Top

Published in:

31-03-2024 | Urticaria | Review

Immunopathogenesis of urticaria: a clinical perspective on histamine and cytokine involvement

Authors: Rudranil Bhowmik, Md. Adil Shaharyar, Arnab Sarkar, Avishek Mandal, Kumar Anand, Humira Shabana, Achintya Mitra, Sanmoy Karmakar

Published in: Inflammation Research | Issue 5/2024

Abstract

Background

Urticaria is a clinical condition characterized by the appearance of wheals (hives), angioedema, or both. Over the last several decades, a better understanding of the mechanisms at play in the immunopathogenesis of urticaria has underscored the existence of numerous urticaria subtypes. Separating the different kinds of urticaria explicitly helps find the best detection method for the management of this skin disorder. Subtypes of urticaria also include both spontaneous and physical types. The conventional ones include spontaneous urticaria, constituting both acute and chronic urticaria. Therefore, a broad and effective therapy is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of urticaria.

Methods

To understand the immunopathogenesis of urticaria, various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were used to retrieve original articles and reviews related to urticaria. While information on several clinical trials were obtained from clinicaltrials.gov database.

Results

This article highlights the immunopathogenesis involved in the intricate interaction between cellular infiltration, immune reactions, coagulation cascades, and autoantibodies that underlie urticaria's pathophysiology.

Conclusion

The recent progress in understanding urticaria can help to understand the intricate characteristics in the immunopathogenesis of urticaria and could play a beneficial role in the management of urticaria.

Zuberbier T, Balke M, Worm M, Edenharter G, Maurer M. Epidemiology of urticaria: a representative cross-sectional population survey. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010;35(8):869–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2010.03840.x.CrossRefPubMed

Lee SJ, Ha EK, Jee HM, Lee KS, Lee SW, Kim MA, Kim DH, Jung YH, Sheen YH, Sung MS, Han MY. Prevalence and risk factors of urticaria with a focus on chronic urticaria in children. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017;9(3):212. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2017.9.3.212.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Church MK, Kolkhir P, Metz M, Maurer M. The role and relevance of mast cells in urticaria. Immunol Rev. 2018;282(1):232–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12632.CrossRefPubMed

Zuberbier T, Aberer W, Asero R, Abdul Latiff AH, Baker D, Ballmer-Weber B, Bernstein JA, Bindslev-Jensen C, Brzoza Z, Buense Bedrikow R, Canonica GW, Church MK, Craig T, Danilycheva IV, Dressler C, Ensina LF, Gimenez-Arnau A, Godse K, Goncalo M, Hebert J. The EAACI/GA²LEN/EDF/WAO guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis and management of urticaria. Alergologia. 2021;4(7):155. https://doi.org/10.26416/aler.6.4.2021.5815.CrossRef

Maurer M, Grabbe J. Urticaria. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2008. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2008.0458.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Weller K, Maurer M, Bauer A, Wedi B, Wagner N, Schliemann S, Kramps T, Baeumer D, Multmeier J, Hillmann E, Staubach P. Epidemiology, comorbidities, and healthcare utilization of patients with chronic urticaria in Germany. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;36(1):91–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17724.CrossRefPubMed

Schoepke N, Asero R, Ellrich A, Ferrer M, Gimenez-Arnau A, Grattan EHC, Jakob T, Konstantinou GN, Raap U, Skov PS, Staubach P, Kromminga A, Zhang K, Bindslev-Jensen C, Daschner A, Kinaciyan T, Knol EF, Makris M, Marrouche N, Maurer M. Biomarkers and clinical characteristics of autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria: results of the PURIST Study. Allergy. 2019;74(12):2427–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13949.CrossRefPubMed

Schmetzer O, Lakin E, Topal FA, Preusse P, Freier D, Church MK, Maurer M. IL-24 is a common and specific autoantigen of IgE in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;142(3):876–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.035.CrossRefPubMed

