Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Pediatric Radiology 10/2017

01-09-2017 | Minisymposium: Imaging of childhood tuberculosis

A systemic review of tuberculosis with HIV coinfection in children

Authors: Jaishree Naidoo, Nasreen Mahomed, Halvani Moodley

Published in: Pediatric Radiology | Issue 10/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

The epidemiology of tuberculosis is adversely impacted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. HIV-infected patients are more prone to opportunistic infections, most commonly tuberculosis, and the risk of death in coinfected patients is higher than in those without HIV. Due to the impaired cellular immunity and reduced immunological response in HIV-infected patients, the classic imaging features of tuberculosis usually seen in patients without HIV may present differently. The aim of this review article is to highlight the imaging features that may assist in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with HIV coinfection.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Nelson C, Zunt J (2011) Tuberculosis of the central nervous system in immunocompromised patients: HIV infection and solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 53:915–926CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Nelson C, Zunt J (2011) Tuberculosis of the central nervous system in immunocompromised patients: HIV infection and solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 53:915–926CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
go back to reference Berenguer J, Moreno S, Laguna F et al (1992) Tuberculous meningitis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 326:668–672CrossRefPubMed Berenguer J, Moreno S, Laguna F et al (1992) Tuberculous meningitis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 326:668–672CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Zar HJ (2008) Chronic lung disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children. Pediatr Pulmonol 43:1–10CrossRefPubMed Zar HJ (2008) Chronic lung disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children. Pediatr Pulmonol 43:1–10CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Zampoli M, Kilborn T, Eley B et al (2007) Tuberculosis during early antiretroviral-induced immune reconstitution in HIV-infected children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11:417–423PubMed Zampoli M, Kilborn T, Eley B et al (2007) Tuberculosis during early antiretroviral-induced immune reconstitution in HIV-infected children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11:417–423PubMed
6.
go back to reference George R, Andronikou S, Theron S et al (2009) Pulmonary infections in HIV-positive children. Pediatr Radiol 39:545–554CrossRefPubMed George R, Andronikou S, Theron S et al (2009) Pulmonary infections in HIV-positive children. Pediatr Radiol 39:545–554CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Du Toit G, Swingler G, Iloni K et al (2002) Observer variation in detecting lymphadenopathy on chest radiography. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6:814–817PubMed Du Toit G, Swingler G, Iloni K et al (2002) Observer variation in detecting lymphadenopathy on chest radiography. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6:814–817PubMed
8.
go back to reference Zar HJ (2007) Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children-what's new? S Afr Med J 97:983–985PubMed Zar HJ (2007) Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children-what's new? S Afr Med J 97:983–985PubMed
9.
go back to reference Andronikou S, van der Merwe DJ, Goussard P et al (2012) Usefulness of lateral radiographs for detecting tuberculous lymphadenopathy in children- confirmation using sagittal CT reconstruction with multiplanar cross-referencing. SA J Radiol 16:87–92 Andronikou S, van der Merwe DJ, Goussard P et al (2012) Usefulness of lateral radiographs for detecting tuberculous lymphadenopathy in children- confirmation using sagittal CT reconstruction with multiplanar cross-referencing. SA J Radiol 16:87–92
10.
go back to reference South African National Department of Health (2010) Guidelines for the management of HIV in children, 2nd edn South African National Department of Health (2010) Guidelines for the management of HIV in children, 2nd edn
11.
14.
