Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Basic Research in Cardiology 3/2009

01-05-2009 | ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION

Beta2-integrin activation on T cell subsets is an independent prognostic factor in unstable angina pectoris

Authors: Mathias H. Konstandin, Hülya Aksoy, Guido H. Wabnitz, Christian Volz, Christian Erbel, Henning Kirchgessner, Evangelos Giannitsis, Hugo A. Katus, Yvonne Samstag, Thomas J. Dengler

Published in: Basic Research in Cardiology | Issue 3/2009

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Cardiac troponins provide excellent risk stratification in unstable angina (UA), but no reliable markers are available in troponin-negative patients. Beta2-integrin mediated T cell recruitment plays a pivotal role in coronary atherosclerotic plaque rupture. The present study investigates beta2-integrin activation on T cell subsets as a risk marker in UA.

Methods

Functional activation (affinity/avidity) of beta2-integrins on T cells was measured using a flow cytometry-based whole blood assay in 87 patients with UA.

Results

Beta2-integrin activation was significantly higher in patients with severe coronary artery disease (sC) and myocardial infarction (MI) compared to patients with no/minimal coronary atherosclerosis (no/mC), irrespective of troponin status. Adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors, medication, left ventricular function, MI at enrollment and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), beta2-integrin activation was independently associated with incidence of revascularization, hospitalization and all major cardiovascular events during 9 months of follow-up after index investigation. The highest prognostic value of beta2-integrin activation was seen in troponin-and hsCRP-negative patients.