Giménez-Arnau AM, de Montjoye L, Asero R, Cugno M, Kulthanan K, Yanase Y, Hide M, Kaplan AP. The pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria: the role of infiltrating cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol: Pract. 2021;9(6):2195–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2021.03.033.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Yanase Y, Takahagi S, Ozawa K, Hide M. The role of coagulation and complement factors for mast cell activation in the pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria. Cells. 2021;10(7):1759. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071759.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Gonçalo M, Gimenéz-Arnau A, Al-Ahmad M, Ben-Shoshan M, Bernstein J, Ensina L, Fomina D, Galvàn C, Godse K, Grattan C, Hide M, Katelaris C, Khoshkhui M, Kocatürk E, Kulthanan K, Medina I, Nasr I, Peter J, Staubach P, Maurer M. The global burden of chronic urticaria for the patient and society*. Br J Dermatol. 2020;184(2):226–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.19561.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Maurer M, Abuzakouk M, Bérard F, Canonica W, Oude Elberink H, Giménez-Arnau A, Grattan C, Hollis K, Knulst A, Lacour J, Lynde C, Marsland A, McBride D, Nakonechna A, Ortiz de Frutos J, Proctor C, Sussman G, Sweeney C, Tian H, Balp M. The burden of chronic spontaneous urticaria is substantial: real-world evidence from ASSURE-CSU. Allergy. 2017;72(12):2005–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13209.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Kolkhir P, Elieh-Ali-Komi D, Metz M, Siebenhaar F, Maurer M. Understanding human mast cells: lesson from therapies for allergic and non-allergic diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;22(5):294–308. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-021-00622-y.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Peck G, Hashim M, Shaughnessy C, Muddasani S, Elsayed N, Fleischer A. Global epidemiology of urticaria: increasing burden among children, females and low-income regions. Acta Derm Venereol. 2021;101(4):adv00433. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3796.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Jadhav R, Alcala E, Sirota S, Capitman J. Risk factors for acute urticaria in Central California. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(7):3728. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073728.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Eun SJ, Lee JY, Kim DY, Yoon HS. Natural course of new-onset urticaria: Results of a 10-year follow-up, nationwide, population-based study. Allergol Int. 2019;68(1):52–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2018.05.011.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Parisi CA, Ritchie C, Petriz N, Torres CM, Gimenez-Arnau A. Chronic urticaria in a health maintenance organization of Buenos Aires, Argentina - new data that increase global knowledge of this disease. An Bras Dermatol. 2018;93(1):76–9. https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20186984.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Balp M, Khalil S, Tian H, Gabriel S, Vietri J, Zuberbier T. Burden of chronic urticaria relative to psoriasis in five European countries. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;32(2):282–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14584.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Wertenteil S, Strunk A, Garg A. Prevalence estimates for chronic urticaria in the United States: a sex- and age-adjusted population analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;81(1):152–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.02.064.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Tayefi M, Bradley M, Neijber A, Fastberg A, Ceynowa D, Eriksson M. Chronic urticaria: a Swedish registry-based cohort study on population, comorbidities and treatment characteristics. Acta Derm Venereol. 2022;102:adv00624. https://doi.org/10.2340/actadv.v101.737.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Seo JH, Kwon JW. Epidemiology of urticaria including physical urticaria and angioedema in Korea. Korean J Intern Med. 2019;34(2):418–25. https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2017.203.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Fricke J, Ávila G, Keller T, Weller K, Lau S, Maurer M, Zuberbier T, Keil T. Prevalence of chronic urticaria in children and adults across the globe: systematic review with meta-analysis. Allergy. 2019;75(2):423–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14037.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Xiao Y, Huang X, Jing D, Huang Y, Chen L, Zhang X, Zhao S, Zhang M, Luo Z, Su J, Kuang Y, Li J, Zhu W, Zhang J, Chen X, Shen M. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis and chronic spontaneous urticaria are associated with parental socioeconomic status in adolescents in China. Acta Derm Venereol. 2019;99(3):321–6. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-3104.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Kim Y, Park S, Han K, Bang C, Lee J, Park Y. Prevalence and incidence of chronic spontaneous urticaria in the entire Korean adult population. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(4):976–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16105.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Cantarutti A, Donà D, Visentin F, Borgia E, Scamarcia A, Cantarutti L, Peruzzi E, Egan CG, Villa M, Giaquinto C. Epidemiology of frequently occurring skin diseases in italian children from 2006 to 2012: a retrospective, population-based study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2015;32(5):668–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.12568.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Lapi F, Cassano N, Pegoraro V, Cataldo N, Heiman F, Cricelli I, Levi M, Colombo D, Zagni E, Cricelli C, Vena G. Epidemiology of chronic spontaneous urticaria: results from a nationwide, population-based study in Italy. Br J Dermatol. 2016;174(5):996–1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14470.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Chu CY, Cho YT, Jiang JH, Lin EIC, Tang CH. Epidemiology and comorbidities of patients with chronic urticaria in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based study. J Dermatol Sci. 2017;88(2):192–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.07.006.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Balp M, Weller K, Carboni V, Chirilov A, Papavassilis C, Severin T, Tian H, Zuberbier T, Maurer M. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of chronic spontaneous urticaria in pediatric patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2018;29(6):630–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12910.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Trevisonno J, Balram B, Netchiporouk E, Ben-Shoshan M. Physical urticaria: Review on classification, triggers and management with special focus on prevalence including a meta-analysis. Postgrad Med. 2015;127(6):565–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2015.1045817.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Bal F, Kahveci M, Soyer O, Sekerel BE, Sahiner UM. Chronic inducible urticaria subtypes in children: clinical features and prognosis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2020;32(1):146–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13324.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Balp MM, Halliday AC, Severin T, Leonard SA, Partha G, Kalra M, Marsland AM. Clinical remission of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU): a targeted literature review. Dermatol Ther. 2021;12(1):15–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-021-00641-6.CrossRef

32.

Thomsen SF, van der Sluis S, Kyvik KO, Backer V. Urticaria in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. J Allergy. 2012;2012:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/125367.CrossRef

33.

Hu Y, Chen Y, Liu S, Jiang F, Wu M, Yan C, Tan J, Yu G, Hu Y, Yin Y, Qu J, Li S, Tong S. Breastfeeding duration modified the effects of neonatal and familial risk factors on childhood asthma and allergy: a population-based study. Respir Res. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-021-01644-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

Rosman Y, Hershko AY, Meir-Shafrir K, Kedem R, Lachover-Roth I, Mekori YA, Confino-Cohen R. Characterization of chronic urticaria and associated conditions in a large population of adolescents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;81(1):129–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.02.034.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Berkowitz SA, Karter AJ, Lyles CR, Liu JY, Schillinger D, Adler NE, Moffet HH, Sarkar U. Low socioeconomic status is associated with increased risk for hypoglycemia in diabetes patients: the diabetes study of Northern California (DISTANCE). J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2014;25(2):478–90. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2014.0106.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Ayuso P, Plaza-Serón MDC, Doña I, Blanca-López N, Campo P, Cornejo-García JA, Perkins JR, Torres MJ, Blanca M, Canto G. Association study of genetic variants in PLA2G4A, PLCG1, LAT, SYK, and TNFRS11A genes in NSAIDs-induced urticaria and/or angioedema patients. Pharmacogenet Genom. 2015;25(12):618–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/fpc.0000000000000179.CrossRef

37.

Jurado-Escobar R, Doña I, Triano-Cornejo J, Perkins JR, Pérez-Sánchez N, Testera-Montes A, Labella M, Bartra J, Laguna JJ, Estravís M, Agúndez JAG, Torres MJ, Cornejo-García JA. Genetic variants in cytosolic phospholipase A2 associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced acute urticaria/angioedema. Front Pharmacol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.667824.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Losol P, Yoo HS, Park HS. Molecular genetic mechanisms of chronic urticaria. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2014;6(1):13. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2014.6.1.13.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Bracken SJ, Abraham S, MacLeod AS. Autoimmune theories of chronic spontaneous urticaria. Fron Immunol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00627.CrossRef

40.

