Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 6/2012

01-08-2012 | Original Article

The Visible Human Projects in Korea and China with improved images and diverse applications

Authors: Jing-Xing Dai, Min Suk Chung, Rong-Mei Qu, Lin Yuan, Shu-Wei Liu, Dong Sun Shin

Published in: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy | Issue 6/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose

The Visible Human Projects, which were launched in the United States, have also been developed in Korea and China during the past decade. This article includes the new trials to promote a variety of their applications.

Methods

In a Korean laboratory, whole bodies of two cadavers were serially sectioned (Visible Korean), while two Chinese institutes have sectioned nine cadavers (Chinese Visible Human and Virtual Chinese Human). For acquiring sectioned images and stereoscopic models of better quality, appropriate cadavers were chosen; equipments and techniques for embedding, sectioning, photography, and computer processing were continuously improved in the two countries. To facilitate the research, Korean and Chinese scientists have visited each other.

Results

The sectioned images with thinner intervals (0.2 mm or less) and higher resolution were obtained. From the advanced data, the segmented images of comprehensive structures were prepared to construct three-dimensional models. Then, cross-sectional images and models were offered for medical education and clinical practice such as electronic anatomy atlas and virtual lumbar puncture.

Conclusion

Every project has its strengths and weaknesses with regard to the image data; users in the world can choose the project that best suits their needs.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Bai Y, Palhalmi J, Huang Y et al (2011) Research methods in fasciology: implications for acupuncture meridianology. Fasciology 1:17–30 Bai Y, Palhalmi J, Huang Y et al (2011) Research methods in fasciology: implications for acupuncture meridianology. Fasciology 1:17–30
2.
go back to reference Chen G, Li XC, Wu GQ et al (2010) Three-dimensional reconstruction of digitized human liver: based on Chinese Visible Human. Chin Med J 123:146–150PubMed Chen G, Li XC, Wu GQ et al (2010) Three-dimensional reconstruction of digitized human liver: based on Chinese Visible Human. Chin Med J 123:146–150PubMed
3.
go back to reference Cho ZH (2009) 7.0 Tesla MRI brain atlas: in vivo atlas with cryomacrotome correlation. Springer, New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London Cho ZH (2009) 7.0 Tesla MRI brain atlas: in vivo atlas with cryomacrotome correlation. Springer, New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London
4.
go back to reference Färber M, Hummel F, Gerloff C et al (2009) Virtual reality simulator for the training of lumbar punctures. Methods Inf Med 48:493–501PubMedCrossRef Färber M, Hummel F, Gerloff C et al (2009) Virtual reality simulator for the training of lumbar punctures. Methods Inf Med 48:493–501PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Han D, Liu Q, Luo Q (2009) China Physiome project: a comprehensive framework for anatomical and physiological databases from the China Digital Human and the visible rat. Proc IEEE 97:1969–1976CrossRef Han D, Liu Q, Luo Q (2009) China Physiome project: a comprehensive framework for anatomical and physiological databases from the China Digital Human and the visible rat. Proc IEEE 97:1969–1976CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Huang YX, Jin LZ, Lowe JA et al (2010) Three-dimensional reconstruction of the superior mediastinum from Chinese Visible Human female. Surg Radiol Anat 32:693–698PubMedCrossRef Huang YX, Jin LZ, Lowe JA et al (2010) Three-dimensional reconstruction of the superior mediastinum from Chinese Visible Human female. Surg Radiol Anat 32:693–698PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Hwang SB, Chung MS, Hwang YI et al (2010) Improved sectioned images of the female pelvis showing detailed urogenital and neighboring structures. Korean J Phys Anthoropol 23:189–198 Hwang SB, Chung MS, Hwang YI et al (2010) Improved sectioned images of the female pelvis showing detailed urogenital and neighboring structures. Korean J Phys Anthoropol 23:189–198
8.