Conclusion

Quantitative assessment of T cell beta2-integrin activation allows to identify high risk patients with UA and sC without established MI; furthermore, it is associated with incidence of future cardiovascular events independent of conventional risk factors (troponin, hsCRP).
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee (2000) Myocardial infarction redefined—a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 21:1502–1513CrossRef The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee (2000) Myocardial infarction redefined—a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 21:1502–1513CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Ahmed WH, Bittl JA, Braunwald E (1993) Relation between clinical presentation and angiographic findings in unstable angina pectoris, and comparison with that in stable angina. Am J Cardiol 72:544–550PubMedCrossRef Ahmed WH, Bittl JA, Braunwald E (1993) Relation between clinical presentation and angiographic findings in unstable angina pectoris, and comparison with that in stable angina. Am J Cardiol 72:544–550PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Amyes E, McMichael AJ, Callan MF (2005) Human CD4+ T cells are predominantly distributed among six phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets. J Immunol 175:5765–5773PubMed Amyes E, McMichael AJ, Callan MF (2005) Human CD4+ T cells are predominantly distributed among six phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets. J Immunol 175:5765–5773PubMed
4.
go back to reference Banerjee S, Brilakis E, Zhang S, Roesle M, Lindsey J, Philips B, Blewett CG, Terada LS (2006) Endothelial progenitor cell mobilization after percutaneous coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis 189:70–75PubMedCrossRef Banerjee S, Brilakis E, Zhang S, Roesle M, Lindsey J, Philips B, Blewett CG, Terada LS (2006) Endothelial progenitor cell mobilization after percutaneous coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis 189:70–75PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Bose D, von Birgelen C, Zhou XY, Schmermund A, Philipp S, Sack S, Konorza T, Mohlenkamp S, Leineweber K, Kleinbongard P, Wijns W, Heusch G, Erbel R (2008) Impact of atherosclerotic plaque composition on coronary microembolization during percutaneous coronary interventions. Basic Res Cardiol 103:587–597PubMedCrossRef Bose D, von Birgelen C, Zhou XY, Schmermund A, Philipp S, Sack S, Konorza T, Mohlenkamp S, Leineweber K, Kleinbongard P, Wijns W, Heusch G, Erbel R (2008) Impact of atherosclerotic plaque composition on coronary microembolization during percutaneous coronary interventions. Basic Res Cardiol 103:587–597PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, Califf RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, Jones RH, Kereiakes D, Kupersmith J, Levin TN, Pepine CJ, Schaeffer JW, Smith EE, 3rd, Steward DE, Theroux P, Gibbons RJ, Alpert JS, Eagle KA, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gardner TJ, Gregoratos G, Russell RO, Smith SC, Jr. (2000) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary and recommendations: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (committee on the management of patients with unstable angina). Circulation 102:1193–1209PubMed Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, Califf RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, Jones RH, Kereiakes D, Kupersmith J, Levin TN, Pepine CJ, Schaeffer JW, Smith EE, 3rd, Steward DE, Theroux P, Gibbons RJ, Alpert JS, Eagle KA, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gardner TJ, Gregoratos G, Russell RO, Smith SC, Jr. (2000) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary and recommendations: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (committee on the management of patients with unstable angina). Circulation 102:1193–1209PubMed
7.
go back to reference de Lemos JA, Morrow DA, Blazing MA, Jarolim P, Wiviott SD, Sabatine MS, Califf RM, Braunwald E (2007) Serial measurement of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 after acute coronary syndromes: results from the A to Z trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:2117–2124PubMedCrossRef de Lemos JA, Morrow DA, Blazing MA, Jarolim P, Wiviott SD, Sabatine MS, Califf RM, Braunwald E (2007) Serial measurement of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 after acute coronary syndromes: results from the A to Z trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:2117–2124PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference De Palma R, Del Galdo F, Abbate G, Chiariello M, Calabro R, Forte L, Cimmino G, Papa MF, Russo MG, Ambrosio G, Giombolini C, Tritto I, Notaristefano S, Berrino L, Rossi F, Golino P (2006) Patients with acute coronary syndrome show oligoclonal T cell recruitment within unstable plaque: evidence for a local, intracoronary immunologic mechanism. Circulation 113:640–646PubMedCrossRef De