O’Donnell BF, O’Neill CM, Francis DM, Niimi N, Barr RM, Barlow RJ, Kobza Black A, Welsh KI, Greaves MW. Human leucocyte antigen class II associations in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 1999;140(5):853–8. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02815.x.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Kolkhir P, Altrichter S, Asero R, Daschner A, Ferrer M, Giménez-Arnau A, Hawro T, Jakob T, Kinaciyan T, Kromminga A, Konstantinou GN, Makris M, Metz M, Skov PS, Staubach P, Sussman G, Zhang K, Maurer M. Autoimmune diseases are linked to type IIb autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2021;13(4):545. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2021.13.4.545.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Confino-Cohen R, Chodick G, Shalev V, Leshno M, Kimhi O, Goldberg A. Chronic urticaria and autoimmunity: associations found in a large population study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(5):1307–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.043.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Kim YS, Han K, Lee JH, Kim NI, Roh JY, Seo SJ, Song HJ, Lee MG, Choi JH, Park YM. Increased risk of chronic spontaneous urticaria in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases: a nationwide, population-based study. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2017;9(4):373. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2017.9.4.373.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Asero R. Chronic idiopathic urticaria: a family study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;89(2):195–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61937-0.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Sahiner UM, Civelek E, Tuncer A, Yavuz ST, Karabulut E, Sackesen C, Sekerel BE. Chronic urticaria: etiology and natural course in children. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2011;156(2):224–30. https://doi.org/10.1159/000322349.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Irinyi B, Széles G, Gyimesi E, Tumpek J, Herédi E, Dimitrios G, Ádány R, Hunyadi J, Szegedi A. Clinical and laboratory examinations in the subgroups of chronic urticaria. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2007;144(3):217–25. https://doi.org/10.1159/000103995.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Chen CM, Huang WT, Chang LJ, Hsu CC, Hsu YH. Peptic ulcer disease is associated with increased risk of chronic urticaria independent of helicobacter pylori infection: a population-based cohort study. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2020;22(1):129–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-020-00561-9.CrossRef

48.

Chen T, Yip H, Wang J, Chang C, Huang C, Hsu C, Chang C. Risk of chronic spontaneous urticaria in reproductive-aged women with abnormal uterine bleeding: a population-based cohort study. J Dermatol. 2021;48(11):1754–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.16109.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Sánchez J, Amaya E, Acevedo A, Celis A, Caraballo D, Cardona R. Prevalence of inducible urticaria in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: associated risk factors. J Allergy Clinical Immunol: Pract. 2017;5(2):464–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.029.CrossRef

50.

Vietri J, Turner SJ, Tian H, Isherwood G, Balp MM, Gabriel S. Effect of chronic urticaria on US patients: analysis of the national health and wellness survey. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;115(4):306–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2015.06.030.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Balp MM, Vietri J, Tian H, Isherwood G. The Impact of chronic urticaria from the patient’s perspective: a survey in five European countries. Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Res. 2015;8(6):551–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40271-015-0145-9.CrossRef

52.

Techasatian L, Phungoen P, Chaiyarit J, Uppala R. Etiological and predictive factors of pediatric urticaria in an emergency context. BMC Pediatr. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02553-y.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Galli SJ, Tsai M. IgE and mast cells in allergic disease. Nat Med. 2012;18(5):693–704. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2755.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Doña I, Pérez-Sánchez N, Eguiluz-Gracia I, Muñoz-Cano R, Bartra J, Torres MJ, Cornejo-García JA. Progress in understanding hypersensitivity reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Allergy. 2019;75(3):561–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14032.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Asero R. Peach-induced contact urticaria is associated with lipid transfer protein sensitization. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2010;154(4):345–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000321827.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Okayama Y, Kawakami T. Development, migration, and survival of mast cells. Immunol Res. 2006;34(2):97–116. https://doi.org/10.1385/ir:34:2:97.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Gilfillan AM, Tkaczyk C. Integrated signalling pathways for mast-cell activation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6(3):218–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri1782.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Mendes-Bastos P, Brasileiro A, Kolkhir P, Frischbutter S, Scheffel J, Moñino-Romero S, Maurer M. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibition—an emerging therapeutic strategy in immune-mediated dermatological conditions. Allergy. 2022;77(8):2355–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15261.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Karra L, Berent-Maoz B, Ben-Zimra M, Levi-Schaffer F. Are we ready to downregulate mast cells? Curr Opin Immunol. 2009;21(6):708–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2009.09.010.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Kay A, Ying S, Ardelean E, Mlynek A, Kita H, Clark P, Maurer M. Elevations in vascular markers and eosinophils in chronic spontaneous urticarial weals with low-level persistence in uninvolved skin. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(3):505–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12991.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

Batista M, Calado R, Gil F, Cardoso JC, Tellechea O, Gonçalo M. Histopathology of chronic spontaneous urticaria with occasional bruising lesions is not significantly different from urticaria with typical wheals. J Cutan Pathol. 2021;48(8):1020–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/cup.13985.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Ying S, Kikuchi Y, Meng Q, Kay A, Kaplan AP. TH1/TH2 cytokines and inflammatory cells in skin biopsy specimens from patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria: comparison with the allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous reaction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(4):694–700. https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2002.123236.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Kolkhir P, Church MK, Altrichter S, Skov PS, Hawro T, Frischbutter S, Metz M, Maurer M. Eosinopenia chronic spontaneous urticaria is associated with high disease activity autoimmunity and poor response to treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol: Pract. 2020;8(1):318–3255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.08.025.CrossRefPubMed

64.

MacGlashan D, Saini S, Schroeder JT. Response of peripheral blood basophils in subjects with chronic spontaneous urticaria during treatment with omalizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(6):2295-2304.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.039.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Grattan C, Boon A, Eady R, Winkelmann R. The pathology of the autologous serum skin test response in chronic urticaria resembles IgE-mediated late-phase reactions. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1990;93(2–3):198–204. https://doi.org/10.1159/000235301.CrossRef

66.

