Top

European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging

Published in:

Open Access 01-11-2021 | Prostate Cancer | Review Article

Factors predicting biochemical response and survival benefits following radioligand therapy with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer: a review

Authors: Reyhaneh Manafi-Farid, Sara Harsini, Bahare Saidi, Hojat Ahmadzadehfar, Ken Herrmann, Alberto Briganti, Jochen Walz, Mohsen Beheshti

Published in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging | Issue 12/2021

Abstract

Background

Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancers in men. Although the overall prognosis is favorable, the management of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients is challenging. Usually, mCRPC patients with progressive disease are considered for radioligand therapy (RLT) after exhaustion of other standard treatments. The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) labeled with Lutetium-177 ([¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA) has been widely used, showing favorable and successful results in reducing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, increasing quality of life, and decreasing pain, in a multitude of studies. Nevertheless, approximately thirty percent of patients do not respond to [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA RLT. Here, we only reviewed and reported the evaluated factors and their impact on survival or biochemical response to treatment to have an overview of the potentialprognostic parameters in [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA RLT.

Methods

Studies were retrieved by searching MEDLINE/PubMed and GoogleScholar. The search keywords were as follows: {(“177Lu-PSMA”) AND (“radioligand”) AND (“prognosis”) OR (“predict”)}. Studies discussing one or more factors which may be prognostic or predictive of response to [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA RLT, that is PSA response and survival parameters, were included.

Results

Several demographic, histological, biochemical, and imaging factors have been assessed as predictive parameters for the response to thistreatment; however, the evaluated factors were diverse, and the results mostly were divergent, except for the PSA level reduction after treatment, which unanimously predicted prolonged survival.

Conclusion

Several studies have investigated a multitude of factors to detect those predicting response to [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA RLT. The results wereinconsistent regarding some factors, and some were evaluated in only a few studies. Future prospective randomized trials are required to detect theindependent prognostic factors, and to further determine the clinical and survival benefits of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA RLT.

Beheshti M, Manafi-Farid R, Geinitz H, Vali R, Loidl W, Mottaghy FM, et al. Multiphasic (68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT in the detection of early recurrence in prostate cancer patients with a PSA level of less than 1 ng/mL: a prospective study of 135 patients. J Nucl Med. 2020;61:1484–90. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.119.238071.CrossRefPubMed

National Cancer Institute. Surveillance E, and End Results Program. Cancer Stat Facts: Prostate Cancer. 2010–2016. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html. Accessed 18 Sep 2020.

Silberstein JL, Pal SK, Lewis B, Sartor O. Current clinical challenges in prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol. 2013;2:122–36. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2013.09.03.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Ahmadzadehfar H, Rahbar K, Baum RP, Seifert R, Kessel K, Bogemann M, et al. Prior therapies as prognostic factors of overall survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with [(177)Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. A WARMTH multicenter study (the 617 trial). Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04797-9.

Virgolini I, Decristoforo C, Haug A, Fanti S, Uprimny C. Current status of theranostics in prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45:471–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-017-3882-2.CrossRefPubMed

Ahmadzadehfar H, Aryana K, Pirayesh E, Farzanehfar S, Assadi M, Fallahi B, et al. The Iranian Society of Nuclear Medicine practical guideline on radioligand therapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer using 177Lu-PSMA. Iran J Nucl Med. 2018;26:2–8.

Fallahi B, Khademi N, Karamzade-Ziarati N, Fard-Esfahani A, Emami-Ardekani A, Farzanefar S, et al. 99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT versus 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT in the evaluation of metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1097/rlu.0000000000003410.

Bander NH, Trabulsi EJ, Kostakoglu L, Yao D, Vallabhajosula S, Smith-Jones P, et al. Targeting metastatic prostate cancer with radiolabeled monoclonal antibody J591 to the extracellular domain of prostate specific membrane antigen. J Urol. 2003;170:1717–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000091655.77601.0c.CrossRefPubMed

Holland JP, Divilov V, Bander NH, Smith-Jones PM, Larson SM, Lewis JS. 89Zr-DFO-J591 for immunoPET of prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in vivo. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:1293–300. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.110.076174.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Vallabhajosula S, Kuji I, Hamacher KA, Konishi S, Kostakoglu L, Kothari PA, et al. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of 111In- and 177Lu-labeled J591 antibody specific for prostate-specific membrane antigen: prediction of 90Y-J591 radiation dosimetry based on 111In or 177Lu? J Nucl Med. 2005;46:634–41.PubMed

11.

