Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Pediatric Nephrology 10/2015

01-10-2015 | Educational Review

Tuberous sclerosis complex: the past and the future

Authors: Liesbeth De Waele, Lieven Lagae, Djalila Mekahli

Published in: Pediatric Nephrology | Issue 10/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Renal lesions represent the second most significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of TSC have led to the exploration of new potential therapeutic targets. Clinical trials with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have demonstrated promising results for several indications, such as renal angiomyolipoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, lymphangioleiomyomatosis and facial angiofibromas. Currently, there is a scarcity of natural history data and randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials on TSC. Recently, however, recommendations for the diagnostic criteria, surveillance, and management of TSC patients have been updated. This review focuses on these novel recommendations and highlights the need for multidisciplinary follow-up of this multi-systemic disease.
Literature
1.
go back to reference van Slegtenhorst M, de Hoogt R, Hermans C, Nellist M, Janssen B, Verhoef S, Lindhout D, van den Ouweland A, Halley D, Young J, Burley M, Jeremiah S, Woodward K, Nahmias J, Fox M, Ekong R, Osborne J, Wolfe J, Povey S, Snell RG, Cheadle JP, Jones AC, Tachataki M, Ravine D, Sampson JR, Reeve MP, Richardson P, Wilmer F, Munro C, Hawkins TL, Sepp T, Ali JB, Ward S, Green AJ, Yates JR, Kwiatkowska J, Henske EP, Short MP, Haines JH, Jozwiak S, Kwiatkowski DJ (1997) Identification of the tuberous sclerosis gene TSC1 on chromosome 9q34. Science 277:805–808CrossRefPubMed van Slegtenhorst M, de Hoogt R, Hermans C, Nellist M, Janssen B, Verhoef S, Lindhout D, van den Ouweland A, Halley D, Young J, Burley M, Jeremiah S, Woodward K, Nahmias J, Fox M, Ekong R, Osborne J, Wolfe J, Povey S, Snell RG, Cheadle JP, Jones AC, Tachataki M, Ravine D, Sampson JR, Reeve MP, Richardson P, Wilmer F, Munro C, Hawkins TL, Sepp T, Ali JB, Ward S, Green AJ, Yates JR, Kwiatkowska J, Henske EP, Short MP, Haines JH, Jozwiak S, Kwiatkowski DJ (1997) Identification of the tuberous sclerosis gene TSC1 on chromosome 9q34. Science 277:805–808CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Sancak O, Nellist M, Goedbloed M, Elfferich P, Wouters C, Maat-Kievit A, Zonnenberg B, Verhoef S, Halley D, van den Ouweland A (2005) Mutational analysis of the TSC1 and TSC2 genes in a diagnostic setting: genotype–phenotype correlations and comparison of diagnostic DNA techniques in tuberous sclerosis complex. Eur J Hum Genet 13:731–741CrossRefPubMed Sancak O, Nellist M, Goedbloed M, Elfferich P, Wouters C, Maat-Kievit A, Zonnenberg B, Verhoef S, Halley D, van den Ouweland A (2005) Mutational analysis of the TSC1 and TSC2 genes in a diagnostic setting: genotype–phenotype correlations and comparison of diagnostic DNA techniques in tuberous sclerosis complex. Eur J Hum Genet 13:731–741CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Crino PB, Nathanson KL, Henske EP (2006) The tuberous sclerosis complex. N Engl J Med 355:1345–1356CrossRefPubMed Crino PB, Nathanson KL, Henske EP (2006) The tuberous sclerosis complex. N Engl J Med 355:1345–1356CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Northrup H, Krueger DA; International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Group (2013) Tuberous sclerosis complex diagnostic criteria update: recommendations of the 2012 International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference. Pediatr Neurol 49:243–254PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Northrup H, Krueger DA; International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Group (2013) Tuberous sclerosis complex diagnostic criteria update: recommendations of the 2012 International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference. Pediatr Neurol 49:243–254PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Krueger DA, Northrup H: International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Group (2013) Tuberous sclerosis complex surveillance and management: recommendations of the 2012 International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference. Pediatr Neurol 49:255–265PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Krueger DA, Northrup H: International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Group (2013) Tuberous sclerosis complex surveillance and management: recommendations of the 2012 International Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference. Pediatr Neurol 49:255–265PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Franz DN (2013) Everolimus in the treatment of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, angiomyolipomas, and pulmonary and skin lesions associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. Biologics 7:211–221PubMedCentralPubMed Franz DN (2013) Everolimus in the treatment of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, angiomyolipomas, and pulmonary and skin lesions associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. Biologics 7:211–221PubMedCentralPubMed
8.
go back to reference Pirson Y (2013) Tuberous sclerosis complex-associated kidney angiomyolipoma: from contemplation to action. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28:1680–1685CrossRefPubMed Pirson Y (2013) Tuberous sclerosis complex-associated kidney angiomyolipoma: from contemplation to action. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28:1680–1685CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Stillwell TJ, Gomez MR, Kelalis PP (1987) Renal lesions in tuberous sclerosis. J Urol 138:477–481PubMed Stillwell TJ, Gomez MR, Kelalis PP (1987) Renal lesions in tuberous sclerosis. J Urol 138:477–481PubMed
10.