Saini SS. Basophil responsiveness in chronic urticaria. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2009;9(4):286–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-009-0040-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Ferrer M. Immunological events in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Transl Allergy. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-015-0074-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Fujisawa D, Kashiwakura JI, Kita H, Kikukawa Y, Fujitani Y, Sasaki-Sakamoto T, Kuroda K, Nunomura S, Hayama K, Terui T, Ra C, Okayama Y. Expression of Mas-related gene X2 on mast cells is upregulated in the skin of patients with severe chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(3):622-633.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.004.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Caproni M, Volpi W, Macchia D, Giomi B, Manfredi M, Campi P, Cardinali C, D’Agata A, Fabbri P. Infiltrating cells and related cytokines in lesional skin of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria and positive autologous serum skin test. Exp Dermatol. 2003;12(5):621–8. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0625.2003.00010.x.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Puccetti A, Bason C, Simeoni S, Millo E, Tinazzi E, Beri R, Peterlana D, Zanoni G, Senna G, Corrocher R, Lunardi C. In chronic idiopathic urticaria autoantibodies against FcɛRII/CD23 induce histamine release via eosinophil activation. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005;35(12):1599–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02380.x.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Altrichter S, Frischbutter S, Fok JS, Kolkhir P, Jiao Q, Skov PS, Metz M, Church MK, Maurer M. The role of eosinophils in chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(6):1510–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.03.005.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Cugno M, Marzano AV, Tedeschi A, Fanoni D, Venegoni L, Asero R. Expression of tissue factor by eosinophils in patients with chronic urticaria. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008;148(2):170–4. https://doi.org/10.1159/000155748.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Tedeschi A, Kolkhir P, Asero R, Pogorelov D, Olisova O, Kochergin N, Cugno M. Chronic urticaria and coagulation: pathophysiological and clinical aspects. Allergy. 2014;69(6):683–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12389.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Cugno M, Borghi A, Garcovich S, Marzano AV. Coagulation and skin autoimmunity. Front Immunol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01407.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

75.

Tedeschi A, Asero R, Marzano AV, Lorini M, Fanoni D, Berti E, Cugno M. Plasma levels and skin-eosinophil-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with chronic urticaria. Allergy. 2009;64(11):1616–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02069.x.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Molino M, Barnathan ES, Numerof R, Clark J, Dreyer M, Cumashi A, Hoxie JA, Schechter N, Woolkalis M, Brass LF. Interactions of mast cell tryptase with thrombin receptors and PAR-2. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(7):4043–9. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.7.4043.CrossRefPubMed

77.

Yanase Y, Matsuo Y, Takahagi S, Kawaguchi T, Uchida K, Ishii K, Tanaka A, Matsubara D, Ozawa K, Hide M. Coagulation factors induce human skin mast cell and basophil degranulation via activation of complement 5 and the C5a receptor. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(3):1101-1104.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.018.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Cugno M, Asero R, Ferrucci S, Lorini M, Carbonelli V, Tedeschi A, Marzano AV. Elevated IgE to tissue factor and thyroglobulin are abated by omalizumab in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy. 2018;73(12):2408–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13587.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Farres M, Refaat M, Melek N, Ahmed E, Shamseldine M, Arafa N. Activation of coagulation in chronic urticaria in relation to disease severity and activity. Allergol Immunopathol. 2015;43(2):162–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aller.2014.04.002.CrossRef

80.

Asero R. Serial D-dimer plasma levels in a patient with chronic spontaneous urticaria developing resistance to omalizumab. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2017;42(6):667–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.13181.CrossRefPubMed

81.

Baskurt D, Sarac E, Asero R, Kocatürk E. D-dimer levels decline after immunosuppressive treatment rather than anticoagulant treatment in severe autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2024;56(01):42. https://doi.org/10.23822/eurannaci.1764-1489.272.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Kasperska-Zajac A, Sztylc J, Machura E, Jop G. Plasma IL-6 concentration correlates with clinical disease activity and serum C-reactive protein concentration in chronic urticaria patients. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41(10):1386–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03789.x.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Asero R, Marzano AV, Ferrucci S, Lorini M, Carbonelli V, Cugno M. Co-occurrence of IgE and IgG autoantibodies in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Exp Immunol. 2020;200(3):242–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13428.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

84.

Altrichter S, Zampeli V, Ellrich A, Zhang K, Church MK, Maurer M. IgM and IgA in addition to IgG autoantibodies against FcɛRIα are frequent and associated with disease markers of chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy. 2020;75(12):3208–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14412.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Hide M, Francis DM, Grattan C, Hakimi J, Kochan JP, Greaves MW. Autoantibodies against the high-affinity IgE receptor as a cause of histamine release in chronic urticaria. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(22):1599–604. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199306033282204.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Kawakami T, Kitaura J. Mast cell survival and activation by IgE in the absence of antigen: a consideration of the biologic mechanisms and relevance. J Immunol. 2005;175(7):4167–73. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4167.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Shi C, Li Y, Luo Y, Shi C, Yan X, Yang K, Yi K. IgE-mediated allergy: a rare cause of chronic spontaneous urticarial with allergen-specific immunotherapy as treatment option – a systematic review with meta-analysis from China. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;26(5):533–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04302.x.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Sabroe R, Seed P, Francis D, Barr R, Black A, Greaves M. Chronic idiopathic urticaria: Comparison of the clinical features of patients with and without anti-FcϵRI or anti-IgE autoantibodies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40(3):443–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(99)70495-0.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Augey F, Gunera-Saad N, Bensaid B, Nosbaum A, Berard F, Nicolas JF. Chronic spontaneous urticaria is not an allergic disease. Eur J Dermatol. 2011;21(3):349–53. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2011.1285.CrossRefPubMed

90.