Palma R, Del Galdo F, Abbate G, Chiariello M, Calabro R, Forte L, Cimmino G, Papa MF, Russo MG, Ambrosio G, Giombolini C, Tritto I, Notaristefano S, Berrino L, Rossi F, Golino P (2006) Patients with acute coronary syndrome show oligoclonal T cell recruitment within unstable plaque: evidence for a local, intracoronary immunologic mechanism. Circulation 113:640–646PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Dustin ML, Springer TA (1989) T cell receptor crosslinking transiently stimulates adhesiveness through LFA-1. Nature 341:619–624PubMedCrossRef Dustin ML, Springer TA (1989) T cell receptor crosslinking transiently stimulates adhesiveness through LFA-1. Nature 341:619–624PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Erbel C, Sato K, Meyer FB, Kopecky SL, Frye RL, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM (2007) Functional profile of activated dendritic cells in unstable atherosclerotic plaque. Basic Res Cardiol 102:123–132PubMedCrossRef Erbel C, Sato K, Meyer FB, Kopecky SL, Frye RL, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM (2007) Functional profile of activated dendritic cells in unstable atherosclerotic plaque. Basic Res Cardiol 102:123–132PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Hamm CW, Ravkilde J, Gerhardt W, Jorgensen P, Peheim E, Ljungdahl L, Goldmann B, Katus HA (1992) The prognostic value of serum troponin T in unstable angina. N Engl J Med 327:146–150PubMed Hamm CW, Ravkilde J, Gerhardt W, Jorgensen P, Peheim E, Ljungdahl L, Goldmann B, Katus HA (1992) The prognostic value of serum troponin T in unstable angina. N Engl J Med 327:146–150PubMed
12.
go back to reference Hansson GK (2001) Immune mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21:1876–1890PubMedCrossRef Hansson GK (2001) Immune mechanisms in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21:1876–1890PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Hansson GK (2005) Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 352:1685–1695PubMedCrossRef Hansson GK (2005) Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 352:1685–1695PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Heeschen C, Dimmeler S, Hamm CW, van den Brand MJ, Boersma E, Zeiher AM, Simoons ML (2003) Soluble CD40 ligand in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 348:1104–1111PubMedCrossRef Heeschen C, Dimmeler S, Hamm CW, van den Brand MJ, Boersma E, Zeiher AM, Simoons ML (2003) Soluble CD40 ligand in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 348:1104–1111PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Heeschen C, Hamm CW, Bruemmer J, Simoons ML (2000) Predictive value of C-reactive protein and troponin T in patients with unstable angina: a comparative analysis. CAPTURE Investigators: chimeric c7E3 AntiPlatelet Therapy in unstable angina refractory to standard treatment trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:1535–1542PubMedCrossRef Heeschen C, Hamm CW, Bruemmer J, Simoons ML (2000) Predictive value of C-reactive protein and troponin T in patients with unstable angina: a comparative analysis. CAPTURE Investigators: chimeric c7E3 AntiPlatelet Therapy in unstable angina refractory to standard treatment trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:1535–1542PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Herrmann J, Haude M, Lerman A, Schulz R, Volbracht L, Ge J, Schmermund A, Wieneke H, von Birgelen C, Eggebrecht H, Baumgart D, Heusch G, Erbel R (2001) Abnormal coronary flow velocity reserve after coronary intervention is associated with cardiac marker elevation. Circulation 103: 2339–2345PubMed Herrmann J, Haude M, Lerman A, Schulz R, Volbracht L, Ge J, Schmermund A, Wieneke H, von Birgelen C, Eggebrecht H, Baumgart D, Heusch G, Erbel R (2001) Abnormal coronary flow velocity reserve after coronary intervention is associated with cardiac marker elevation. Circulation 103: 2339–2345PubMed
17.
go back to reference Herrmann J, Lerman A, Baumgart D, Volbracht L, Schulz R, von Birgelen C, Haude M, Heusch G, Erbel R (2002) Preprocedural statin medication reduces the extent of periprocedural non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Circulation 106:2180–2183PubMedCrossRef Herrmann J, Lerman A, Baumgart D, Volbracht L, Schulz R, von Birgelen C, Haude M, Heusch G, Erbel R (2002) Preprocedural statin medication reduces the extent of periprocedural non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Circulation 106:2180–2183PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Hogg N, Henderson R, Leitinger B, McDowall A, Porter J, Stanley P (2002) Mechanisms contributing to the activity of integrins on leukocytes. Immunol Rev 186:164–171PubMedCrossRef Hogg N, Henderson R, Leitinger B, McDowall A, Porter J, Stanley P (2002) Mechanisms contributing to the activity of integrins on leukocytes. Immunol Rev 186:164–171PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Katus HA, Remppis A, Neumann FJ, Scheffold T, Diederich KW, Vinar G, Noe A, Matern G, Kuebler W (1991) Diagnostic efficiency of troponin T measurements in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 83:902–912PubMed Katus HA, Remppis A, Neumann FJ, Scheffold T, Diederich KW, Vinar G, Noe A, Matern G, Kuebler W (1991) Diagnostic efficiency of troponin T measurements in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 83:902–912PubMed