go back to reference Jang HG, Chung MS, Shin DS et al (2011) Segmentation and surface reconstruction of the detailed ear structures, identified in sectioned images. Anat Rec 294:559–564CrossRef Jang HG, Chung MS, Shin DS et al (2011) Segmentation and surface reconstruction of the detailed ear structures, identified in sectioned images. Anat Rec 294:559–564CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Kim CH, Jeong JH, Bolch WE et al (2011) A polygon-surface reference Korean male phantom (PSRK-Man) and its direct implementation in Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation. Phys Med Biol 56:3137–3167PubMedCrossRef Kim CH, Jeong JH, Bolch WE et al (2011) A polygon-surface reference Korean male phantom (PSRK-Man) and its direct implementation in Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation. Phys Med Biol 56:3137–3167PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Li L, Liu YX, Song ZJ (2006) Three-dimensional reconstruction of registered and fused Chinese Visible Human and patient MRI images. Clin Anat 19:225–231PubMedCrossRef Li L, Liu YX, Song ZJ (2006) Three-dimensional reconstruction of registered and fused Chinese Visible Human and patient MRI images. Clin Anat 19:225–231PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Li QY, Zhang SX, Heng PA et al (2006) Segmentation and three-dimension reconstruction of Chinese digitized human cerebrum. Comput Med Imaging Graph 30:89–94PubMedCrossRef Li QY, Zhang SX, Heng PA et al (2006) Segmentation and three-dimension reconstruction of Chinese digitized human cerebrum. Comput Med Imaging Graph 30:89–94PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Li XP, Han DM, Xia Y et al (2006) Preliminary study on digitized nasal and temporal bone anatomy. Clin Anat 19:32–36PubMedCrossRef Li XP, Han DM, Xia Y et al (2006) Preliminary study on digitized nasal and temporal bone anatomy. Clin Anat 19:32–36PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Liu GJ, Zhang SX, Qiu MG et al (2011) A novel technique for three-dimensional reconstruction for surgical simulation around the craniocervical junction region. Int Surg 96:274–280PubMed Liu GJ, Zhang SX, Qiu MG et al (2011) A novel technique for three-dimensional reconstruction for surgical simulation around the craniocervical junction region. Int Surg 96:274–280PubMed
14.
go back to reference Lou L, Liu SW, Zhao ZM et al (2009) Segmentation and reconstruction of hepatic veins and intrahepatic portal vein based on the coronal sectional anatomic dataset. Surg Radiol Anat 31:763–768CrossRef Lou L, Liu SW, Zhao ZM et al (2009) Segmentation and reconstruction of hepatic veins and intrahepatic portal vein based on the coronal sectional anatomic dataset. Surg Radiol Anat 31:763–768CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Park JS, Chung MS, Chi JG et al (2010) Segmentation of cerebral gyri in the sectioned images by referring to volume model. J Korean Med Sci 25:1710–1715PubMedCrossRef Park JS, Chung MS, Chi JG et al (2010) Segmentation of cerebral gyri in the sectioned images by referring to volume model. J Korean Med Sci 25:1710–1715PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Park JS, Chung MS, Hwang SB et al (2005) Improved serially sectioned images of the entire body. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 24:352–360PubMedCrossRef Park JS, Chung MS, Hwang SB et al (2005) Improved serially sectioned images of the entire body. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 24:352–360PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Park JS, Chung MS, Hwang SB et al (2005) Technical report on semiautomatic segmentation using the Adobe Photoshop. J Digit Imaging 18:333–343PubMedCrossRef Park JS, Chung MS, Hwang SB et al (2005) Technical report on semiautomatic segmentation using the Adobe Photoshop. J Digit Imaging 18:333–343PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Park JS, Chung MS, Hwang SB et al (2006) Visible Korean Human: its techniques and applications. Clin Anat 19:216–224PubMedCrossRef Park JS, Chung MS, Hwang SB et al (2006) Visible Korean Human: its techniques and applications. Clin Anat 19:216–224PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Park JS, Chung MS, Shin DS et al (2009) Sectioned images of the cadaver head including the brain and correspondences with ultrahigh field 7.0 T MRIs. Proc IEEE 97:1988–1996CrossRef Park JS, Chung MS, Shin DS et al (2009) Sectioned images of the cadaver head including the brain and correspondences with ultrahigh field 7.0 T MRIs. Proc IEEE 97:1988–1996CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Park JS, Jung YW, Lee JW et al (2008) Generating useful images for medical applications from the Visible Korean Human. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 92:257–266PubMedCrossRef Park JS, Jung YW, Lee JW et al (2008) Generating useful images for medical applications from the Visible Korean Human. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 92:257–266PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Park JS, Shin DS, Chung MS et al (2007) Technique of semiautomatic surface reconstruction of the Visible Korean Human data using commercial software. Clin Anat 20:871–879PubMedCrossRef Park JS, Shin DS, Chung MS et al (2007) Technique of semiautomatic surface reconstruction of the Visible Korean Human data using commercial software. Clin Anat 20:871–879PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Pommert A, Höhne KH, Pflesser B et al (2001) Creating a high-resolution spatial/symbolic model of the inner organs based on the Visible Human. Med Image Anal 5:221–228PubMedCrossRef Pommert A, Höhne KH, Pflesser B et al (2001) Creating a high-resolution spatial/symbolic model of the inner organs based on the Visible Human. Med Image Anal 5:221–228PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Shin DS, Chung MS, Lee JW et al (2009) Advanced surface reconstruction technique to build detailed surface models of liver and neighboring structures from the Visible Korean Human. J Korean Med Sci 24:375–383PubMedCrossRef Shin DS, Chung MS, Lee JW et al (2009) Advanced surface reconstruction technique to build detailed surface models of liver and neighboring structures from the Visible Korean Human. J Korean Med Sci 24:375–383PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Shin DS, Chung MS, Park HS et al (2011) Browsing software of the Visible Korean data used for teaching sectional anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 4:327–332PubMedCrossRef Shin DS, Chung MS, Park HS et al (2011) Browsing software of the Visible Korean data used for teaching sectional anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 4:327–332PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Shin DS, Chung MS, Park JS et al (2011) Three-dimensional surface models of detailed lumbosacral structures reconstructed from the Visible Korean. Ann Anat 193:64–70PubMedCrossRef Shin DS, Chung MS, Park JS et al (2011) Three-dimensional surface models of detailed lumbosacral structures reconstructed from the Visible Korean. Ann Anat 193:64–70PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Shin DS, Chung MS, Park JS et al (2012) Systematized methods of surface reconstruction from the serial sectioned images of a cadaver head. J Craniofac Surg 23:190–194PubMedCrossRef Shin DS, Chung MS, Park JS et al (2012) Systematized methods of surface reconstruction from the serial sectioned images of a cadaver head. J Craniofac Surg 23:190–194PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Shin DS, Park JS, Lee S-B et al (2009) Surface model of the gastrointestinal tract constructed from the Visible Korean. Clin Anat 22:601–609PubMedCrossRef Shin DS, Park JS, Lee S-B et al (2009) Surface model of the gastrointestinal tract constructed from the Visible Korean. Clin Anat 22:601–609PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Shin DS, Park JS, Shin BS et al (2011) Surface models of the male urogenital organs built from the Visible Korean using popular software. Anat Cell Biol 44:151–159PubMedCrossRef Shin DS, Park JS, Shin BS et al (2011) Surface models of the male urogenital organs built from the Visible Korean using popular software. Anat Cell Biol 44:151–159PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Spitzer V, Ackerman MJ, Scherzinger AL et al (1996) The Visible Human male: a technical report. J Am Med Inform Assoc 3:118–130PubMedCrossRef Spitzer V, Ackerman MJ, Scherzinger AL et al (1996) The Visible Human male: a technical report. J Am Med Inform Assoc 3:118–130PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Spitzer VM, Scherzinger AL (2006) Virtual anatomy: an anatomist’s playground. Clin Anat 19:192–203PubMedCrossRef Spitzer VM, Scherzinger AL (2006) Virtual anatomy: an anatomist’s playground. Clin Anat 19:192–203PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Spitzer VM, Whitlock DG (1998) Atlas of the Visible Human male: reverse engineering of the human body. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Massachusetts Spitzer VM, Whitlock DG (1998) Atlas of the Visible Human male: reverse engineering of the human body. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Massachusetts
33.