Shin YS, Suh DH, Yang EM, Ye YM, Park HS. Serum specific IgE to thyroid peroxidase activates basophils in aspirin intolerant urticaria. J Korean Med Sci. 2015;30(6):705. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2015.30.6.705.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

91.

Sánchez J, Sánchez A, Cardona R. Causal relationship between anti-TPO IgE and chronic urticaria by in vitro and in vivo tests. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2019;11(1):29. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2019.11.1.29.CrossRefPubMed

92.

Sánchez J, Sánchez A, Munera M, Garcia E, Lopez JF, Velásquez-Lopera M, Cardona R. Presence of IgE Autoantibodies against eosinophil peroxidase and eosinophil cationic protein in severe chronic spontaneous urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2021;13(5):746. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2021.13.5.746.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

93.

de Montjoye L, Herman A, Hendrickx E, Chéou P, Blanchetot C, Hofman E, Baeck M, Dumoutier L. Increased expression of IL-24 in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy. 2019;74(9):1811–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13832.CrossRefPubMed

94.

Kolkhir P, Muñoz M, Asero R, Ferrer M, Kocatürk E, Metz M, Xiang YK, Maurer M. Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;149(6):1819–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.010.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Konstantinou GN, Asero R, Ferrer M, Knol EF, Maurer M, Raap U, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Skol PS, Grattan CEH. EAACI taskforce position paper: evidence for autoimmune urticaria and proposal for defining diagnostic criteria. Allergy. 2012;68(1):27–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12056.CrossRefPubMed

96.

Siiskonen H, Harvima I. Mast cells and sensory nerves contribute to neurogenic inflammation and pruritus in chronic skin inflammation. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00422.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

97.

Raap U, Wieczorek D, Gehring M, Pauls I, Ständer S, Kapp A, Wedi B. Increased levels of serum IL-31 in chronic spontaneous urticaria*. Exp Dermatol. 2010;19(5):464–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01067.x.CrossRefPubMed

98.

Meixiong J, Anderson M, Limjunyawong N, Sabbagh MF, Hu E, Mack MR, Oetjen LK, Wang F, Kim BS, Dong X. Activation of mast-cell-expressed mas-related G-protein-coupled receptors drives non-histaminergic itch. Immunity. 2019;50(5):1163-1171.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.013.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

99.

McNeil BD, Pundir P, Meeker S, Han L, Undem BJ, Kulka M, Dong X. Identification of a mast-cell-specific receptor crucial for pseudo-allergic drug reactions. Nature. 2014;519(7542):237–41. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14022.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

100.

Kühn H, Kolkhir P, Babina M, Düll M, Frischbutter S, Fok JS, Jiao Q, Metz M, Scheffel J, Wolf K, Kremer AE, Maurer M. Mas-related G protein–coupled receptor X2 and its activators in dermatologic allergies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(2):456–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.027.CrossRefPubMed

101.

Shtessel M, Limjunyawong N, Oliver ET, Chichester K, Gao L, Dong X, Saini SS. MRGPRX2 activation causes increased skin reactivity in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Investig Dermatol. 2021;141(3):678-681.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2020.06.030.CrossRefPubMed

102.

Newcomb RW, Nelson H. Dermographia mediated by immunoglobulin E. Am J Med. 1973;54(2):174–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(73)90221-0.CrossRefPubMed

103.

Maltseva N, Borzova E, Fomina D, Bizjak M, Terhorst-Molawi D, Košnik M, Kulthanan K, Meshkova R, Thomsen SF, Maurer M. Cold urticaria – What we know and what we do not know. Allergy. 2020;76(4):1077–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14674.CrossRefPubMed

104.

McSweeney SM, Sarkany R, Fassihi H, Tziotzios C, McGrath JA. Pathogenesis of solar urticaria: classic perspectives and emerging concepts. Exp Dermatol. 2021;31(4):586–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.14493.CrossRefPubMed

105.

Fukunaga A, Washio K, Hatakeyama M, Oda Y, Ogura K, Horikawa T, Nishigori C. Cholinergic urticaria: epidemiology, physiopathology, new categorization, and management. Clin Auton Res. 2017;28(1):103–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-017-0418-6.CrossRefPubMed

106.

Pezzolo E, Peroni A, Schena D, Girolomoni G. Preheated autologous serum skin test in localized heat urticaria. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2014;39(8):921–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.12447.CrossRefPubMed

107.

Kulthanan K, Ungprasert P, Tapechum S, Rujitharanawong C, Kiratiwongwan R, Munprom K, Terhorst-Molawi D, Maurer M. Vibratory angioedema subgroups, features, and treatment: results of a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol: Pract. 2021;9(2):971–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.09.009.CrossRefPubMed

108.

Cassano N, Mastrandrea V, Vestita M, Vena GA. An overview of delayed pressure urticaria with special emphasis on pathogenesis and treatment. Dermatol Ther. 2009;22:S22–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01268.x.CrossRefPubMed

109.

Magerl M, Borzova E, Giménez-Arnau A, Grattan CEH, Lawlor F, Mathelier-Fusade P, Metz M, Młynek A, Maurer M. The definition and diagnostic testing of physical and cholinergic urticarias – EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/UNEV consensus panel recommendations. Allergy. 2009;64(12):1715–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02177.x.CrossRefPubMed

110.

Rujitharanawong C, Kulthanan K, Tuchinda P, Chularojanamontri L, Metz M, Maurer M. A systematic review of aquagenic urticaria—subgroups and treatment options. J Allergy Clin Immunol: Pract. 2022;10(8):2154–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2022.04.033.CrossRefPubMed

111.

Lehloenya RJ, Phillips EJ, Pasieka HB, Peter J. Recognizing drug hypersensitivity in pigmented skin. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2022;42(2):219–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2022.01.005.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

112.

Maurer M, Ortonne JP, Zuberbier T. Chronic urticaria: an internet survey of health behaviours, symptom patterns and treatment needs in European adult patients. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160(3):633–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08920.x.CrossRefPubMed

113.