20.
go back to reference Kavsak PA, Ko DT, Newman AM, Palomaki GE, Lustig V, Macrae AR, Jaffe AS (2007) Risk stratification for heart failure and death in an acute coronary syndrome population using inflammatory cytokines and N-Terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. Clin Chem 53:2112–2118PubMedCrossRef Kavsak PA, Ko DT, Newman AM, Palomaki GE, Lustig V, Macrae AR, Jaffe AS (2007) Risk stratification for heart failure and death in an acute coronary syndrome population using inflammatory cytokines and N-Terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. Clin Chem 53:2112–2118PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Kinashi T (2005) Intracellular signalling controlling integrin activation in lymphocytes. Nat Rev Immunol 5:546–559PubMedCrossRef Kinashi T (2005) Intracellular signalling controlling integrin activation in lymphocytes. Nat Rev Immunol 5:546–559PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Konstandin MH, Sester U, Klemke M, Weschenfelder T, Wabnitz GH, Samstag Y (2006) A novel flow-cytometry-based assay for quantification of affinity and avidity changes of integrins. J Immunol Methods 310:67–77PubMedCrossRef Konstandin MH, Sester U, Klemke M, Weschenfelder T, Wabnitz GH, Samstag Y (2006) A novel flow-cytometry-based assay for quantification of affinity and avidity changes of integrins. J Immunol Methods 310:67–77PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Konstandin MH, Wabnitz GH, Aksoy H, Kirchgessner H, Dengler TJ, Samstag Y (2007) A sensitive assay for the quantification of integrin-mediated adhesiveness of human stem cells and leukocyte subpopulations in whole blood. J Immunol Methods 327:30–39PubMedCrossRef Konstandin MH, Wabnitz GH, Aksoy H, Kirchgessner H, Dengler TJ, Samstag Y (2007) A sensitive assay for the quantification of integrin-mediated adhesiveness of human stem cells and leukocyte subpopulations in whole blood. J Immunol Methods 327:30–39PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Korff S, Katus HA, Giannitsis E (2006) Differential diagnosis of elevated troponins. Heart 92:987–993PubMedCrossRef Korff S, Katus HA, Giannitsis E (2006) Differential diagnosis of elevated troponins. Heart 92:987–993PubMedCrossRef
25.
26.
go back to reference Lindahl B, Toss H, Siegbahn A, Venge P, Wallentin L (2000) Markers of myocardial damage and inflammation in relation to long-term mortality in unstable coronary artery disease: FRISC Study Group. Fragmin during instability in coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 343:1139–1147PubMedCrossRef Lindahl B, Toss H, Siegbahn A, Venge P, Wallentin L (2000) Markers of myocardial damage and inflammation in relation to long-term mortality in unstable coronary artery disease: FRISC Study Group. Fragmin during instability in coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 343:1139–1147PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Liuzzo G, Biasucci LM, Trotta G, Brugaletta S, Pinnelli M, Digianuario G, Rizzello V, Rebuzzi AG, Rumi C, Maseri A, Crea F (2007) Unusual CD4+ CD28null T lymphocytes and recurrence of acute coronary events. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:1450–1458PubMedCrossRef Liuzzo G, Biasucci LM, Trotta G, Brugaletta S, Pinnelli M, Digianuario G, Rizzello V, Rebuzzi AG, Rumi C, Maseri A, Crea F (2007) Unusual CD4+ CD28null T lymphocytes and recurrence of acute coronary events. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:1450–1458PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Liuzzo G, Goronzy JJ, Yang H, Kopecky SL, Holmes DR, Frye RL, Weyand CM (2000) Monoclonal T cell proliferation and plaque instability in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 101:2883–2888PubMed Liuzzo G, Goronzy JJ, Yang H, Kopecky SL, Holmes DR, Frye RL, Weyand CM (2000) Monoclonal T cell proliferation and plaque instability in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 101:2883–2888PubMed
29.
go back to reference Liuzzo G, Kopecky SL, Frye RL, O’Fallon WM, Maseri A, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM (1999) Perturbation of the T cell repertoire in patients with unstable angina. Circulation 100:2135–2139PubMed Liuzzo G, Kopecky SL, Frye RL, O’Fallon WM, Maseri A, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM (1999) Perturbation of the T cell repertoire in patients with unstable angina. Circulation 100:2135–2139PubMed
30.