go back to reference Andronikou S, Joseph E, Lucas S et al (2004) CT scanning for the detection of tuberculous mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy in children. Pediatr Radiol 34:232–236CrossRefPubMed Andronikou S, Joseph E, Lucas S et al (2004) CT scanning for the detection of tuberculous mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy in children. Pediatr Radiol 34:232–236CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Leung AN, Muller NL, Pineda PR et al (1992) Primary tuberculosis in childhood: radiographic manifestations. Radiology 182:87–91CrossRefPubMed Leung AN, Muller NL, Pineda PR et al (1992) Primary tuberculosis in childhood: radiographic manifestations. Radiology 182:87–91CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Mahomed N, Hleza B, Andronikou S et al (2011) The doughnut sign. SA J Child Health 5:2 Mahomed N, Hleza B, Andronikou S et al (2011) The doughnut sign. SA J Child Health 5:2
17.
go back to reference Andronikou S, Brauer B, Galpin J et al (2005) Interobserver variability in the detection of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes on CT in children with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. Pediatr Radiol 235:425–428CrossRef Andronikou S, Brauer B, Galpin J et al (2005) Interobserver variability in the detection of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes on CT in children with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. Pediatr Radiol 235:425–428CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Andronikou S, Wieselthaler N (2004) Modern imaging of tuberculosis in children: thoracic, central nervous system and abdominal tuberculosis. Pediatr Radiol 34:861–875CrossRefPubMed Andronikou S, Wieselthaler N (2004) Modern imaging of tuberculosis in children: thoracic, central nervous system and abdominal tuberculosis. Pediatr Radiol 34:861–875CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Lucas S, Andronikou S, Goussard P et al (2012) CT features of lymphobronchial tuberculosis in children, including complications and associated abnormalities. Pediatr Radiol 42:923–931CrossRefPubMed Lucas S, Andronikou S, Goussard P et al (2012) CT features of lymphobronchial tuberculosis in children, including complications and associated abnormalities. Pediatr Radiol 42:923–931CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Andronikou S, Wieselthlaler N (2009) Imaging for tuberculosis in children. In: Schaaf HS (ed) Tuberculosis: A comprehensive clinical reference. Saunders Elsevier, p 36 Andronikou S, Wieselthlaler N (2009) Imaging for tuberculosis in children. In: Schaaf HS (ed) Tuberculosis: A comprehensive clinical reference. Saunders Elsevier, p 36
21.
go back to reference Moseme T, Andronikou S (2014) Through the eye of the suprasternal notch: point-of-care sonography for tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenopathy in children. Pediatr Radiol 44:681–684CrossRefPubMed Moseme T, Andronikou S (2014) Through the eye of the suprasternal notch: point-of-care sonography for tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenopathy in children. Pediatr Radiol 44:681–684CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Bosch-Marcet J, Serres-Creixams X, Borras-Perez V et al (2007) Value of sonography for follow-up of mediastinal lymphadenopathy in children with tuberculosis. J Clin Ultrasound 35:118–124CrossRefPubMed Bosch-Marcet J, Serres-Creixams X, Borras-Perez V et al (2007) Value of sonography for follow-up of mediastinal lymphadenopathy in children with tuberculosis. J Clin Ultrasound 35:118–124CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Lin YS, Huang YC, Lin TY et al (2010) Abdominal tuberculosis in children: Diagnostic imaging. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 43:88–193 Lin YS, Huang YC, Lin TY et al (2010) Abdominal tuberculosis in children: Diagnostic imaging. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 43:88–193
24.
go back to reference Venturini E, Turkova A, Chiappini E et al (2014) Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in children. BMC Infect Dis 14:1471–2234 Venturini E, Turkova A, Chiappini E et al (2014) Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in children. BMC Infect Dis 14:1471–2234
25.
go back to reference Andronikou S, Welman CJ, Kader E et al (2002) The CT features of abdominal tuberculosis in children. Pediatr Radiol 32:75–81CrossRefPubMed Andronikou S, Welman CJ, Kader E et al (2002) The CT features of abdominal tuberculosis in children. Pediatr Radiol 32:75–81CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Shao H, Yang Z, Deng W et al (2012) Tuberculosis versus lymphoma in the abdominal lymph nodes: a comparative study using contrast enhanced MRI. Eur J Radiol 81:2513–2517CrossRefPubMed Shao H, Yang Z, Deng W et al (2012) Tuberculosis versus lymphoma in the abdominal lymph nodes: a comparative study using contrast enhanced MRI. Eur J Radiol 81:2513–2517CrossRefPubMed
27.
28.