Nakao A, Nakamura Y. Time will tell about mast cells: circadian control of mast cell activation. Allergol Int. 2022;71(4):425–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2022.06.008.CrossRefPubMed

114.

Marcelino J, Baumann K, Skov PS, Pereira Santos MC, Wyroslak I, Scheffel J, Altrichter S, Woetmann A, Pereira-Barbosa M, Costa C, Maurer M. What basophil testing tells us about CSU patients – results of the CORSA study. Front Immunol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.742470.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

115.

Sánchez-Borges M, Caballero-Fonseca F, Capriles-Hulett A. Tolerance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug–sensitive patients to the highly specific cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors rofecoxib and valdecoxib. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;94(1):34–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61282-3.CrossRefPubMed

116.

Kolkhir P, Kovalkova E, Chernov A, Danilycheva I, Krause K, Sauer M, Shulzhenko A, Fomina D, Maurer M. Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria detection with IgG Anti-TPO and total IgE. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9(11):4138–41468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2021.07.043.CrossRefPubMed

117.

Asero R. Clinical variables of severe chronic spontaneous urticaria from total IgE standpoint: a retrospective study. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;54(01):30. https://doi.org/10.23822/eurannaci.1764-1489.191.CrossRefPubMed

118.

Asero R, Ferrucci SM, Calzari P, Consonni D, Cugno M. Thyroid autoimmunity in CSU: a potential marker of omalizumab response? Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(8):7491. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087491.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

119.

Bizjak M, Košnik M, Dinevski D, Thomsen SF, Fomina D, Borzova E, Kulthanan K, Meshkova R, Ahsan DM, Al-Ahmad M, Altrichter S, Bauer A, Brockstädt M, Costa C, Demir S, Fachini Criado R, Ensina LF, Gelincik A, Giménez-Arnau AM, Maurer M. Risk factors for systemic reactions in typical cold urticaria: results from the COLD-CE study. Allergy. 2021;77(7):2185–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15194.CrossRefPubMed

120.

Kocatürk E, Al-Ahmad M, Krause K, Gimenez-Arnau AM, Thomsen SF, Conlon N, Marsland A, Savk E, Criado RF, Danilycheva I, Fomina D, Godse K, Khoshkhui M, Gelincik A, Degirmentepe EN, Demir S, Ensina LF, Kasperska-Zajac A, Rudenko M, Maurer M. Effects of pregnancy on chronic urticaria: results of the PREG-CU UCARE study. Allergy. 2021;76(10):3133–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14950.CrossRefPubMed

121.

Sánchez-Borges M, Capriles-Hulett A, Caballero-Fonseca F. Demographic and clinical profiles in patients with acute urticaria. Allergol Immunopathol. 2015;43(4):409–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aller.2014.04.010.CrossRef

122.

Skander D, Allenova A, Maurer M, Kolkhir P. Omalizumab is effective in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria plus multiple chronic inducible urticaria. Euro Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;53(02):91. https://doi.org/10.23822/eurannaci.1764-1489.153.CrossRef

123.

Kolkhir P, Metz M, Altrichter S, Maurer M. Comorbidity of chronic spontaneous urticaria and autoimmune thyroid diseases: a systematic review. Allergy. 2017;72(10):1440–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13182.CrossRefPubMed

124.

Kocatürk E, Salman A, Cherrez-Ojeda I, Criado PR, Peter J, Comert-Ozer E, Abuzakouk M, Agondi RC, Al-Ahmad M, Altrichter S, Arnaout R, Arruda LK, Asero R, Bauer A, Ben-Shoshan M, Bernstein JA, Bizjak M, Boccon-Gibod I, Bonnekoh H, Maurer M. The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the management and course of chronic urticaria. Allergy. 2020;76(3):816–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14687.CrossRefPubMed

125.

Shalom G, Magen E, Dreiher J, Freud T, Bogen B, Comaneshter D, Vardy D, Khoury R, Agmon-Levin N, Cohen A. Chronic urticaria and atopic disorders: a cross-sectional study of 11 271 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177(4):e96–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15347.CrossRefPubMed

126.

Kim BR, Yang S, Choi JW, Choi CW, Youn SW. Epidemiology and comorbidities of patients with chronic urticaria in Korea: a nationwide population-based study. J Dermatol. 2017;45(1):10–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14075.CrossRefPubMed

127.

Larenas-Linnemann D, Saini SS, Azamar-Jácome AA, Maurer M. Chronic urticaria can be caused by cancer and resolves with its cure. Allergy. 2018;73(7):1562–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13434.CrossRefPubMed

128.

Bauer AT, Gorzelanny C, Gebhardt C, Pantel K, Schneider SW. Interplay between coagulation and inflammation in cancer: limitations and therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Treat Rev. 2022;102: 102322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102322.CrossRefPubMed

129.

Liu L, Wang X, Wang W, Wang B, Li L. Symptomatic dermographism in Chinese population: an epidemiological study of hospital-based multicenter questionnaire survey. Curr Med Res Opin. 2021;38(1):131–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2021.1984220.CrossRefPubMed

130.

Rujitharanawong C, Tuchinda P, Chularojanamontri L, Chanchaemsri N, Kulthanan K. Cholinergic urticaria: clinical presentation and natural history in a tropical country. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7301652.CrossRef

131.

Asady A, Ruft J, Ellrich A, Hawro T, Maurer M, Altrichter S. Cholinergic urticaria patients of different age groups have distinct features. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47(12):1609–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13023.CrossRefPubMed

132.

Monfrecola G, Masturzo E, Riccardo AM, Balato F, Ayala F, Di Costanzo MP. Solar urticaria: a report on 57 cases. Am J Contact Dermat. 2000;11(2):89–94. https://doi.org/10.1053/ac.2000.6347.CrossRefPubMed

133.

Möller A, Henning M, Zuberbier T, Czarnetzki-Henz BM. Epidemiologie und Klinik der Kälteurtikaria. Hautarzt. 1996;47(7):510–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001050050461.CrossRefPubMed

134.