Pandit-Taskar N, O’Donoghue JA, Ruan S, Lyashchenko SK, Carrasquillo JA, Heller G, et al. First-in-human imaging with 89Zr-Df-IAB2M anti-PSMA minibody in patients with metastatic prostate cancer: pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, dosimetry, and lesion uptake. J Nucl Med. 2016;57:1858–64. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.116.176206.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Cho SY, Gage KL, Mease RC, Senthamizhchelvan S, Holt DP, Jeffrey-Kwanisai A, et al. Biodistribution, tumor detection, and radiation dosimetry of 18F-DCFBC, a low-molecular-weight inhibitor of prostate-specific membrane antigen, in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1883–91. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.112.104661.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Szabo Z, Mena E, Rowe SP, Plyku D, Nidal R, Eisenberger MA, et al. Initial evaluation of [(18)F]DCFPyL for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted PET imaging of prostate cancer. Mol Imaging Biol. 2015;17:565–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11307-015-0850-8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Afshar-Oromieh A, Hetzheim H, Kratochwil C, Benesova M, Eder M, Neels OC, et al. The theranostic PSMA ligand PSMA-617 in the diagnosis of prostate cancer by PET/CT: biodistribution in humans, radiation dosimetry, and first evaluation of tumor lesions. J Nucl Med. 2015;56:1697–705. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.115.161299.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Weineisen M, Schottelius M, Simecek J, Baum RP, Yildiz A, Beykan S, et al. 68Ga-and 177Lu-labeled PSMA I&T: optimization of a PSMA-targeted theranostic concept and first proof-of-concept human studies. J Nucl Med. 2015;56:1169–76. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.115.158550.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Pandit-Taskar N, O’Donoghue JA, Durack JC, Lyashchenko SK, Cheal SM, Beylergil V, et al. A phase I/II study for analytic validation of 89Zr-J591 immunoPET as a molecular imaging agent for metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:5277–85. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-0552.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Ahmadzadehfar H, Wegen S, Yordanova A, Fimmers R, Kurpig S, Eppard E, et al. Overall survival and response pattern of castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer to multiple cycles of radioligand therapy using [(177)Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:1448–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-017-3716-2.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Morgenstern A, Apostolidis C, Kratochwil C, Sathekge M, Krolicki L, Bruchertseifer F. An overview of targeted alpha therapy with (225)Actinium and (213)Bismuth. Curr Radiopharm. 2018;11:200–8. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874471011666180502104524.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Sathekge M, Knoesen O, Meckel M, Modiselle M, Vorster M, Marx S. 213Bi-PSMA-617 targeted alpha-radionuclide therapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:1099–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-017-3657-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Heck MM, Tauber R, Schwaiger S, Retz M, D’Alessandria C, Maurer T, et al. Treatment outcome, toxicity, and predictive factors for radioligand therapy with (177)Lu-PSMA-I&T in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2019;75:920–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2018.11.016.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Hofman MS, Violet J, Hicks RJ, Ferdinandus J, Thang SP, Akhurst T, et al. [(177)Lu]-PSMA-617 radionuclide treatment in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (LuPSMA trial): a single-centre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19:825–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30198-0.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Kim YJ, Kim YI. Therapeutic responses and survival effects of 177Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43:728–34. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000002210.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Rahbar K, Boegemann M, Yordanova A, Eveslage M, Schafers M, Essler M, et al. PSMA targeted radioligandtherapy in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer after chemotherapy, abiraterone and/or enzalutamide. A retrospective analysis of overall survival. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45:12–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-017-3848-4.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Ferdinandus J, Eppard E, Gaertner FC, Kurpig S, Fimmers R, Yordanova A, et al. Predictors of response to radioligand therapy of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer with 177Lu-PSMA-617. J Nucl Med. 2017;58:312–9. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.116.178228.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Giraudet A. Radionuclide therapy targeting PSMA for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer: current point of view and ways of improvement. Médecine Nucléaire. 2019;43:275–9.CrossRef

26.