go back to reference Tsai JD, Wei CC, Chen SM, Lue KH, Sheu JN (2014) Association between the growth rate of renal cysts/angiomyolipomas and age in the patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Int Urol Nephrol 46:1685–1690CrossRefPubMed Tsai JD, Wei CC, Chen SM, Lue KH, Sheu JN (2014) Association between the growth rate of renal cysts/angiomyolipomas and age in the patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Int Urol Nephrol 46:1685–1690CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Dabora SL, Jozwiak S, Franz DN, Roberts PS, Nieto A, Chung J, Choy YS, Reeve MP, Thiele E, Egelhoff JC, Kasprzyk-Obara J, Domanska-Pakiela D, Kwiatkowski DJ (2001) Mutational analysis in a cohort of 224 tuberous sclerosis patients indicates increased severity of TSC2, compared with TSC1, disease in multiple organs. Am J Hum Genet 68:64–80PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Dabora SL, Jozwiak S, Franz DN, Roberts PS, Nieto A, Chung J, Choy YS, Reeve MP, Thiele E, Egelhoff JC, Kasprzyk-Obara J, Domanska-Pakiela D, Kwiatkowski DJ (2001) Mutational analysis in a cohort of 224 tuberous sclerosis patients indicates increased severity of TSC2, compared with TSC1, disease in multiple organs. Am J Hum Genet 68:64–80PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Rakowski SK, Winterkorn EB, Paul E, Steele DJ, Halpern EF, Thiele EA (2006) Renal manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex: incidence, prognosis, and predictive factors. Kidney Int 70:1777–1782CrossRefPubMed Rakowski SK, Winterkorn EB, Paul E, Steele DJ, Halpern EF, Thiele EA (2006) Renal manifestations of tuberous sclerosis complex: incidence, prognosis, and predictive factors. Kidney Int 70:1777–1782CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Bernstein J, Robbins TO (1991) Renal involvement in tuberous sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 615:36–49CrossRefPubMed Bernstein J, Robbins TO (1991) Renal involvement in tuberous sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 615:36–49CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Kennelly MJ, Grossman HB, Cho KJ (1994) Outcome analysis of 42 cases of renal angiomyolipoma. J Urol 152:1988–1991PubMed Kennelly MJ, Grossman HB, Cho KJ (1994) Outcome analysis of 42 cases of renal angiomyolipoma. J Urol 152:1988–1991PubMed
15.
go back to reference Lemaitre L, Robert Y, Dubrulle F, Claudon M, Duhamel A, Danjou P, Mazeman E (1995) Renal angiomyolipoma: growth followed up with CT and/or US. Radiology 197:598–602CrossRefPubMed Lemaitre L, Robert Y, Dubrulle F, Claudon M, Duhamel A, Danjou P, Mazeman E (1995) Renal angiomyolipoma: growth followed up with CT and/or US. Radiology 197:598–602CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Steiner MS, Goldman SM, Fishman EK, Marshall FF (1993) The natural history of renal angiomyolipoma. J Urol 150:1782–1786PubMed Steiner MS, Goldman SM, Fishman EK, Marshall FF (1993) The natural history of renal angiomyolipoma. J Urol 150:1782–1786PubMed
17.
go back to reference O’Callaghan FJ, Noakes MJ, Martyn CN, Osborne JP (2004) An epidemiological study of renal pathology in tuberous sclerosis complex. BJU Int 94:853–857CrossRefPubMed O’Callaghan FJ, Noakes MJ, Martyn CN, Osborne JP (2004) An epidemiological study of renal pathology in tuberous sclerosis complex. BJU Int 94:853–857CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Ewalt DH, Sheffield E, Sparagana SP, Delgado MR, Roach ES (1998) Renal lesion growth in children with tuberous sclerosis complex. J Urol 160:141–145CrossRefPubMed Ewalt DH, Sheffield E, Sparagana SP, Delgado MR, Roach ES (1998) Renal lesion growth in children with tuberous sclerosis complex. J Urol 160:141–145CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Pode D, Meretik S, Shapiro A, Caine M (1985) Diagnosis and management of renal angiomyolipoma. Urology 25:461–467CrossRefPubMed Pode D, Meretik S, Shapiro A, Caine M (1985) Diagnosis and management of renal angiomyolipoma. Urology 25:461–467CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Ou YC, Wu HC, Yang CR, Chang CL, Hwang TI, Chang CH (1991) Renal angiomyolipoma: experience of 23 patients. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 48:217–223 Ou YC, Wu HC, Yang CR, Chang CL, Hwang TI, Chang CH (1991) Renal angiomyolipoma: experience of 23 patients. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 48:217–223
21.
go back to reference Casper KA, Donnelly LF, Chen B, Bissler JJ (2002) Tuberous sclerosis complex: renal imaging findings. Radiology 225:451–456CrossRefPubMed Casper KA, Donnelly LF, Chen B, Bissler JJ (2002) Tuberous sclerosis complex: renal imaging findings. Radiology 225:451–456CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Bissler JJ, Racadio J, Donnelly LF, Johnson ND (2002) Reduction of postembolization syndrome after ablation of renal angiomyolipoma. Am J Kidney Dis 39:966–971CrossRefPubMed Bissler JJ, Racadio J, Donnelly LF, Johnson ND (2002) Reduction of postembolization syndrome after ablation of renal angiomyolipoma. Am J Kidney Dis 39:966–971CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Adler J, Greweldinger J, Litzky G (1984) “Macro” aneurysm in renal angiomyolipoma: two cases, with therapeutic embolization in one patient. Urol Radiol 6:201–203CrossRefPubMed Adler J, Greweldinger J, Litzky G (1984) “Macro” aneurysm in renal angiomyolipoma: two cases, with therapeutic embolization in one patient. Urol Radiol 6:201–203CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Mouded IM, Tolia BM, Bernie JE, Newman HR (1978) Symptomatic renal angiomyolipoma: report of 8 cases, 2 with spontaneous rupture. J Urol 119:684–688PubMed Mouded IM, Tolia BM, Bernie JE, Newman HR (1978) Symptomatic renal angiomyolipoma: report of 8 cases, 2 with spontaneous rupture. J Urol 119:684–688PubMed
25.
