rakich PM, Pritchard N (1990) Ultrastructural, protein composition, and antigenic comparison of psittacine beak and feather disease virus purified from four genera of psittacine birds. J Wildl Dis 26(2):196–203CrossRefPubMed Ritchie BW, Niagro FD, Latimer KS, Lukert PD, Steffens WL, Rakich PM, Pritchard N (1990) Ultrastructural, protein composition, and antigenic comparison of psittacine beak and feather disease virus purified from four genera of psittacine birds. J Wildl Dis 26(2):196–203CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Raidal SR, McElnea CL, Cross GM (1993) Seroprevalence of psittacine beak and feather disease in wild psittacine birds in New South Wales. Aust Vet J 70(4):137–139CrossRefPubMed Raidal SR, McElnea CL, Cross GM (1993) Seroprevalence of psittacine beak and feather disease in wild psittacine birds in New South Wales. Aust Vet J 70(4):137–139CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Gerlach H (1994) Circoviridae-psittacine beak and feather disease virus, Avian medicine: principles and practice. Wingers Publishing Incorporation, Lake Worth, pp 894–903 Gerlach H (1994) Circoviridae-psittacine beak and feather disease virus, Avian medicine: principles and practice. Wingers Publishing Incorporation, Lake Worth, pp 894–903
15.
go back to reference Latimer KS, Niagro FD, Campagnoli RP, Ritchie BW, Pesti DA, Steffens III W (1993) Diagnosis of concurrent avian polyomavirus and psittacine beak and feather disease virus infections using DNA probes. J Assoc Avian Vet 7:141–146 Latimer KS, Niagro FD, Campagnoli RP, Ritchie BW, Pesti DA, Steffens III W (1993) Diagnosis of concurrent avian polyomavirus and psittacine beak and feather disease virus infections using DNA probes. J Assoc Avian Vet 7:141–146
16.
go back to reference Pass D, Perry R (1985) Psittacine beak and feather disease: an update. Aust Vet Pract 15(2):55–60 Pass D, Perry R (1985) Psittacine beak and feather disease: an update. Aust Vet Pract 15(2):55–60
17.
go back to reference McOrist S, Black DG, Pass DA, Scott PC, Marshall J (1984) Beak and feather dystrophy in wild sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita). J Wildl Dis 20(2):120–124CrossRefPubMed McOrist S, Black DG, Pass DA, Scott PC, Marshall J (1984) Beak and feather dystrophy in wild sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita). J Wildl Dis 20(2):120–124CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Rahaus M, Wolff MH (2003) Psittacine beak and feather disease: a first survey of the distribution of beak and feather disease virus inside the population of captive psittacine birds in Germany. J Vet Med B 50(8):368–371CrossRef Rahaus M, Wolff MH (2003) Psittacine beak and feather disease: a first survey of the distribution of beak and feather disease virus inside the population of captive psittacine birds in Germany. J Vet Med B 50(8):368–371CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Ledwoń A, Sapierzyński R, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Szeleszczuk P, Kozak M (2014) Experimental inoculation of BFDV-positive budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) with two Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium isolates. Biomed Res Int 2014:1–5 Ledwoń A, Sapierzyński R, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Szeleszczuk P, Kozak M (2014) Experimental inoculation of BFDV-positive budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) with two Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium isolates. Biomed Res Int 2014:1–5
20.
go back to reference Hess M, Scope A, Heincz U (2004) Comparitive sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction diagnosis of psittacine beak and feather disease on feather samples, cloacal swabs and blood from budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulates, Shaw 18005). Avian Pathol 33(5):477–481. doi:10.1080/03079450400003619 CrossRefPubMed Hess M, Scope A, Heincz U (2004) Comparitive sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction diagnosis of psittacine beak and feather disease on feather samples, cloacal swabs and blood from budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulates, Shaw 18005). Avian Pathol 33(5):477–481. doi:10.​1080/​0307945040000361​9 CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Boyes RS (2011) Red alert. Focus on endangered species: Cape parrot. Africa Birds and Birding 2011:66–67 Boyes RS (2011) Red alert. Focus on endangered species: Cape parrot. Africa Birds and Birding 2011:66–67
22.