go back to reference Dekker G, Andronikou S, van Toorn R et al (2011) MRI findings in children with tuberculous meningitis: comparison of HIV-infected and non-infected patients. Childs Nerv Syst 27:1943–1949CrossRefPubMed Dekker G, Andronikou S, van Toorn R et al (2011) MRI findings in children with tuberculous meningitis: comparison of HIV-infected and non-infected patients. Childs Nerv Syst 27:1943–1949CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Madhi S, Huebner R, Doedens L et al (2000) HIV-1 co-infection in children hospitalised with tuberculosis in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 4:448–454PubMed Madhi S, Huebner R, Doedens L et al (2000) HIV-1 co-infection in children hospitalised with tuberculosis in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 4:448–454PubMed
30.
go back to reference Andronikou S, Govender N, Ramdass A et al (2012) MRI appearances of tuberculous meningitis in HIV-infected children – a paradoxically protective mechanism at play? Imaging Med 4:359–366CrossRef Andronikou S, Govender N, Ramdass A et al (2012) MRI appearances of tuberculous meningitis in HIV-infected children – a paradoxically protective mechanism at play? Imaging Med 4:359–366CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Janse van Rensburg P, Andronikou S, van Toorn R et al (2008) Magnetic resonance imaging of miliary tuberculosis of the central nervous system in children with tuberculous meningitis. Pediatr Radiol 38:1306–1313CrossRefPubMed Janse van Rensburg P, Andronikou S, van Toorn R et al (2008) Magnetic resonance imaging of miliary tuberculosis of the central nervous system in children with tuberculous meningitis. Pediatr Radiol 38:1306–1313CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Whiteman M, Espinoza L, Post MJ et al (1995) Central nervous system tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: clinical and radiographic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16:1319–1327PubMed Whiteman M, Espinoza L, Post MJ et al (1995) Central nervous system tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: clinical and radiographic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16:1319–1327PubMed
33.
go back to reference Anuradha HK, Garg RK, Sinha MK et al (2011) Intracranial tuberculomas in patients with tuberculous meningitis: predictors and prognostic significance. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 15:234–239PubMed Anuradha HK, Garg RK, Sinha MK et al (2011) Intracranial tuberculomas in patients with tuberculous meningitis: predictors and prognostic significance. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 15:234–239PubMed
34.
go back to reference Garg RK, Malhotra HS, Jain A et al (2016) Neuroimaging in tuberculous meningitis. Neurol India 64:219–227CrossRefPubMed Garg RK, Malhotra HS, Jain A et al (2016) Neuroimaging in tuberculous meningitis. Neurol India 64:219–227CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Garg RK, Sinha MK (2011) Tuberculous meningitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Neurol 258:3–13CrossRefPubMed Garg RK, Sinha MK (2011) Tuberculous meningitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Neurol 258:3–13CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Kamra P, Azad R, Prasad KN et al (2004) Infectious meningitis: prospective evaluation with magnetization transfer MRI. Br J Radiol 77:387–394CrossRefPubMed Kamra P, Azad R, Prasad KN et al (2004) Infectious meningitis: prospective evaluation with magnetization transfer MRI. Br J Radiol 77:387–394CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference van Toorn R, Schaaf HS, Solomons R et al (2014) The value of transcranial Doppler imaging in children with tuberculous meningitis. Childs Nerv Syst 30:1711–1716CrossRefPubMed van Toorn R, Schaaf HS, Solomons R et al (2014) The value of transcranial Doppler imaging in children with tuberculous meningitis. Childs Nerv Syst 30:1711–1716CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Katrak SM, Shembalkar PK, Bijwe SR et al (2000) The clinical, radiological and pathological profile of tuberculous meningitis in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Neurol Sci 181:118–126CrossRefPubMed Katrak SM, Shembalkar PK, Bijwe SR et al (2000) The clinical, radiological and pathological profile of tuberculous meningitis in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Neurol Sci 181:118–126CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Andronikou S, Binderpasad M, Govender N et al (2011) Musculoskeletal tuberculosis – imaging using low-end and advanced modalities for developing and developed countries. Acta Radiol 52:430–441CrossRefPubMed Andronikou S, Binderpasad M, Govender N et al (2011) Musculoskeletal tuberculosis – imaging using low-end and advanced modalities for developing and developed countries. Acta Radiol 52:430–441CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Theron S, Andronikou S, George R et