Yadav MP, Ballal S, Bal C, Sahoo RK, Damle NA, Tripathi M, et al. Efficacy and safety of 177Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Clin Nucl Med. 2020;45:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000002833.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Baum RP, Kulkarni HR, Schuchardt C, Singh A, Wirtz M, Wiessalla S, et al. Lutetium-177 PSMA radioligand therapy of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: safety and efficacy. J Nucl Med. 2016:jnumed:115.168443. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.115.168443.

28.

Rahbar K, Ahmadzadehfar H, Kratochwil C, Haberkorn U, Schafers M, Essler M, et al. German multicenter study investigating 177Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy in advanced prostate cancer patients. J Nucl Med. 2017;58:85–90. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.116.183194.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Yordanova A, Linden P, Hauser S, Meisenheimer M, Kurpig S, Feldmann G, et al. Outcome and safety of rechallenge [(177)Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;46:1073–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-018-4222-x.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Bräuer A, Grubert LS, Roll W, Schrader AJ, Schäfers M, Bögemann M, et al. 177 Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy and outcome in patients with metastasized castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:1663–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-017-3751-z.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Ferdinandus J, Violet J, Sandhu S, Hicks RJ, Ravi Kumar AS, Iravani A, et al. Prognostic biomarkers in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer receiving [177Lu]-PSMA-617. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;47:2322–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04723-z.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Yordanova A, Linden P, Hauser S, Feldmann G, Brossart P, Fimmers R, et al. The value of tumor markers in men with metastatic prostate cancer undergoing [(177) Lu]Lu-PSMA therapy. Prostate. 2020;80:17–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23912.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Gafita A, Heck M, Rauscher I, Tauber R, Cala L, Franz C, et al. Early prostate-specific antigen changes and clinical outcome following 177Lu-PSMA radionuclide treatment in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. :2020:jnumed. 119.240242. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.119.240242.

34.

Barber TW, Singh A, Kulkarni HR, Niepsch K, Billah B, Baum RP. Clinical outcomes of 177Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy in taxane chemotherapy pretreated and taxane chemotherapy naïve patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. J Nucl Med:2019:jnumed.118.216820. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.118.216820.

35.

Ahmadzadehfar H, Schlolaut S, Fimmers R, Yordanova A, Hirzebruch S, Schlenkhoff C, et al. Predictors of overall survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients receiving [(177)Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy. Oncotarget. 2017;8:103108–16. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.21600.CrossRef

36.

Grubmüller B, Senn D, Kramer G, Baltzer P, D’Andrea D, Grubmüller KH, et al. Response assessment using 68 Ga-PSMA ligand PET in patients undergoing 177 Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;46:1063–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-018-4236-4.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Gafita A, Calais J, Hui W, Weber M, Rathke H, Esfandiari R, et al. Predictive factors and prediction nomograms for LuPSMA radioligand therapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: an international multicentre retrospective study. J Nucl Med. 2020;61:593.CrossRef

38.

Derlin T, Sommerlath Sohns JM, Schmuck S, Henkenberens C, von Klot CA, Ross TL, et al. Influence of short-term dexamethasone on the efficacy of 177Lu-PSMA-617 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate. 2020;80:619–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23974.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Gadot M, Davidson T, Aharon M, Atenafu EG, Malki A, Levartovsky M, et al. Clinical variables associated with PSA response to Lutetium-177-PSMA ([177Lu]-PSMA-617) radionuclide treatment in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12:1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12051078.CrossRef

40.

Ahmadzadehfar H, Eppard E, Kurpig S, Fimmers R, Yordanova A, Schlenkhoff CD, et al. Therapeutic response and side effects of repeated radioligand therapy with 177Lu-PSMA-DKFZ-617 of castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:12477–88. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.7245.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Bubley GJ, Carducci M, Dahut W, Dawson N, Daliani D, Eisenberger M, et al. Eligibility and response guidelines for phase II clinical trials in androgen-independent prostate cancer: recommendations from the Prostate-Specific Antigen Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:3461–7. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.11.3461.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Scher HI, Morris MJ, Stadler WM, Higano C, Basch E, Fizazi K, et al. Trial design and objectives for castration-resistant prostate cancer: updated recommendations from the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 3. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:1402–18. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.64.2702.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Yadav MP, Ballal S, Sahoo RK, Dwivedi SN, Bal C. Radioligand therapy with (177)Lu-PSMA for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019;213:275–85. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.18.20845.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Gafita A, Rauscher I, Retz M, Knorr K, Heck M, Wester HJ, et al. Early experience of rechallenge (177)Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy after an initial good response in patients with advanced prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2019;60:644–8. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.118.215715.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Roll W, Brauer A, Weckesser M, Bogemann M, Rahbar K. Long-term survival and excellent response to repeated 177Lu-prostate-specific membrane antigen 617 radioligand therapy in a patient with advanced metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Nucl Med. 2018;43:755–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000002212.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Rahbar K, Bogeman M, Yordanova A, Eveslage M, Schafers M, Essler M, et al. Delayed response after repeated (177)Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45:243–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-017-3877-z.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Mottet NBJ, Briers E, Bolla M, Bourke L, Cornford P, De Santis M, et al. Guidelines on prostate cancer. Arnhem, The Netherlands: EAU Guidelines Office; 2020. Available from: https://uroweb.org/guideline/prostate-cancer/. Accessed 9 Sep 2020

48.

Suman S, Parghane RV, Joshi A, Prabhash K, Bakshi G, Talole S, et al. Therapeutic efficacy, prognostic variables and clinical outcome of 177Lu-PSMA-617 PRLT in progressive mCRPC following multiple lines of treatment: prognostic implications of high FDG uptake on dual tracer PET-CT vis-à-vis Gleason score in such cohort. Brit J Radiol. 2019;92:20190380. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190380.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

49.

Kulkarni H, Schuchardt C, Singh A, Langbein T, Baum R. Early initiation of Lu-177 PSMA radioligand therapy prolongs overall survival in metastatic prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2018;59:supplement 1.529.

50.

Kesavan M, Turner JH, Meyrick D, Yeo S, Cardaci G, Lenzo NP. Salvage radiopeptide therapy of advanced castrate-resistant prostate cancer with Lutetium-177-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen: efficacy and safety in routine practice. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2018;33:274–81. https://doi.org/10.1089/cbr.2017.2403.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Rathke H, Giesel FL, Flechsig P, Kopka K, Mier W, Hohenfellner M, et al. Repeated (177)Lu-labeled PSMA-617 radioligand therapy using treatment activities of up to 9.3 GBq. J Nucl Med. 2018;59:459–65. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.117.194209.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Violet J, Jackson P, Ferdinandus J, Sandhu S, Akhurst T, Iravani A, et al. Dosimetry of 177Lu-PSMA-617 in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: correlations between pretherapeutic imaging and whole-body tumor dosimetry with treatment outcomes. J Nucl Med. 2019;60:517–23. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.118.219352.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Seifert R, Seitzer K, Herrmann K, Kessel K, Schafers M, Kleesiek J, et al. Analysis of PSMA expression and outcome in patients with advanced prostate cancer receiving (177)Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy. Theranostics. 2020;10:7812–20. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.47251.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Gunalp B, Emer M, Ozaydin S, Alagoz E, Semra I, Ayan A, et al. Effectiveness of 177Lu PSMA-617 radioligand therapy in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2018;59:1478.

55.

Emmett L, Crumbaker M, Ho B, Willowson K, Eu P, Ratnayake L, et al. Results of a prospective phase 2 pilot trial of (177)Lu-PSMA-617 therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer including imaging predictors of treatment response and patterns of progression. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2019;17:15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2018.09.014.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Heinzel A, Boghos D, Mottaghy FM, Gaertner F, Essler M, von Mallek D, et al. (68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT for monitoring response to (177)Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;46:1054–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-4258-6.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Gafita A, Calais J, Wang H, Weber M, Rathke H, Kratochwil C, et al. Prognostic markers for overall survival and outcome to LuPSMA radionuclide treatment in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 2020:5548.

58.

Halabi S, Kelly WK, Ma H, Zhou H, Solomon NC, Fizazi K, et al. Meta-analysis evaluating the impact of site of metastasis on overall survival in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:1652–9. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.65.7270.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Karamzade-Ziarati N, Manafi-Farid R, Ataeinia B, Langsteger W, Pirich C, Mottaghy FM, et al. Molecular imaging of bone metastases using tumor-targeted tracers. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;63:136–49. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1824-4785.19.03206-0.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Zhuo L, Cheng Y, Pan Y, Zong J, Sun W, Xu L, et al. Prostate cancer with bone metastasis in Beijing: an observational study of prevalence, hospital visits and treatment costs using data from an administrative claims database. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e028214. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028214.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

Norgaard M, Jensen AO, Jacobsen JB, Cetin K, Fryzek JP, Sorensen HT. Skeletal related events, bone metastasis and survival of prostate cancer: a population based cohort study in Denmark (1999 to 2007). J Urol. 2010;184:162–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.034.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Gandaglia G, Abdollah F, Schiffmann J, Trudeau V, Shariat SF, Kim SP, et al. Distribution of metastatic sites in patients with prostate cancer: a population-based analysis. Prostate. 2014;74:210–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.22742.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Barber TW, Singh A, Kulkarni HR, Niepsch K, Billah B, Baum RP. Clinical outcomes of 177lu-psma radioligand therapy in earlier and later phases of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer grouped by previous taxane chemotherapy. J Nucl Med. 2019;60:955–62. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.118.216820.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Gravis G, Boher JM, Fizazi K, Joly F, Priou F, Marino P, et al. Prognostic factors for survival in noncastrate metastatic prostate cancer: validation of the glass model and development of a novel simplified prognostic model. Eur Urol. 2015;68:196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2014.09.022.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Rao SR, Snaith AE, Marino D, Cheng X, Lwin ST, Orriss IR, et al. Tumour-derived alkaline phosphatase regulates tumour growth, epithelial plasticity and disease-free survival in metastatic prostate cancer. Br J Cancer. 2017;116:227–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.402.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Halabi S, Lin CY, Kelly WK, Fizazi KS, Moul JW, Kaplan EB, et al. Updated prognostic model for predicting overall survival in first-line chemotherapy for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:671–7. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.52.3696.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Naruse K, Yamada Y, Aoki S, Taki T, Nakamura K, Tobiume M, et al. Lactate dehydrogenase is a prognostic indicator for prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2007;53:287–92.PubMed

68.

Smaletz O, Scher HI, Small EJ, Verbel DA, McMillan A, Regan K, et al. Nomogram for overall survival of patients with progressive metastatic prostate cancer after castration. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:3972–82. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2002.11.021.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Kratochwil C, Fendler WP, Eiber M, Baum R, Bozkurt MF, Czernin J, et al. EANM procedure guidelines for radionuclide therapy with (177)Lu-labelled PSMA-ligands ((177)Lu-PSMA-RLT). Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;46:2536–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-04485-3.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Ahmadzadehfar H, Essler M. Predictive factors of response and overall survival in patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer undergoing (177)Lu-PSMA therapy. J Nucl Med. 2018;59:1033–4. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.118.209270.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Factors predicting biochemical response and survival benefits following radioligand therapy with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer: a review
Authors: Reyhaneh Manafi-Farid
Sara Harsini
Bahare Saidi
Hojat Ahmadzadehfar
Ken Herrmann
Alberto Briganti
Jochen Walz
Mohsen Beheshti
Publication date: 01-11-2021
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keywords: Prostate Cancer
Metastasis
Prostate Cancer
Published in: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging / Issue 12/2021
Print ISSN: 1619-7070
Electronic ISSN: 1619-7089
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05237-y

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Factors predicting biochemical response and survival benefits following radioligand therapy with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer: a review

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 12/2021

Functional 4-D clustering for characterizing intratumor heterogeneity in dynamic imaging: evaluation in FDG PET as a prognostic biomarker for breast cancer

Artificial intelligence is a promising prospect for the detection of prostate cancer extracapsular extension with mpMRI: a two-center comparative study

Prognostic value of [18F]FDG PET/CT in patients with CNS lymphoma receiving ibrutinib-based therapies

What’s behind 68Ga-PSMA-11 uptake in primary prostate cancer PET? Investigation of histopathological parameters and immunohistochemical PSMA expression patterns

Imaging and liquid biopsy in the prediction and evaluation of response to PRRT in neuroendocrine tumors: implications for patient management

Brain 18F-FDG PET for the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review and a meta-analysis