go back to reference Lloyd AR, Oppenheim JJ, Kelvin DJ, Taub DD (1996) Chemokines regulate T cell adherence to recombinant adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix proteins. J Immunol 156:932–938PubMed Lloyd AR, Oppenheim JJ, Kelvin DJ, Taub DD (1996) Chemokines regulate T cell adherence to recombinant adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix proteins. J Immunol 156:932–938PubMed
31.
go back to reference Luscher MS, Thygesen K, Ravkilde J, Heickendorff L (1997) Applicability of cardiac troponin T and I for early risk stratification in unstable coronary artery disease. TRIM Study Group. Thrombin inhibition in myocardial ischemia. Circulation 96:2578–2585PubMed Luscher MS, Thygesen K, Ravkilde J, Heickendorff L (1997) Applicability of cardiac troponin T and I for early risk stratification in unstable coronary artery disease. TRIM Study Group. Thrombin inhibition in myocardial ischemia. Circulation 96:2578–2585PubMed
32.
go back to reference Morrow DA, Antman EM, Tanasijevic M, Rifai N, de Lemos JA, McCabe CH, Cannon CP, Braunwald E (2000) Cardiac troponin I for stratification of early outcomes and the efficacy of enoxaparin in unstable angina: a TIMI-11B substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:1812–1817PubMedCrossRef Morrow DA, Antman EM, Tanasijevic M, Rifai N, de Lemos JA, McCabe CH, Cannon CP, Braunwald E (2000) Cardiac troponin I for stratification of early outcomes and the efficacy of enoxaparin in unstable angina: a TIMI-11B substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 36:1812–1817PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Morrow DA, Rifai N, Antman EM, Weiner DL, McCabe CH, Cannon CP, Braunwald E (1998) C-reactive protein is a potent predictor of mortality independently of and in combination with troponin T in acute coronary syndromes: a TIMI 11A substudy. thrombolysis in myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:1460–1465PubMedCrossRef Morrow DA, Rifai N, Antman EM, Weiner DL, McCabe CH, Cannon CP, Braunwald E (1998) C-reactive protein is a potent predictor of mortality independently of and in combination with troponin T in acute coronary syndromes: a TIMI 11A substudy. thrombolysis in myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:1460–1465PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Neri Serneri GG, Prisco D, Martini F, Gori AM, Brunelli T, Poggesi L, Rostagno C, Gensini GF, Abbate R (1997) Acute T cell activation is detectable in unstable angina. Circulation 95:1806–1812PubMed Neri Serneri GG, Prisco D, Martini F, Gori AM, Brunelli T, Poggesi L, Rostagno C, Gensini GF, Abbate R (1997) Acute T cell activation is detectable in unstable angina. Circulation 95:1806–1812PubMed
36.
go back to reference Silber S, Hoffmeister HM, Drexler C, Schachinger V, Kuon E (2006) Working instructions in the cardiac catheter laboratory. According to paragraph 18 (2): radiographic regulation for a radiography facility for the use of x-rays with humans as a model. Clin Res Cardiol 95 Suppl 4:72–75PubMedCrossRef Silber S, Hoffmeister HM, Drexler C, Schachinger V, Kuon E (2006) Working instructions in the cardiac catheter laboratory. According to paragraph 18 (2): radiographic regulation for a radiography facility for the use of x-rays with humans as a model. Clin Res Cardiol 95 Suppl 4:72–75PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Spagnoli LG, Bonanno E, Mauriello A, Palmieri G, Partenzi A, Sangiorgi G, Crea F (2002) Multicentric inflammation in epicardial coronary arteries of patients dying of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1579–1588PubMedCrossRef Spagnoli LG, Bonanno E, Mauriello A, Palmieri G, Partenzi A, Sangiorgi G, Crea F (2002) Multicentric inflammation in epicardial coronary arteries of patients dying of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1579–1588PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Springer TA (1994) Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell 76:301–314PubMedCrossRef Springer TA (1994) Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell 76:301–314PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Stemme S, Faber B, Holm J, Wiklund O, Witztum JL, Hansson GK (1995) T lymphocytes from human atherosclerotic plaques recognize oxidized low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3893–3897PubMedCrossRef Stemme S, Faber B, Holm J, Wiklund O, Witztum JL, Hansson GK (1995) T lymphocytes from human atherosclerotic plaques recognize oxidized low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3893–3897PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Stewart M, Hogg N (1996) Regulation of leukocyte integrin function: affinity vs. avidity. J Cell Biochem 61:554–561PubMedCrossRef Stewart M, Hogg N (1996) Regulation of leukocyte integrin function: affinity vs. avidity. J Cell Biochem 61:554–561PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD, Jaffe AS, Apple FS, Galvani M, Katus HA, Newby LK, Ravkilde J, Chaitman B, Clemmensen PM, Dellborg M, Hod H, Porela