go back to reference Sun B, Tang YC, Fan LZ et al (2008) The pineal region: thin sectional anatomy with MR correlation in the coronal plane. Surg Radiol Anat 30:575–582PubMedCrossRef Sun B, Tang YC, Fan LZ et al (2008) The pineal region: thin sectional anatomy with MR correlation in the coronal plane. Surg Radiol Anat 30:575–582PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Tang L, Chung MS, Liu Q et al (2010) Advanced features of whole body sectioned images: Virtual Chinese Human. Clin Anat 23:523–529PubMedCrossRef Tang L, Chung MS, Liu Q et al (2010) Advanced features of whole body sectioned images: Virtual Chinese Human. Clin Anat 23:523–529PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Tang L, Dai JX (2005) Color atlas of Chinese Digital Human (female). People’s Military Medical Press, Beijing Tang L, Dai JX (2005) Color atlas of Chinese Digital Human (female). People’s Military Medical Press, Beijing
36.
go back to reference Tang L, Dai JX (2006) Color atlas of Chinese Digital Human (male). People’s Military Medical Press, Beijing Tang L, Dai JX (2006) Color atlas of Chinese Digital Human (male). People’s Military Medical Press, Beijing
37.
go back to reference Tang YC, Zhao ZM, Lin XT et al (2009) The thin sectional anatomy of the sellar region with MRI correlation. Surg Radiol Anat 32:573–580PubMedCrossRef Tang YC, Zhao ZM, Lin XT et al (2009) The thin sectional anatomy of the sellar region with MRI correlation. Surg Radiol Anat 32:573–580PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Uhl J-F, Park JS, Chung MS et al (2006) Three-dimensional reconstruction of urogenital tract from Visible Korean Human. Anat Rec Part A 288A:893–899CrossRef Uhl J-F, Park JS, Chung MS et al (2006) Three-dimensional reconstruction of urogenital tract from Visible Korean Human. Anat Rec Part A 288A:893–899CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Wu Y, Zhang SX, Luo N et al (2010) Creation of the digital three-dimensional model of the prostate and its adjacent structures based on Chinese Visible Human. Surg Radiol Anat 32:629–635PubMedCrossRef Wu Y, Zhang SX, Luo N et al (2010) Creation of the digital three-dimensional model of the prostate and its adjacent structures based on Chinese Visible Human. Surg Radiol Anat 32:629–635PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Yuan L, Tang L, Huang WH et al (2003) Construction of data set for Virtual Chinese male no.1. J First Mil Med Univ 23:520–523 Yuan L, Tang L, Huang WH et al (2003) Construction of data set for Virtual Chinese male no.1. J First Mil Med Univ 23:520–523
41.
go back to reference Yuan Y, Qi LN, Luo SQ (2008) The reconstruction and application of Virtual Chinese Human female. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 92:249–256PubMedCrossRef Yuan Y, Qi LN, Luo SQ (2008) The reconstruction and application of Virtual Chinese Human female. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 92:249–256PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Zhang SX, Heng PA, Liu ZJ (2004) Atlas of Chinese Visible Human (male and female). Science Press, Beijing Zhang SX, Heng PA, Liu ZJ (2004) Atlas of Chinese Visible Human (male and female). Science Press, Beijing
44.
go back to reference Zhang SX, Heng PA, Liu ZJ et al (2003) Creation of the Chinese Visible Human data set. Anat Rec Part B New Anat 275B:190–195CrossRef Zhang SX, Heng PA, Liu ZJ et al (2003) Creation of the Chinese Visible Human data set. Anat Rec Part B New Anat 275B:190–195CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Zhen JP, Liu C, Wang SY et al (2007) The thin sectional anatomy of the temporal bone correlated with multislice spiral CT. Surg Radiol Anat 29:409–418PubMedCrossRef Zhen JP, Liu C, Wang SY et al (2007) The thin sectional anatomy of the temporal bone correlated with multislice spiral CT. Surg Radiol Anat 29:409–418PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Zhong SZ, Yuan L, Tang L et al (2003) Research report of experimental database establishment of digitized Virtual Chinese no.1 female. J First Mil Med Univ 23:196–209 Zhong SZ, Yuan L, Tang L et al (2003) Research report of experimental database establishment of digitized Virtual Chinese no.1 female. J First Mil Med Univ 23:196–209
Metadata
Title
The Visible Human Projects in Korea and China with improved images and diverse applications
Authors
Jing-Xing Dai
Min Suk Chung
Rong-Mei Qu
Lin Yuan
Shu-Wei Liu
Dong Sun Shin
Publication date
01-08-2012
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy / Issue 6/2012
Print ISSN: 0930-1038
Electronic ISSN: 1279-8517
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-012-0945-8

Other articles of this Issue 6/2012

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 6/2012 Go to the issue

Letter to the Editor

Recurrent laryngeal nerve