go back to reference Kessler OJ, Gillon G, Neuman M, Engelstein D, Winkler H, Baniel J (1998) Management of renal angiomyolipoma: analysis of 15 cases. Eur Urol 33:572–575CrossRefPubMed Kessler OJ, Gillon G, Neuman M, Engelstein D, Winkler H, Baniel J (1998) Management of renal angiomyolipoma: analysis of 15 cases. Eur Urol 33:572–575CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Yamakado K, Tanaka N, Nakagawa T, Kobayashi S, Yanagawa M, Takeda K (2002) Renal angiomyolipoma: relationships between tumor size, aneurysm formation, and rupture. Radiology 225:78–82CrossRefPubMed Yamakado K, Tanaka N, Nakagawa T, Kobayashi S, Yanagawa M, Takeda K (2002) Renal angiomyolipoma: relationships between tumor size, aneurysm formation, and rupture. Radiology 225:78–82CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Franz DN, Bissler JJ, McCormack FX (2010) Tuberous sclerosis complex: neurological, renal and pulmonary manifestations. Neuropediatrics 41:199–208CrossRefPubMed Franz DN, Bissler JJ, McCormack FX (2010) Tuberous sclerosis complex: neurological, renal and pulmonary manifestations. Neuropediatrics 41:199–208CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Siroky BJ, Yin H, Bissler JJ (2011) Clinical and molecular insights into tuberous sclerosis complex renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol 26:839–852CrossRefPubMed Siroky BJ, Yin H, Bissler JJ (2011) Clinical and molecular insights into tuberous sclerosis complex renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol 26:839–852CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Bernstein J (1993) Renal cystic disease in the tuberous sclerosis complex. Pediatr Nephrol 7:490–495CrossRefPubMed Bernstein J (1993) Renal cystic disease in the tuberous sclerosis complex. Pediatr Nephrol 7:490–495CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Brook-Carter PT, Peral B, Ward CJ, Thompson P, Hughes J, Maheshwar MM, Nellist M, Gamble V, Harris PC, Sampson JR (1994) Deletion of the TSC2 and PKD1 genes associated with severe infantile polycystic kidney disease–a contiguous gene syndrome. Nat Genet 8:328–332CrossRefPubMed Brook-Carter PT, Peral B, Ward CJ, Thompson P, Hughes J, Maheshwar MM, Nellist M, Gamble V, Harris PC, Sampson JR (1994) Deletion of the TSC2 and PKD1 genes associated with severe infantile polycystic kidney disease–a contiguous gene syndrome. Nat Genet 8:328–332CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Kozlowski P, Roberts P, Dabora S, Franz D, Bissler J, Northrup H, Au KS, Lazarus R, Domanska-Pakiela D, Kotulska K, Jozwiak S, Kwiatkowski DJ (2007) Identification of 54 large deletions/duplications in TSC1 and TSC2 using MLPA, and genotype-phenotype correlations. Hum Genet 121:389–400CrossRefPubMed Kozlowski P, Roberts P, Dabora S, Franz D, Bissler J, Northrup H, Au KS, Lazarus R, Domanska-Pakiela D, Kotulska K, Jozwiak S, Kwiatkowski DJ (2007) Identification of 54 large deletions/duplications in TSC1 and TSC2 using MLPA, and genotype-phenotype correlations. Hum Genet 121:389–400CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Sampson JR, Maheshwar MM, Aspinwall R, Thompson P, Cheadle JP, Ravine D, Roy S, Haan E, Bernstein J, Harris PC (1997) Renal cystic disease in tuberous sclerosis: role of the polycystic kidney disease 1 gene. Am J Hum Genet 61:843–851PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Sampson JR, Maheshwar MM, Aspinwall R, Thompson P, Cheadle JP, Ravine D, Roy S, Haan E, Bernstein J, Harris PC (1997) Renal cystic disease in tuberous sclerosis: role of the polycystic kidney disease 1 gene. Am J Hum Genet 61:843–851PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Siracusano S, Zanon M, D’Aloia G, Plaino F, Trombetta C, Bussani R (1998) Rare association of renal angiomyolipoma and oncocytoma. Urology 51:837–839CrossRefPubMed Siracusano S, Zanon M, D’Aloia G, Plaino F, Trombetta C, Bussani R (1998) Rare association of renal angiomyolipoma and oncocytoma. Urology 51:837–839CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Zerban H, Nogueira E, Riedasch G, Bannasch P (1987) Renal oncocytoma: origin from the collecting duct. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 52:375–387CrossRefPubMed Zerban H, Nogueira E, Riedasch G, Bannasch P (1987) Renal oncocytoma: origin from the collecting duct. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 52:375–387CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Amin MB, Crotty TB, Tickoo SK, Farrow GM (1997) Renal oncocytoma: a reappraisal of morphologic features with clinicopathologic findings in 80 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 21:1–12CrossRefPubMed Amin MB, Crotty TB, Tickoo SK, Farrow GM (1997) Renal oncocytoma: a reappraisal of morphologic features with clinicopathologic findings in 80 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 21:1–12CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Eble JN, Hull MT (1984) Morphologic features of renal oncocytoma: a light and electron microscopic study. Hum Pathol 15:1054–1061CrossRefPubMed Eble JN, Hull MT (1984) Morphologic features of renal oncocytoma: a light and electron microscopic study. Hum Pathol 15:1054–1061CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Al-Saleem T, Wessner LL, Scheithauer BW, Patterson K, Roach ES, Dreyer SJ, Fujikawa K, Bjornsson J, Bernstein J, Henske EP (1998) Malignant tumors of the kidney, brain, and soft tissues in children and young adults with the tuberous sclerosis complex. Cancer 83:2208–2216CrossRefPubMed Al-Saleem T, Wessner LL, Scheithauer BW, Patterson K, Roach ES, Dreyer SJ, Fujikawa K, Bjornsson J, Bernstein J, Henske EP (1998) Malignant tumors of the kidney, brain, and soft tissues in children and young adults with the tuberous sclerosis complex. Cancer 83:2208–2216CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Lane BR, Aydin H, Danforth TL, Zhou M, Remer