al (2009) Non-infective pulmonary disease in HIV-positive children. Pediatr Radiol 39:555–564CrossRefPubMed Theron S, Andronikou S, George R et al (2009) Non-infective pulmonary disease in HIV-positive children. Pediatr Radiol 39:555–564CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Kilborn T, Zampoli M (2009) Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children. Pediatr Radiol 39:569–574CrossRefPubMed Kilborn T, Zampoli M (2009) Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children. Pediatr Radiol 39:569–574CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Van Rie A, Sawry S, Link-Gelles R et al (2016) Paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 51:157–164CrossRefPubMed Van Rie A, Sawry S, Link-Gelles R et al (2016) Paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 51:157–164CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Smith K, Kuhn L, Coovadia A et al (2009) Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome among HIV-infected South African infants initiating antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 23:1097–1107CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Smith K, Kuhn L, Coovadia A et al (2009) Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome among HIV-infected South African infants initiating antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 23:1097–1107CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
go back to reference Rabie H, Violari A, Duong T et al (2011) Early antiretroviral treatment reduces risk of bacille Calmette-Guerin immune reconstitution adenitis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 15:1194–1200 iCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Rabie H, Violari A, Duong T et al (2011) Early antiretroviral treatment reduces risk of bacille Calmette-Guerin immune reconstitution adenitis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 15:1194–1200 iCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
go back to reference Link-Gelles R, Moultrie H, Sawry S et al (2014) Tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in children initiating antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic literature review. Pediatr Infect Dis J 33:499–503CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Link-Gelles R, Moultrie H, Sawry S et al (2014) Tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in children initiating antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic literature review. Pediatr Infect Dis J 33:499–503CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
48.
go back to reference Rajeswaran G, Becker JL, Michailidis C et al (2006) The radiology of IRIS in patients with mycobacterial tuberculosis and HIV co–infection: appearances in 11 patients. Clin Radiol 61:833–843CrossRefPubMed Rajeswaran G, Becker JL, Michailidis C et al (2006) The radiology of IRIS in patients with mycobacterial tuberculosis and HIV co–infection: appearances in 11 patients. Clin Radiol 61:833–843CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Marais S, Scholtz P, Pepper DJ et al (2010) Neuroradiological features of the tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 14:188–196PubMedPubMedCentral Marais S, Scholtz P, Pepper DJ et al (2010) Neuroradiological features of the tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 14:188–196PubMedPubMedCentral
50.
go back to reference Van Toorn R, Rabie H, Dramawski A et al (2012) Neurological manifestations of TB-IRIS: a report of 4 children. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 16:676–682CrossRefPubMed Van Toorn R, Rabie H, Dramawski A et al (2012) Neurological manifestations of TB-IRIS: a report of 4 children. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 16:676–682CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Lawn SD, Bekker LG, Miller RF et al (2005) Immune reconstitution disease associated with mycobacterial infections in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretrovirals. Lancet Infect Dis 5:361–373CrossRefPubMed Lawn SD, Bekker LG, Miller RF et al (2005) Immune reconstitution disease associated with mycobacterial infections in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretrovirals. Lancet Infect Dis 5:361–373CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
A systemic review of tuberculosis with HIV coinfection in children
Authors
Jaishree Naidoo
Nasreen Mahomed
Halvani Moodley
Publication date
01-09-2017
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Pediatric Radiology / Issue 10/2017
Print ISSN: 0301-0449
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1998
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-017-3895-9

Other articles of this Issue 10/2017

Pediatric Radiology 10/2017 Go to the issue