go back to reference Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson JA, Hellemans J, Huggett J, Kubista M, Mueller R, Nolan T, Pfaffl MW, Shipley GL (2009) The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clin Chem 55(4):611–622CrossRefPubMed Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson JA, Hellemans J, Huggett J, Kubista M, Mueller R, Nolan T, Pfaffl MW, Shipley GL (2009) The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clin Chem 55(4):611–622CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Wright TF, Schirtzinger EE, Matsumoto T, Eberhard JR, Graves GR, Sanchez JJ, Capelli S, Müller H, Scharpegge J, Chambers GK (2008) A multilocus molecular phylogeny of the parrots (Psittaciformes): support for a Gondwanan origin during the Cretaceous. Mol Biol Evol 25(10):2141–2156PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Wright TF, Schirtzinger EE, Matsumoto T, Eberhard JR, Graves GR, Sanchez JJ, Capelli S, Müller H, Scharpegge J, Chambers GK (2008) A multilocus molecular phylogeny of the parrots (Psittaciformes): support for a Gondwanan origin during the Cretaceous. Mol Biol Evol 25(10):2141–2156PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Barton D, Foellmer B, Du J, Tamm J, Derynck R, Francke U (1987) Chromosomal mapping of genes for transforming growth factors beta 2 and beta 3 in man and mouse: dispersion of TGF-beta gene family. Oncogene Res 3(4):323–331 Barton D, Foellmer B, Du J, Tamm J, Derynck R, Francke U (1987) Chromosomal mapping of genes for transforming growth factors beta 2 and beta 3 in man and mouse: dispersion of TGF-beta gene family. Oncogene Res 3(4):323–331
25.
go back to reference Ganapathy G, Howard JT, Ward JM, Li J, Li B, Li Y, Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Schwartz DC (2014) High-coverage sequencing and annotated assemblies of the budgerigar genome. GigaScience 3(1):1–9CrossRef Ganapathy G, Howard JT, Ward JM, Li J, Li B, Li Y, Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Schwartz DC (2014) High-coverage sequencing and annotated assemblies of the budgerigar genome. GigaScience 3(1):1–9CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Bert E, Tomassone L, Peccati C, Navarrete M, Sola S (2005) Detection of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) and avian polyomavirus (APV) DNA in psittacine birds in Italy. J Vet Med Ser B 52(2):64–68CrossRef Bert E, Tomassone L, Peccati C, Navarrete M, Sola S (2005) Detection of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) and avian polyomavirus (APV) DNA in psittacine birds in Italy. J Vet Med Ser B 52(2):64–68CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Ortiz-Catedral L, McInnes K, Hauber ME, Brunton DH (2009) First report of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in wild Red-fronted Parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) in New Zealand. Emu 109(3):244–247CrossRef Ortiz-Catedral L, McInnes K, Hauber ME, Brunton DH (2009) First report of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in wild Red-fronted Parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) in New Zealand. Emu 109(3):244–247CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Kundu S, Faulkes CG, Greenwood AG, Jones CG, Kaiser P, Lyne OD, Black SA, Chowrimootoo A, Groombridge JJ (2012) Tracking viral evolution during a disease outbreak: the rapid and complete selective sweep of a circovirus in the endangered Echo parakeet. J Virol 86(9):5221–5229PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Kundu S, Faulkes CG, Greenwood AG, Jones CG, Kaiser P, Lyne OD, Black SA, Chowrimootoo A, Groombridge JJ (2012) Tracking viral evolution during a disease outbreak: the rapid and complete selective sweep of a circovirus in the endangered Echo parakeet. J Virol 86(9):5221–5229PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Bonne N, Shearer P, Sharp M, Clark P, Raidal S (2009) Assessment of recombinant beak and feather disease virus capsid protein as a vaccine for psittacine beak and feather disease. J Gen Virol 90(3):640–647CrossRefPubMed Bonne N, Shearer P, Sharp M, Clark P, Raidal S (2009) Assessment of recombinant beak and feather disease virus capsid protein as a vaccine for psittacine beak and feather disease. J Gen Virol 90(3):640–647CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Brunborg IM, Moldal T, Jonassen CM (2004) Quantitation of porcine circovirus type 2 isolated from serum/plasma and tissue samples of healthy pigs and pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome using a TaqMan-based real-time PCR. J Virol Methods 122(2):171–178CrossRefPubMed Brunborg IM, Moldal T, Jonassen CM (2004) Quantitation of porcine circovirus type 2 isolated from serum/plasma and tissue samples of healthy pigs and pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome using a TaqMan-based real-time PCR. J Virol Methods 122(2):171–178CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Khalesi B, Bonne N, Stewart M, Sharp M, Raidal S (2005) A comparison of haemagglutination, haemagglutination inhibition and PCR for the detection of psittacine beak and feather disease virus infection and a comparison of isolates obtained from loriids. J Gen Virol 86(Pt 11):3039–3046. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81275-0 CrossRefPubMed Khalesi B, Bonne N, Stewart M, Sharp M, Raidal S (2005) A comparison of haemagglutination, haemagglutination inhibition and PCR for the detection of psittacine beak and feather disease virus infection and a comparison of isolates obtained from loriids. J Gen Virol 86(Pt 11):3039–3046. doi:10.​1099/​vir.​0.​81275-0 CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Beak and feather disease virus: correlation between viral load and clinical signs in wild Cape parrots (Poicepahlus robustus) in South Africa
Authors
Guy L. Regnard
Rutledge S. Boyes
Rowan O. Martin
Inga I. Hitzeroth
Edward P. Rybicki
Publication date
01-01-2015
Publisher
Springer Vienna
Published in
Archives of Virology / Issue 1/2015
Print ISSN: 0304-8608
Electronic ISSN: 1432-8798
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2225-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

Archives of Virology 1/2015 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.