P, Underwood R, Bax JJ, Beller GA, Bonow R, Van der Wall EE, Bassand JP, Wijns W, Ferguson TB, Steg PG, Uretsky BF, Williams DO, Armstrong PW, Antman EM, Fox KA, Hamm CW, Ohman EM, Simoons ML, Poole-Wilson PA, Gurfinkel EP, Lopez-Sendon JL, Pais P, Mendis S, Zhu JR, Wallentin LC, Fernandez-Aviles F, Fox KM, Parkhomenko AN, Priori SG, Tendera M, Voipio-Pulkki LM, Vahanian A, Camm AJ, De Caterina R, Dean V, Dickstein K, Filippatos G, Funck-Brentano C, Hellemans I, Kristensen SD, McGregor K, Sechtem U, Silber S, Tendera M, Widimsky P, Zamorano JL, Morais J, Brener S, Harrington R, Morrow D, Lim M, Martinez-Rios MA, Steinhubl S, Levine GN, Gibler WB, Goff D, Tubaro M, Dudek D, Al-Attar N (2007) Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation 116:2634–2653PubMedCrossRef Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD, Jaffe AS, Apple FS, Galvani M, Katus HA, Newby LK, Ravkilde J, Chaitman B, Clemmensen PM, Dellborg M, Hod H, Porela P, Underwood R, Bax JJ, Beller GA, Bonow R, Van der Wall EE, Bassand JP, Wijns W, Ferguson TB, Steg PG, Uretsky BF, Williams DO, Armstrong PW, Antman EM, Fox KA, Hamm CW, Ohman EM, Simoons ML, Poole-Wilson PA, Gurfinkel EP, Lopez-Sendon JL, Pais P, Mendis S, Zhu JR, Wallentin LC, Fernandez-Aviles F, Fox KM, Parkhomenko AN, Priori SG, Tendera M, Voipio-Pulkki LM, Vahanian A, Camm AJ, De Caterina R, Dean V, Dickstein K, Filippatos G, Funck-Brentano C, Hellemans I, Kristensen SD, McGregor K, Sechtem U, Silber S, Tendera M, Widimsky P, Zamorano JL, Morais J, Brener S, Harrington R, Morrow D, Lim M, Martinez-Rios MA, Steinhubl S, Levine GN, Gibler WB, Goff D, Tubaro M, Dudek D, Al-Attar N (2007) Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation 116:2634–2653PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Valen G, Hinokiyama K, Vedin J, Vaage J (2007) Preoperative unstable angina causes venous adaptation to surgical graft injury. Basic Res Cardiol 102:265–273PubMedCrossRef Valen G, Hinokiyama K, Vedin J, Vaage J (2007) Preoperative unstable angina causes venous adaptation to surgical graft injury. Basic Res Cardiol 102:265–273PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference van der Wal AC, Piek JJ, de Boer OJ, Koch KT, Teeling P, van der Loos CM, Becker AE (1998) Recent activation of the plaque immune response in coronary lesions underlying acute coronary syndromes. Heart 80:14–18PubMed van der Wal AC, Piek JJ, de Boer OJ, Koch KT, Teeling P, van der Loos CM, Becker AE (1998) Recent activation of the plaque immune response in coronary lesions underlying acute coronary syndromes. Heart 80:14–18PubMed
44.
go back to reference van Kooyk Y, van de Wiel-van Kemenade P, Weder P, Kuijpers TW, Figdor CG (1989) Enhancement of LFA-1-mediated cell adhesion by triggering through CD2 or CD3 on T lymphocytes. Nature 342:811–813PubMedCrossRef van Kooyk Y, van de Wiel-van Kemenade P, Weder P, Kuijpers TW, Figdor CG (1989) Enhancement of LFA-1-mediated cell adhesion by triggering through CD2 or CD3 on T lymphocytes. Nature 342:811–813PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Weber C, Schober A, Zernecke A (2004) Chemokines: key regulators of mononuclear cell recruitment in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1997–2008PubMedCrossRef Weber C, Schober A, Zernecke A (2004) Chemokines: key regulators of mononuclear cell recruitment in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1997–2008PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Zal B, Kaski JC, Arno G, Akiyu JP, Xu Q, Cole D, Whelan M, Russell N, Madrigal JA, Dodi IA, Baboonian C (2004) Heat-shock protein 60-reactive CD4+ CD28null T cells in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 109:1230–1235PubMedCrossRef Zal B, Kaski JC, Arno G, Akiyu JP, Xu Q, Cole D, Whelan M, Russell N, Madrigal JA, Dodi IA, Baboonian C (2004) Heat-shock protein 60-reactive CD4+ CD28null T cells in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 109:1230–1235PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Zernecke A, Weber C (2005) Inflammatory mediators in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Basic Res Cardiol 100:93–101PubMedCrossRef Zernecke A, Weber C (2005) Inflammatory mediators in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Basic Res Cardiol 100:93–101PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Beta2-integrin activation on T cell subsets is an independent prognostic factor in unstable angina pectoris
Authors
Mathias H. Konstandin
Hülya Aksoy
Guido H. Wabnitz
Christian Volz
Christian Erbel
Henning Kirchgessner
Evangelos Giannitsis
Hugo A. Katus
Yvonne Samstag
Thomas J. Dengler
Publication date
01-05-2009
Publisher
Steinkopff-Verlag
Published in
Basic Research in Cardiology / Issue 3/2009
Print ISSN: 0300-8428
Electronic ISSN: 1435-1803
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00395-008-0770-8

Other articles of this Issue 3/2009

Basic Research in Cardiology 3/2009 Go to the issue