EM, Novick AC, Campbell SC (2008) Clinical correlates of renal angiomyolipoma subtypes in 209 patients: classic, fat poor, tuberous sclerosis associated and epithelioid. J Urol 180:836–843CrossRefPubMed Lane BR, Aydin H, Danforth TL, Zhou M, Remer EM, Novick AC, Campbell SC (2008) Clinical correlates of renal angiomyolipoma subtypes in 209 patients: classic, fat poor, tuberous sclerosis associated and epithelioid. J Urol 180:836–843CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Patel U, Simpson E, Kingswood JC, Saggar-Malik AK (2005) Tuberose sclerosis complex: analysis of growth rates aids differentiation of renal cell carcinoma from atypical or minimal-fat-containing angiomyolipoma. Clin Radiol 60:665–673CrossRefPubMed Patel U, Simpson E, Kingswood JC, Saggar-Malik AK (2005) Tuberose sclerosis complex: analysis of growth rates aids differentiation of renal cell carcinoma from atypical or minimal-fat-containing angiomyolipoma. Clin Radiol 60:665–673CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Dixon BP, Hulbert JC, Bissler JJ (2011) Tuberous sclerosis complex renal disease. Nephron Exp Nephrol 118:e15–e20CrossRefPubMed Dixon BP, Hulbert JC, Bissler JJ (2011) Tuberous sclerosis complex renal disease. Nephron Exp Nephrol 118:e15–e20CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Balligand JL, Pirson Y, Squifflet JP, Cosyns JP, Alexandre GP, van Ypersele de Strihou C (1990) Outcome of patients with tuberous sclerosis after renal transplantation. Transplantation 49:515–518CrossRefPubMed Balligand JL, Pirson Y, Squifflet JP, Cosyns JP, Alexandre GP, van Ypersele de Strihou C (1990) Outcome of patients with tuberous sclerosis after renal transplantation. Transplantation 49:515–518CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Sarraf M, Masoumi A, Castro-Silva FJ, Myers JB, Wilson SS, Schrier RW (2009) A case of tuberous sclerosis complex that progressed to end-stage renal disease. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 5:172–176CrossRefPubMed Sarraf M, Masoumi A, Castro-Silva FJ, Myers JB, Wilson SS, Schrier RW (2009) A case of tuberous sclerosis complex that progressed to end-stage renal disease. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 5:172–176CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference de Chadarevian JP, Legido A, Miles DK, Katsetos CD (2003) Epilepsy, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and carbamazepine. J Child Neurol 18:150–151CrossRefPubMed de Chadarevian JP, Legido A, Miles DK, Katsetos CD (2003) Epilepsy, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and carbamazepine. J Child Neurol 18:150–151CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Shepherd CW, Gomez MR, Lie JT, Crowson CS (1991) Causes of death in patients with tuberous sclerosis. Mayo Clin Proc 66:792–796CrossRefPubMed Shepherd CW, Gomez MR, Lie JT, Crowson CS (1991) Causes of death in patients with tuberous sclerosis. Mayo Clin Proc 66:792–796CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Rouviere O, Nivet H, Grenier N, Zini L, Lechevallier E (2012) Guidelines for the management of tuberous sclerosis complex renal disease. Prog Urol 22:367–379CrossRefPubMed Rouviere O, Nivet H, Grenier N, Zini L, Lechevallier E (2012) Guidelines for the management of tuberous sclerosis complex renal disease. Prog Urol 22:367–379CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Cadnapaphornchai MA, McFann K, Strain JD, Masoumi A, Schrier RW (2008) Increased left ventricular mass in children with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and borderline hypertension. Kidney Int 74:1192–1196PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Cadnapaphornchai MA, McFann K, Strain JD, Masoumi A, Schrier RW (2008) Increased left ventricular mass in children with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and borderline hypertension. Kidney Int 74:1192–1196PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Orskov B, Romming Sorensen V, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Strandgaard S (2010) Improved prognosis in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Denmark. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:2034–2039PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Orskov B, Romming Sorensen V, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Strandgaard S (2010) Improved prognosis in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Denmark. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:2034–2039PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Duerr M, Glander P, Diekmann F, Dragun D, Neumayer HH, Budde K (2010) Increased incidence of angioedema with ACE inhibitors in combination with mTOR inhibitors in kidney transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:703–708PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Duerr M, Glander P, Diekmann F, Dragun D, Neumayer HH, Budde K (2010) Increased incidence of angioedema with ACE inhibitors in combination with mTOR inhibitors in kidney transplant recipients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:703–708PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Wong M (2008) Mechanisms of epileptogenesis in tuberous sclerosis complex and related malformations of cortical development with abnormal glioneuronal proliferation. Epilepsia 49:8–21PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Wong M (2008) Mechanisms of epileptogenesis in tuberous sclerosis complex and related malformations of cortical development with abnormal glioneuronal proliferation. Epilepsia 49:8–21PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Grajkowska W, Kotulska K, Jurkiewicz E, Matyja E (2010) Brain lesions in tuberous sclerosis complex. Folia Neuropathol 48:139–149PubMed Grajkowska W, Kotulska K, Jurkiewicz E, Matyja E (2010) Brain lesions in tuberous sclerosis complex. Folia Neuropathol 48:139–149PubMed
53.
go back to reference Cuccia V, Zuccaro G, Sosa F, Monges J, Lubienieky F, Taratuto AL (2003) Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma in children with tuberous sclerosis. Childs Nerv Syst 19:232–243PubMed Cuccia V, Zuccaro G, Sosa F, Monges J, Lubienieky F, Taratuto AL (2003) Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma in children with tuberous sclerosis. Childs Nerv Syst 19:232–243PubMed
54.
go back to reference Goh S, Butler W, Thiele EA (2004) Subependymal giant cell tumors in tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurology 63:1457–1461CrossRefPubMed Goh S, Butler W, Thiele EA (2004) Subependymal giant cell tumors in tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurology 63:1457–1461CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Adriaensen ME, Schaefer-Prokop CM, Stijnen T, Duyndam DA, Zonnenberg BA, Prokop M (2009) Prevalence of subependymal giant cell tumors in patients with tuberous sclerosis and a review of the literature. Eur J Neurol 16:691–696CrossRefPubMed Adriaensen ME, Schaefer-Prokop CM, Stijnen T, Duyndam DA, Zonnenberg BA, Prokop M (2009) Prevalence of subependymal giant cell tumors in patients with tuberous sclerosis and a review of the literature. Eur J Neurol 16:691–696CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Beaumont TL, Limbrick DD, Smyth MD (2012) Advances in the management of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. Childs Nerv Syst 28:963–968CrossRefPubMed Beaumont TL, Limbrick DD, Smyth MD (2012) Advances in the management of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. Childs Nerv Syst 28:963–968CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Thiele EA (2004) Managing epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex. J Child Neurol 19:680–686PubMed Thiele EA (2004) Managing epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex. J Child Neurol 19:680–686PubMed
59.
go back to reference Chu-Shore CJ, Major P, Camposano S, Muzykewicz D, Thiele EA (2010) The natural history of epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsia 51:1236–1241PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Chu-Shore CJ, Major P, Camposano S, Muzykewicz D, Thiele EA (2010) The natural history of epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsia 51:1236–1241PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Curatolo P, Jozwiak S, Nabbout R, SEGA TSCCMf, Epilepsy M (2012) Management of epilepsy associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): clinical recommendations. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 16:582–586CrossRefPubMed Curatolo P, Jozwiak S, Nabbout R, SEGA TSCCMf, Epilepsy M (2012) Management of epilepsy associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): clinical recommendations. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 16:582–586CrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference de Vries PJ, Hunt A, Bolton PF (2007) The psychopathologies of children and adolescents with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): a postal survey of UK families. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16:16–24CrossRefPubMed de Vries PJ, Hunt A, Bolton PF (2007) The psychopathologies of children and adolescents with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): a postal survey of UK families. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16:16–24CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Prather P, de Vries PJ (2004) Behavioral and cognitive aspects of tuberous sclerosis complex. J Child Neurol 19:666–674PubMed Prather P, de Vries PJ (2004) Behavioral and cognitive aspects of tuberous sclerosis complex. J Child Neurol 19:666–674PubMed
64.
go back to reference Cudzilo CJ, Szczesniak RD, Brody AS, Rattan MS, Krueger DA, Bissler JJ, Franz DN, McCormack FX, Young LR (2013) Lymphangioleiomyomatosis screening in women with tuberous sclerosis. Chest 144:578–585CrossRefPubMed Cudzilo CJ, Szczesniak RD, Brody AS, Rattan MS, Krueger DA, Bissler JJ, Franz DN, McCormack FX, Young LR (2013) Lymphangioleiomyomatosis screening in women with tuberous sclerosis. Chest 144:578–585CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Franz DN, Brody A, Meyer C, Leonard J, Chuck G, Dabora S, Sethuraman G, Colby TV, Kwiatkowski DJ, McCormack FX (2001) Mutational and radiographic analysis of pulmonary disease consistent with lymphangioleiomyomatosis and micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia in women with tuberous sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:661–668CrossRefPubMed Franz DN, Brody A, Meyer C, Leonard J, Chuck G, Dabora S, Sethuraman G, Colby TV, Kwiatkowski DJ, McCormack FX (2001) Mutational and radiographic analysis of pulmonary disease consistent with lymphangioleiomyomatosis and micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia in women with tuberous sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:661–668CrossRefPubMed
66.
go back to reference Harding CO, Pagon RA (1990) Incidence of tuberous sclerosis in patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma. Am J Med Genet 37:443–446CrossRefPubMed Harding CO, Pagon RA (1990) Incidence of tuberous sclerosis in patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma. Am J Med Genet 37:443–446CrossRefPubMed
67.
go back to reference Holley DG, Martin GR, Brenner JI, Fyfe DA, Huhta JC, Kleinman CS, Ritter SB, Silverman NH (1995) Diagnosis and management of fetal cardiac tumors: a multicenter experience and review of published reports. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:516–520CrossRefPubMed Holley DG, Martin GR, Brenner JI, Fyfe DA, Huhta JC, Kleinman CS, Ritter SB, Silverman NH (1995) Diagnosis and management of fetal cardiac tumors: a multicenter experience and review of published reports. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:516–520CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Fricke BL, Donnelly LF, Casper KA, Bissler JJ (2004) Frequency and imaging appearance of hepatic angiomyolipomas in pediatric and adult patients with tuberous sclerosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182:1027–1030CrossRefPubMed Fricke BL, Donnelly LF, Casper KA, Bissler JJ (2004) Frequency and imaging appearance of hepatic angiomyolipomas in pediatric and adult patients with tuberous sclerosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182:1027–1030CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Parry L, Maynard JH, Patel A, Clifford SC, Morrissey C, Maher ER, Cheadle JP, Sampson JR (2001) Analysis of the TSC1 and TSC2 genes in sporadic renal cell carcinomas. Br J Cancer 85:1226–1230PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Parry L, Maynard JH, Patel A, Clifford SC, Morrissey C, Maher ER, Cheadle JP, Sampson JR (2001) Analysis of the TSC1 and TSC2 genes in sporadic renal cell carcinomas. Br J Cancer 85:1226–1230PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Qin W, Chan JA, Vinters HV, Mathern GW, Franz DN, Taillon BE, Bouffard P, Kwiatkowski DJ (2010) Analysis of TSC cortical tubers by deep sequencing of TSC1, TSC2 and KRAS demonstrates that small second-hit mutations in these genes are rare events. Brain Pathol 20:1096–1105PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Qin W, Chan JA, Vinters HV, Mathern GW, Franz DN, Taillon BE, Bouffard P, Kwiatkowski DJ (2010) Analysis of TSC cortical tubers by deep sequencing of TSC1, TSC2 and KRAS demonstrates that small second-hit mutations in these genes are rare events. Brain Pathol 20:1096–1105PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Lieberthal W, Levine JS (2012) Mammalian target of rapamycin and the kidney. II. Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 303:F180–F191CrossRefPubMed Lieberthal W, Levine JS (2012) Mammalian target of rapamycin and the kidney. II. Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 303:F180–F191CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Lieberthal W, Levine JS (2012) Mammalian target of rapamycin and the kidney. I. The signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 303:F1–F10CrossRefPubMed Lieberthal W, Levine JS (2012) Mammalian target of rapamycin and the kidney. I. The signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 303:F1–F10CrossRefPubMed
73.
go back to reference Augustine JJ, Bodziak KA, Hricik DE (2007) Use of sirolimus in solid organ transplantation. Drugs 67:369–391CrossRefPubMed Augustine JJ, Bodziak KA, Hricik DE (2007) Use of sirolimus in solid organ transplantation. Drugs 67:369–391CrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Stenner-Liewen F, Grunwald V, Greil R, Porta C (2013) The clinical potential of temsirolimus in second or later lines of treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 13:1021–1033CrossRefPubMed Stenner-Liewen F, Grunwald V, Greil R, Porta C (2013) The clinical potential of temsirolimus in second or later lines of treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 13:1021–1033CrossRefPubMed
76.
go back to reference Kenerson HL, Aicher LD, True LD, Yeung RS (2002) Activated mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in the pathogenesis of tuberous sclerosis complex renal tumors. Cancer Res 62:5645–5650PubMed Kenerson HL, Aicher LD, True LD, Yeung RS (2002) Activated mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in the pathogenesis of tuberous sclerosis complex renal tumors. Cancer Res 62:5645–5650PubMed
77.
go back to reference Roach ES, Gomez MR, Northrup H (1998) Tuberous sclerosis complex consensus conference: revised clinical diagnostic criteria. J Child Neurol 13:624–628CrossRefPubMed Roach ES, Gomez MR, Northrup H (1998) Tuberous sclerosis complex consensus conference: revised clinical diagnostic criteria. J Child Neurol 13:624–628CrossRefPubMed
78.
go back to reference Halpenny D, Snow A, McNeill G, Torreggiani WC (2010) The radiological diagnosis and treatment of renal angiomyolipoma-current status. Clin Radiol 65:99–108CrossRefPubMed Halpenny D, Snow A, McNeill G, Torreggiani WC (2010) The radiological diagnosis and treatment of renal angiomyolipoma-current status. Clin Radiol 65:99–108CrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Lemaitre L, Claudon M, Dubrulle F, Mazeman E (1997) Imaging of angiomyolipomas. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 18:100–114CrossRefPubMed Lemaitre L, Claudon M, Dubrulle F, Mazeman E (1997) Imaging of angiomyolipomas. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 18:100–114CrossRefPubMed
81.
go back to reference Chung MS, Choi HJ, Kim MH, Cho KS (2014) Comparison of T2-weighted MRI with and without fat suppression for differentiating renal angiomyolipomas without visible fat from other renal tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 202:765–771CrossRefPubMed Chung MS, Choi HJ, Kim MH, Cho KS (2014) Comparison of T2-weighted MRI with and without fat suppression for differentiating renal angiomyolipomas without visible fat from other renal tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 202:765–771CrossRefPubMed
82.
go back to reference Sooriakumaran P, Gibbs P, Coughlin G, Attard V, Elmslie F, Kingswood C, Taylor J, Corbishley C, Patel U, Anderson C (2010) Angiomyolipomata: challenges, solutions, and future prospects based on over 100 cases treated. BJU Int 105:101–106CrossRefPubMed Sooriakumaran P, Gibbs P, Coughlin G, Attard V, Elmslie F, Kingswood C, Taylor J, Corbishley C, Patel U, Anderson C (2010) Angiomyolipomata: challenges, solutions, and future prospects based on over 100 cases treated. BJU Int 105:101–106CrossRefPubMed
83.
go back to reference Dabora SL, Franz DN, Ashwal S, Sagalowsky A, DiMario FJ Jr, Miles D, Cutler D, Krueger D, Uppot RN, Rabenou R, Camposano S, Paolini J, Fennessy F, Lee N, Woodrum C, Manola J, Garber J, Thiele EA (2011) Multicenter phase 2 trial of sirolimus for tuberous sclerosis: kidney angiomyolipomas and other tumors regress and VEGF- D levels decrease. PLoS One 6:e23379PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Dabora SL, Franz DN, Ashwal S, Sagalowsky A, DiMario FJ Jr, Miles D, Cutler D, Krueger D, Uppot RN, Rabenou R, Camposano S, Paolini J, Fennessy F, Lee N, Woodrum C, Manola J, Garber J, Thiele EA (2011) Multicenter phase 2 trial of sirolimus for tuberous sclerosis: kidney angiomyolipomas and other tumors regress and VEGF- D levels decrease. PLoS One 6:e23379PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
84.
go back to reference Davies DM, de Vries PJ, Johnson SR, McCartney DL, Cox JA, Serra AL, Watson PC, Howe CJ, Doyle T, Pointon K, Cross JJ, Tattersfield AE, Kingswood JC, Sampson JR (2011) Sirolimus therapy for angiomyolipoma in tuberous sclerosis and sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis: a phase 2 trial. Clin Cancer Res 17:4071–4081CrossRefPubMed Davies DM, de Vries PJ, Johnson SR, McCartney DL, Cox JA, Serra AL, Watson PC, Howe CJ, Doyle T, Pointon K, Cross JJ, Tattersfield AE, Kingswood JC, Sampson JR (2011) Sirolimus therapy for angiomyolipoma in tuberous sclerosis and sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis: a phase 2 trial. Clin Cancer Res 17:4071–4081CrossRefPubMed
85.
go back to reference Bissler JJ, McCormack FX, Young LR, Elwing JM, Chuck G, Leonard JM, Schmithorst VJ, Laor T, Brody AS, Bean J, Salisbury S, Franz DN (2008) Sirolimus for angiomyolipoma in tuberous sclerosis complex or lymphangioleiomyomatosis. N Engl J Med 358:140–151PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Bissler JJ, McCormack FX, Young LR, Elwing JM, Chuck G, Leonard JM, Schmithorst VJ, Laor T, Brody AS, Bean J, Salisbury S, Franz DN (2008) Sirolimus for angiomyolipoma in tuberous sclerosis complex or lymphangioleiomyomatosis. N Engl J Med 358:140–151PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
86.
go back to reference Cabrera Lopez C, Marti T, Catala V, Torres F, Mateu S, Ballarin Castan J, Torra Balcells R (2011) Effects of rapamycin on angiomyolipomas in patients with tuberous sclerosis. Nefrologia 31:292–298PubMed Cabrera Lopez C, Marti T, Catala V, Torres F, Mateu S, Ballarin Castan J, Torra Balcells R (2011) Effects of rapamycin on angiomyolipomas in patients with tuberous sclerosis. Nefrologia 31:292–298PubMed
87.
go back to reference Kingswood JC, Jozwiak S, Belousova ED, Frost MD, Kuperman RA, Bebin EM, Korf BR, Flamini JR, Kohrman MH, Sparagana SP, Wu JY, Brechenmacher T, Stein K, Berkowitz N, Bissler JJ, Franz DN (2014) The effect of everolimus on renal angiomyolipoma in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex being treated for subependymal giant cell astrocytoma: subgroup results from the randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 trial EXIST-1. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29:1203–1210CrossRefPubMed Kingswood JC, Jozwiak S, Belousova ED, Frost MD, Kuperman RA, Bebin EM, Korf BR, Flamini JR, Kohrman MH, Sparagana SP, Wu JY, Brechenmacher T, Stein K, Berkowitz N, Bissler JJ, Franz DN (2014) The effect of everolimus on renal angiomyolipoma in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex being treated for subependymal giant cell astrocytoma: subgroup results from the randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 trial EXIST-1. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29:1203–1210CrossRefPubMed
88.
go back to reference Bissler JJ, Kingswood JC, Radzikowska E, Zonnenberg BA, Frost M, Belousova E, Sauter M, Nonomura N, Brakemeier S, de Vries PJ, Whittemore VH, Chen D, Sahmoud T, Shah G, Lincy J, Lebwohl D, Budde K (2013) Everolimus for angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex or sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis (EXIST-2): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 381:817–824CrossRefPubMed Bissler JJ, Kingswood JC, Radzikowska E, Zonnenberg BA, Frost M, Belousova E, Sauter M, Nonomura N, Brakemeier S, de Vries PJ, Whittemore VH, Chen D, Sahmoud T, Shah G, Lincy J, Lebwohl D, Budde K (2013) Everolimus for angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex or sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis (EXIST-2): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 381:817–824CrossRefPubMed
89.
go back to reference Ouyang T, Zhang N, Benjamin T, Wang L, Jiao J, Zhao Y, Chen J (2014) Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma: current concepts, management, and future directions. Childs Nerv Syst 30:561–570CrossRefPubMed Ouyang T, Zhang N, Benjamin T, Wang L, Jiao J, Zhao Y, Chen J (2014) Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma: current concepts, management, and future directions. Childs Nerv Syst 30:561–570CrossRefPubMed
90.
go back to reference Jiang T, Jia G, Ma Z, Luo S, Zhang Y (2011) The diagnosis and treatment of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma combined with tuberous sclerosis. Childs Nerv Syst 27:55–62CrossRefPubMed Jiang T, Jia G, Ma Z, Luo S, Zhang Y (2011) The diagnosis and treatment of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma combined with tuberous sclerosis. Childs Nerv Syst 27:55–62CrossRefPubMed
91.
go back to reference Sun P, Krueger D, Liu J, Guo A, Rogerio J, Kohrman M (2012) Surgical resection of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs) and changes in SEGA-related conditions: a US national claims database study. Curr Med Res Opin 28:651–656CrossRefPubMed Sun P, Krueger D, Liu J, Guo A, Rogerio J, Kohrman M (2012) Surgical resection of subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs) and changes in SEGA-related conditions: a US national claims database study. Curr Med Res Opin 28:651–656CrossRefPubMed
92.