Schoepke N, Młynek A, Weller K, Church M, Maurer M. Symptomatic dermographism: an inadequately described disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;29(4):708–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12661.CrossRefPubMed

135.

Peter J, Krause K, Staubach P, Wu MA, Davis M. Chronic urticaria and recurrent angioedema: clues to the mimics. J Allergy Clin Immunol: Pract. 2021;9(6):2220–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2021.03.043.CrossRefPubMed

136.

Gusdorf L, Lipsker D. Neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis: an entity bridging monogenic and polygenic autoinflammatory disorders, and beyond. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;34(4):685–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15984.CrossRefPubMed

137.

Puhl V, Bonnekoh H, Scheffel J, Hawro T, Weller K, von den Driesch P, Röwert-Huber H, Cardoso J, Gonçalo M, Maurer M, Krause K. A novel histopathological scoring system to distinguish urticarial vasculitis from chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Transl Allergy. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/clt2.12031.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

138.

Marzano AV, Maronese CA, Genovese G, Ferrucci S, Moltrasio C, Asero R, Cugno M. Urticarial vasculitis: clinical and laboratory findings with a particular emphasis on differential diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022;149(4):1137–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2022.02.007.CrossRefPubMed

139.

Weller K, Siebenhaar F, Hawro T, Altrichter S, Schoepke N, Maurer M. Clinical measures of chronic urticaria. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2017;37(1):35–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2016.08.005.CrossRefPubMed

140.

Młynek A, Zalewska-Janowska A, Martus P, Staubach P, Zuberbier T, Maurer M. How to assess disease activity in patients with chronic urticaria? Allergy. 2008;63(6):777–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01726.x.CrossRefPubMed

141.

Weller K, Groffik A, Magerl M, Tohme N, Martus P, Krause K, Metz M, Staubach P, Maurer M. Development, validation, and initial results of the angioedema activity score. Allergy. 2013;68(9):1185–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12209.CrossRefPubMed

142.

Ahsan DM, Altrichter S, Gutsche A, Bernstein JA, Altunergil T, Brockstaedt M, Maurer M, Weller K, Terhorst-Molawi D. Development of the cold urticaria activity score. Allergy. 2022;77(8):2509–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15310.CrossRefPubMed

143.

Koch K, Weller K, Werner A, Maurer M, Altrichter S. Antihistamine updosing reduces disease activity in patients with difficult-to-treat cholinergic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(5):1483-1485.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.026.CrossRefPubMed

144.

Weller K, Groffik A, Church MK, Hawro T, Krause K, Metz M, Martus P, Casale TB, Staubach P, Maurer M. Development and validation of the urticaria control test: a patient-reported outcome instrument for assessing urticaria control. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(5):1365-1372.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1076.CrossRefPubMed

145.

Weller K, Donoso T, Magerl M, Aygören-Pürsün E, Staubach P, Martinez-Saguer I, Hawro T, Altrichter S, Krause K, Siebenhaar F, Metz M, Zuberbier T, Freier D, Maurer M. Development of the angioedema control test—a patient-reported outcome measure that assesses disease control in patients with recurrent angioedema. Allergy. 2020;75(5):1165–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14144.CrossRefPubMed

146.

Kocatürk E, Maurer M, Metz M, Grattan C. Looking forward to new targeted treatments for chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-016-0139-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

147.

Cosmi L, Maggi L, Mazzoni A, Liotta F, Annunziato F. Biologicals targeting type 2 immunity: lessons learned from asthma, chronic urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Eur J Immunol. 2019;49(9):1334–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.201948156.CrossRefPubMed

148.

Leurs R, Church MK, Taglialatela M. H1-antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti-inflammatory actions and cardiac effects. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32(4):489–98. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0954-7894.2002.01314.x.CrossRefPubMed

149.

Church MK, Maurer M, Simons FER, Bindslev-Jensen C, Van Cauwenberge P, Bousquet J, Holgate ST, Zuberbier T. Risk of first-generation H1-antihistamines: a GA2LEN position paper. Allergy. 2010;65(4):459–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02325.x.CrossRefPubMed

150.

Proctor LM, Woodruff TM, Taylor SM. Recent developments in C5/C5a inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2006;16(4):445–58. https://doi.org/10.1517/13543776.16.4.445.CrossRef

151.

Maurer M, Altrichter S, Metz M, Zuberbier T, Church M, Bergmann K. Benefit from reslizumab treatment in a patient with chronic spontaneous urticaria and cold urticaria. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14594.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

152.

Asero R, Tedeschi A. Usefulness of a short course of oral prednisone in antihistamine-resistant chronic urticaria: a retrospective analysis. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2010;20(5):386–90.PubMed

153.

Zuberbier T, Abdul Latiff AH, Abuzakouk M, Aquilina S, Asero R, Baker D, Ballmer-Weber B, Bangert C, Ben-Shoshan M, Bernstein JA, Bindslev-Jensen C, Brockow K, Brzoza Z, Chong Neto HJ, Church MK, Criado PR, Danilycheva IV, Dressler C, Ensina LF, Maurer M. The international EAACI/GA²LEN/EuroGuiDerm/APAAACI guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria. Allergy. 2021;77(3):734–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15090.CrossRefPubMed

154.

Zuberbier T, Aberer W, Asero R, Abdul Latiff AH, Baker D, Ballmer-Weber B, Bernstein JA, Bindslev-Jensen C, Brzoza Z, Buense Bedrikow R, Canonica GW, Church MK, Craig T, Danilycheva IV, Dressler C, Ensina LF, Giménez-Arnau A, Godse K, Gonçalo M, Maurer M. The EAACI/GA²LEN/EDF/WAO guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis and management of urticaria. Allergy. 2018;73(7):1393–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13397.CrossRefPubMed

155.