go back to reference Amin S, Carter M, Edwards RJ, Pople I, Aquilina K, Merrifield J, Osborne JP, O’Callaghan FJ (2013) The outcome of surgical management of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma in tuberous sclerosis complex. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 17:36–44CrossRefPubMed Amin S, Carter M, Edwards RJ, Pople I, Aquilina K, Merrifield J, Osborne JP, O’Callaghan FJ (2013) The outcome of surgical management of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma in tuberous sclerosis complex. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 17:36–44CrossRefPubMed
93.
go back to reference Pascual-Castroviejo I (2011) Neurosurgical treatment of tuberous sclerosis complex lesions. Childs Nerv Syst 27:1211–1219CrossRefPubMed Pascual-Castroviejo I (2011) Neurosurgical treatment of tuberous sclerosis complex lesions. Childs Nerv Syst 27:1211–1219CrossRefPubMed
94.
go back to reference Kotulska K, Borkowska J, Roszkowski M, Mandera M, Daszkiewicz P, Drabik K, Jurkiewicz E, Larysz-Brysz M, Nowak K, Grajkowska W, Domanska-Pakiela D, Jozwiak S (2014) Surgical treatment of subependymal giant cell Astrocytoma in tuberous sclerosis complex patients. Pediatr Neurol 50:307–312CrossRefPubMed Kotulska K, Borkowska J, Roszkowski M, Mandera M, Daszkiewicz P, Drabik K, Jurkiewicz E, Larysz-Brysz M, Nowak K, Grajkowska W, Domanska-Pakiela D, Jozwiak S (2014) Surgical treatment of subependymal giant cell Astrocytoma in tuberous sclerosis complex patients. Pediatr Neurol 50:307–312CrossRefPubMed
95.
go back to reference Krueger DA, Care MM, Holland K, Agricola K, Tudor C, Mangeshkar P, Wilson KA, Byars A, Sahmoud T, Franz DN (2010) Everolimus for subependymal giant-cell astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis. N Engl J Med 363:1801–1811CrossRefPubMed Krueger DA, Care MM, Holland K, Agricola K, Tudor C, Mangeshkar P, Wilson KA, Byars A, Sahmoud T, Franz DN (2010) Everolimus for subependymal giant-cell astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis. N Engl J Med 363:1801–1811CrossRefPubMed
96.
go back to reference Perek-Polnik M, Jozwiak S, Jurkiewicz E, Perek D, Kotulska K (2012) Effective everolimus treatment of inoperable, life-threatening subependymal giant cell astrocytoma and intractable epilepsy in a patient with tuberous sclerosis complex. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 16:83–85CrossRefPubMed Perek-Polnik M, Jozwiak S, Jurkiewicz E, Perek D, Kotulska K (2012) Effective everolimus treatment of inoperable, life-threatening subependymal giant cell astrocytoma and intractable epilepsy in a patient with tuberous sclerosis complex. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 16:83–85CrossRefPubMed
97.
go back to reference Jozwiak S, Nabbout R, Curatolo P, participants of the TSC Consensus Meeting for SEGA and Epilepsy Management (2013) Management of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): clinical recommendations. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 17:348–352CrossRefPubMed Jozwiak S, Nabbout R, Curatolo P, participants of the TSC Consensus Meeting for SEGA and Epilepsy Management (2013) Management of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC): clinical recommendations. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 17:348–352CrossRefPubMed
98.
go back to reference McCormack FX, Inoue Y, Moss J, Singer LG, Strange C, Nakata K, Barker AF, Chapman JT, Brantly ML, Stocks JM, Brown KK, Lynch JP, 3rd, Goldberg HJ, Young LR, Kinder BW, Downey GP, Sullivan EJ, Colby TV, McKay RT, Cohen MM, Korbee L, Taveira-DaSilva AM, Lee HS, Krischer JP, Trapnell BC; National Institutes of Health Rare Lung Diseases Consortium; MILES Trial Group (2011) Efficacy and safety of sirolimus in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. N Engl J Med 364:1595–1606PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed McCormack FX, Inoue Y, Moss J, Singer LG, Strange C, Nakata K, Barker AF, Chapman JT, Brantly ML, Stocks JM, Brown KK, Lynch JP, 3rd, Goldberg HJ, Young LR, Kinder BW, Downey GP, Sullivan EJ, Colby TV, McKay RT, Cohen MM, Korbee L, Taveira-DaSilva AM, Lee HS, Krischer JP, Trapnell BC; National Institutes of Health Rare Lung Diseases Consortium; MILES Trial Group (2011) Efficacy and safety of sirolimus in lymphangioleiomyomatosis. N Engl J Med 364:1595–1606PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
99.
go back to reference Cardamone M, Flanagan D, Mowat D, Kennedy SE, Chopra M, Lawson JA (2014) Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors for intractable epilepsy and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis complex. J Pediatr 164:1195–1200CrossRefPubMed Cardamone M, Flanagan D, Mowat D, Kennedy SE, Chopra M, Lawson JA (2014) Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors for intractable epilepsy and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas in tuberous sclerosis complex. J Pediatr 164:1195–1200CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Tuberous sclerosis complex: the past and the future
Authors
Liesbeth De Waele
Lieven Lagae
Djalila Mekahli
Publication date
01-10-2015
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Pediatric Nephrology / Issue 10/2015
Print ISSN: 0931-041X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-198X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-3027-9

Other articles of this Issue 10/2015

Pediatric Nephrology 10/2015 Go to the issue