Guillén-Aguinaga S, Jáuregui Presa I, Aguinaga-Ontoso E, Guillén-Grima F, Ferrer M. Updosing nonsedating antihistamines in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(6):1153–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14768.CrossRefPubMed

156.

Zuberbier T, Münzberger C, Haustein U, Trippas E, Burtin B, Mariz S, Henz B. Double-blind crossover study of high-dose cetirizine in cholinergic urticaria. Dermatology. 1996;193(4):324–7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000246281.CrossRefPubMed

157.

Staevska M, Popov TA, Kralimarkova T, Lazarova C, Kraeva S, Popova D, Church DS, Dimitrov V, Church MK. The effectiveness of levocetirizine and desloratadine in up to 4 times conventional doses in difficult-to-treat urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(3):676–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.047.CrossRefPubMed

158.

Siebenhaar F, Degener F, Zuberbier T, Martus P, Maurer M. High-dose desloratadine decreases wheal volume and improves cold provocation thresholds compared with standard-dose treatment in patients with acquired cold urticaria: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(3):672–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.12.008.CrossRef

159.

Giménez-Arnau A, Izquierdo I, Maurer M. The use of a responder analysis to identify clinically meaningful differences in chronic urticaria patients following placebo- controlled treatment with rupatadine 10 and 20 mg. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009;23(9):1088–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03289.x.CrossRefPubMed

160.

Cataldi M, Maurer M, Taglialatela M, Church MK. Cardiac safety of second-generation H1-antihistamines when updosed in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy. 2019;49(12):1615–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13500.CrossRefPubMed

161.

Türk M, Yılmaz N, Şahiner MM, Kocatürk E, Şekerel BE, Zuberbier T, Maurer M. Experience-based advice on stepping up and stepping down the therapeutic management of chronic spontaneous urticaria: where is the guidance? Allergy. 2022;77(5):1626–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15227.CrossRefPubMed

162.

Giménez-Arnau AM, Salman A. Targeted therapy for chronic spontaneous urticaria: rationale and recent progress. Drugs. 2020;80(16):1617–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-020-01387-9.CrossRefPubMed

163.

Maurer M, Rosén K, Hsieh HJ, Saini S, Grattan C, Gimenéz-Arnau A, Agarwal S, Doyle R, Canvin J, Kaplan A, Casale T. Omalizumab for the Treatment of chronic idiopathic or spontaneous urticaria. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(10):924–35. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1215372.CrossRefPubMed

164.

Maurer M, Metz M, Brehler R, Hillen U, Jakob T, Mahler V, Pföhler C, Staubach P, Treudler R, Wedi B, Magerl M. Omalizumab treatment in patients with chronic inducible urticaria: a systematic review of published evidence. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(2):638–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.032.CrossRefPubMed

165.

Kaplan AP, Giménez-Arnau AM, Saini SS. Mechanisms of action that contribute to efficacy of omalizumab in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Allergy. 2017;72(4):519–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13083.CrossRefPubMed

166.

Agache I, Akdis CA, Akdis M, Brockow K, Chivato T, del Giacco S, Eiwegger T, Eyerich K, Giménez-Arnau A, Gutermuth J, Guttman-Yassky E, Maurer M, Ogg G, Ong PY, O’Mahony L, Schwarze J, Warner A, Werfel T, Palomares O, Jutel M. EAACI biologicals guidelines—omalizumab for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria in adults and in the paediatric population 12–17 years old. Allergy. 2021;77(1):17–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15030.CrossRefPubMed

167.

Tharp MD, Bernstein JA, Kavati A, Ortiz B, MacDonald K, Denhaerynck K, Abraham I, Lee CS. Benefits and harms of omalizumab treatment in adolescent and adult patients with chronic spontaneous) urticaria. JAMA Dermatol. 2019;155(1):29. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.3447.CrossRefPubMed

168.

Finlay A, Kaplan A, Beck L, Antonova E, Balp M, Zazzali J, Khalil S, Maurer M. Omalizumab substantially improves dermatology-related quality of life in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(10):1715–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14384.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

169.

Büyüköztürk S, Gelincik A, Demirtürk M, Kocaturk E, Çolakoğlu B, Dal M. Omalizumab markedly improves urticaria activity scores and quality of life scores in chronic spontaneous urticaria patients: a real life survey. J Dermatol. 2012;39(5):439–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01473.x.CrossRefPubMed

170.

Salman A, Demir G, Bekiroglu N. The impact of omalizumab on quality of life and its predictors in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: real-life data. Dermatol Ther. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12975.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Immunopathogenesis of urticaria: a clinical perspective on histamine and cytokine involvement
Authors: Rudranil Bhowmik
Md. Adil Shaharyar
Arnab Sarkar
Avishek Mandal
Kumar Anand
Humira Shabana
Achintya Mitra
Sanmoy Karmakar
Publication date: 31-03-2024
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Keywords: Urticaria
Angioedema
Cytokines
Published in: Inflammation Research / Issue 5/2024
Print ISSN: 1023-3830
Electronic ISSN: 1420-908X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-024-01869-6

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits

Illustration of figure on mountain summit/© Orapun / Stock.adobe.com, STEP AAG HeroTeaserCollection image/© Tarek / Generated with AI / Stock.adobe.com, ACC 2024 Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Pulmonary Vascular Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 Valvular Heart Disease: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, ACC 2024 HF and Cardiomyopathies: Year in Review/© 2024 American College of Cardiology, Woman out walking/© Seventyfour / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Woman checking smartwatch /© saltdium / stock.adobe.com (symbolic image with model), Cardiac catheterization/© Damian / stock.adobe.com

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 5/2024

Inflammation in heart failure: pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies

Author Correction: Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma by stimulating the release of neutrophil extracellular traps in the tumor immune microenvironment

Recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by macrophage Toll-like receptor and its role in autophagy

Bakuchicin alleviates ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma by regulating M2 macrophage polarization

Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma by stimulating the release of neutrophil extracellular traps in the tumor immune microenvironment

γδ T cells in oral diseases

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage