Limited family structure and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype as predictors of BRCA mutations in a genetic counseling cohort of early-onset sporadic breast cancers

go back to reference Lalloo F, Evans DG (2012) Familial breast cancer. Clin Genet 82:105–114PubMedCrossRef Lalloo F, Evans DG (2012) Familial breast cancer. Clin Genet 82:105–114PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Foulkes WD (2008) Inherited susceptibility to common cancers. N Engl J Med 359:2143–2153PubMedCrossRef Foulkes WD (2008) Inherited susceptibility to common cancers. N Engl J Med 359:2143–2153PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Fackenthal JD, Olopade OI (2007) Breast cancer risk associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 in diverse populations. Nat Rev Cancer 7:937–948PubMedCrossRef Fackenthal JD, Olopade OI (2007) Breast cancer risk associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 in diverse populations. Nat Rev Cancer 7:937–948PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Weitzel JN, Blazer KR, MacDonald DJ, Culver JO, Offit K (2011) Genetics, genomics, and cancer risk assessment: state of the art and future directions in the era of personalized medicine. CA Cancer J Clin. doi:10.3322/caac.20128 PubMedCentralPubMed Weitzel JN, Blazer KR, MacDonald DJ, Culver JO, Offit K (2011) Genetics, genomics, and cancer risk assessment: state of the art and future directions in the era of personalized medicine. CA Cancer J Clin. doi:10.​3322/​caac.​20128 PubMedCentralPubMed

go back to reference Toh GT, Kang P, Lee SSW, Toh GT, Kang P, Lee SS, Lee DS, Lee SY, Selamat S, Mohd Taib NA, Yoon SY, Yip CH, Teo SH et al (2008) BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations in Malaysian women with early-onset breast cancer without a family history. PLoS One 3:e2024PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Toh GT, Kang P, Lee SSW, Toh GT, Kang P, Lee SS, Lee DS, Lee SY, Selamat S, Mohd Taib NA, Yoon SY, Yip CH, Teo SH et al (2008) BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations in Malaysian women with early-onset breast cancer without a family history. PLoS One 3:e2024PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Son BH, Ahn SH, Kim S-W, Kang E, Park SK, Lee MH, Noh WC, Kim LS, Jung Y, Kim KS, Noh DY, Moon BI, Suh YJ, Lee JE, Choi DH, Kim SY, Jung SH, Yom CK, Lee H, Yang JH, KOHBRA Research Group and Korean Breast Cancer Society (2012) Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in non-familial breast cancer patients with high risks in Korea: the Korean hereditary breast cancer (KOHBRA) study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 133:1143–1152PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Son BH, Ahn SH, Kim S-W, Kang E, Park SK, Lee MH, Noh WC, Kim LS, Jung Y, Kim KS, Noh DY, Moon BI, Suh YJ, Lee JE, Choi DH, Kim SY, Jung SH, Yom CK, Lee H, Yang JH, KOHBRA Research Group and Korean Breast Cancer Society (2012) Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in non-familial breast cancer patients with high risks in Korea: the Korean hereditary breast cancer (KOHBRA) study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 133:1143–1152PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Lee DS, Yoon S-Y, Looi LM, Kang P, Kang IN, Sivanandan K, Ariffin H, Thong MK, Chin KF, Mohd Taib NA, Yip CH, Teo SH (2012) Comparable frequency of BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 germline mutations in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort suggests TP53 screening should be offered together with BRCA1/2 screening to early-onset breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res 14:R66PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Lee DS, Yoon S-Y, Looi LM, Kang P, Kang IN, Sivanandan K, Ariffin H, Thong MK, Chin KF, Mohd Taib NA, Yip CH, Teo SH (2012) Comparable frequency of BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 germline mutations in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort suggests TP53 screening should be offered together with BRCA1/2 screening to early-onset breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res 14:R66PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

go back to reference De Leeneer K, Coene I, Crombez B, Simkens J, Van den Broecke R, Bols A, Stragier B, Vanhoutte I, De Paepe A, Poppe B, Claes K (2012) Prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations in sporadic breast/ovarian cancer patients and identification of a novel de novo BRCA1 mutation in a patient diagnosed with late onset breast and ovarian cancer: implications for genetic testing. Breast Cancer Res Treat 132:87–95PubMedCrossRef De Leeneer K, Coene I, Crombez B, Simkens J, Van den Broecke R, Bols A, Stragier B, Vanhoutte I, De Paepe A, Poppe B, Claes K (2012) Prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations in sporadic breast/ovarian cancer patients and identification of a novel de novo BRCA1 mutation in a patient diagnosed with late onset breast and ovarian cancer: implications for genetic testing. Breast Cancer Res Treat 132:87–95PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Haffty BG, Choi DH, Goyal S, Silber A, Ranieri K, Matloff E, Lee MH, Nissenblatt M, Toppmeyer D, Moran MS (2009) Breast cancer in young women (YBC): prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations and risk of secondary malignancies across diverse racial groups. Ann Oncol 20:1653–1659PubMedCrossRef Haffty BG, Choi DH, Goyal S, Silber A, Ranieri K, Matloff E, Lee MH, Nissenblatt M, Toppmeyer D, Moran MS (2009) Breast cancer in young women (YBC): prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations and risk of secondary malignancies across diverse racial groups. Ann Oncol 20:1653–1659PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Carraro DM, Koike Folgueira MAA, Garcia Lisboa BC, Ribeiro Olivieri EH, Vitorino Krepischi AC, de Carvalho AF, de Carvalho Mota LD, Puga RD, do Socorro Maciel M, Michelli RA, de Lyra EC, Grosso SH, Soares FA, Achatz MI, Brentani H, Moreira-Filho CA, Brentani MM (2013) Comprehensive analysis of BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 germline mutation and tumor characterization: a portrait of early-onset breast cancer in Brazil. PLoS One 8:e57581PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Carraro DM, Koike Folgueira MAA, Garcia Lisboa BC, Ribeiro Olivieri EH, Vitorino Krepischi AC, de Carvalho AF, de Carvalho Mota LD, Puga RD, do Socorro Maciel M, Michelli RA, de Lyra EC, Grosso SH, Soares FA, Achatz MI, Brentani H, Moreira-Filho CA, Brentani MM (2013) Comprehensive analysis of BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 germline mutation and tumor characterization: a portrait of early-onset breast cancer in Brazil. PLoS One 8:e57581PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Narod SA (2012) Breast cancer in young women. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 9:460–470PubMedCrossRef Narod SA (2012) Breast cancer in young women. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 9:460–470PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2013) Hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome guidelines version 4. http://www.nccn.org. Accessed 8 May 2014 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2013) Hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome guidelines version 4. http://​www.​nccn.​org. Accessed 8 May 2014

go back to reference Balmana J, Diez O, Rubio IT, Cardoso F, ESMO Guidelines Working Group (2011) BRCA in breast cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines. Ann Oncol 22(Suppl 6):vi31–vi34PubMed Balmana J, Diez O, Rubio IT, Cardoso F, ESMO Guidelines Working Group (2011) BRCA in breast cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines. Ann Oncol 22(Suppl 6):vi31–vi34PubMed

go back to reference Grana B, Lastra E, Llort G, Brunet J, Isla D (2011) SEOM clinical guidelines for hereditary cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 13:580–586PubMedCrossRef Grana B, Lastra E, Llort G, Brunet J, Isla D (2011) SEOM clinical guidelines for hereditary cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 13:580–586PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Zhang L, Fleischut MH, Kohut K, Spencer S, Wong K, Stadler ZK, Kauff ND, Offit K, Robson ME (2011) Assessment of the prevalence of de novo mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Clin Genet 80:97–98PubMedCrossRef Zhang L, Fleischut MH, Kohut K, Spencer S, Wong K, Stadler ZK, Kauff ND, Offit K, Robson ME (2011) Assessment of the prevalence of de novo mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Clin Genet 80:97–98PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Weitzel JN, Lagos VI, Cullinane CA, Gambol PJ, Culver JO, Blazer KR, Palomares MR, Lowstuter KJ, MacDonald DJ (2007) Limited family structure and BRCA gene mutation status in single cases of breast cancer. JAMA 297:2587–2595PubMedCrossRef Weitzel JN, Lagos VI, Cullinane CA, Gambol PJ, Culver JO, Blazer KR, Palomares MR, Lowstuter KJ, MacDonald DJ (2007) Limited family structure and BRCA gene mutation status in single cases of breast cancer. JAMA 297:2587–2595PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Foulkes WD, Smith IE, Reis-Filho JS (2010) Triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 363:1938–1948PubMedCrossRef Foulkes WD, Smith IE, Reis-Filho JS (2010) Triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 363:1938–1948PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Stevens KN, Vachon CM, Couch FJ (2013) Genetic susceptibility to triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res 73:2025–2030PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Stevens KN, Vachon CM, Couch FJ (2013) Genetic susceptibility to triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res 73:2025–2030PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Mavaddat N, Barrowdale D, Andrulis IL, Domchek SM, Eccles D, Nevanlinna H, Ramus SJ, Spurdle A, Robson M, Sherman M, Mulligan AM, Couch FJ, Engel C, McGuffog L, Healey S, Sinilnikova OM, Southey MC, Terry MB, Goldgar D, O’Malley F, John EM, Janavicius R, Tihomirova L, Hansen TV, Nielsen FC, Osorio A, Stavropoulou A, Benítez J, Manoukian S, Peissel B, Barile M, Volorio S, Pasini B, Dolcetti R, Putignano AL, Ottini L, Radice P, Hamann U, Rashid MU, Hogervorst FB, Kriege M, van der Luijt RB, HEBON, Peock S, Frost D, Evans DG, Brewer C, Walker L, Rogers MT, Side LE, Houghton C, EMBRACE, Weaver J, Godwin AK, Schmutzler RK, Wappenschmidt B, Meindl A, Kast K, Arnold N, Niederacher D, Sutter C, Deissler H, Gadzicki D, Preisler-Adams S, Varon-Mateeva R, Schönbuchner I, Gevensleben H, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Belotti M, Barjhoux L, GEMO Study Collaborators, Isaacs C, Peshkin BN, Caldes T, de la Hoya M, Cañadas C, Heikkinen T, Heikkilä P, Aittomäki K, Blanco I, Lazaro C, Brunet J, Agnarsson BA, Arason A, Barkardottir RB, Dumont M, Simard J, Montagna M, Agata S, D’Andrea E, Yan M, Fox S, kConFab Investigators, Rebbeck TR, Rubinstein W, Tung N, Garber JE, Wang X, Fredericksen Z, Pankratz VS, Lindor NM, Szabo C, Offit K, Sakr R, Gaudet MM, Singer CF, Tea MK, Rappaport C, Mai PL, Greene MH, Sokolenko A, Imyanitov E, Toland AE, Senter L, Sweet K, Thomassen M, Gerdes AM, Kruse T, Caligo M, Aretini P, Rantala J, von Wachenfeld A, Henriksson K, SWE-BRCA Collaborators, Steele L, Neuhausen SL, Nussbaum R, Beattie M, Odunsi K, Sucheston L, Gayther SA, Nathanson K, Gross J, Walsh C, Karlan B, Chenevix-Trench G, Easton DF, Antoniou AC, Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (2012) Pathology of breast and ovarian cancers among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from the consortium of investigators of modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA). Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 21:134–147 Mavaddat N, Barrowdale D, Andrulis IL, Domchek SM, Eccles D, Nevanlinna H, Ramus SJ, Spurdle A, Robson M, Sherman M, Mulligan AM, Couch FJ, Engel C, McGuffog L, Healey S, Sinilnikova OM, Southey MC, Terry MB, Goldgar D, O’Malley F, John EM, Janavicius R, Tihomirova L, Hansen TV, Nielsen FC, Osorio A, Stavropoulou A, Benítez J, Manoukian S, Peissel B, Barile M, Volorio S, Pasini B, Dolcetti R, Putignano AL, Ottini L, Radice P, Hamann U, Rashid MU, Hogervorst FB, Kriege M, van der Luijt RB, HEBON, Peock S, Frost D, Evans DG, Brewer C, Walker L, Rogers MT, Side LE, Houghton C, EMBRACE, Weaver J, Godwin AK, Schmutzler RK, Wappenschmidt B, Meindl A, Kast K, Arnold N, Niederacher D, Sutter C, Deissler H, Gadzicki D, Preisler-Adams S, Varon-Mateeva R, Schönbuchner I, Gevensleben H, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Belotti M, Barjhoux L, GEMO Study Collaborators, Isaacs C, Peshkin BN, Caldes T, de la Hoya M, Cañadas C, Heikkinen T, Heikkilä P, Aittomäki K, Blanco I, Lazaro C, Brunet J, Agnarsson BA, Arason A, Barkardottir RB, Dumont M, Simard J, Montagna M, Agata S, D’Andrea E, Yan M, Fox S, kConFab Investigators, Rebbeck TR, Rubinstein W, Tung N, Garber JE, Wang X, Fredericksen Z, Pankratz VS, Lindor NM, Szabo C, Offit K, Sakr R, Gaudet MM, Singer CF, Tea MK, Rappaport C, Mai PL, Greene MH, Sokolenko A, Imyanitov E, Toland AE, Senter L, Sweet K, Thomassen M, Gerdes AM, Kruse T, Caligo M, Aretini P, Rantala J, von Wachenfeld A, Henriksson K, SWE-BRCA Collaborators, Steele L, Neuhausen SL, Nussbaum R, Beattie M, Odunsi K, Sucheston L, Gayther SA, Nathanson K, Gross J, Walsh C, Karlan B, Chenevix-Trench G, Easton DF, Antoniou AC, Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (2012) Pathology of breast and ovarian cancers among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from the consortium of investigators of modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA). Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 21:134–147

go back to reference Young SR, Pilarski RT, Donenberg T, Shapiro C, Hammond LS, Miller J, Brooks KA, Cohen S, Tenenholz B, Desai D, Zandvakili I, Royer R, Li S, Narod SA (2009) The prevalence of BRCA1 mutations among young women with triple-negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer 9:86PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Young SR, Pilarski RT, Donenberg T, Shapiro C, Hammond LS, Miller J, Brooks KA, Cohen S, Tenenholz B, Desai D, Zandvakili I, Royer R, Li S, Narod SA (2009) The prevalence of BRCA1 mutations among young women with triple-negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer 9:86PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Collins LC, Martyniak A, Kandel MJ, Stadler ZK, Masciari S, Miron A, Richardson AL, Schnitt SJ, Garber JE (2009) Basal cytokeratin and epidermal growth factor receptor expression are not predictive of BRCA1 mutation status in women with triple-negative breast cancers. Am J Surg Pathol 33:1093–1097PubMedCrossRef Collins LC, Martyniak A, Kandel MJ, Stadler ZK, Masciari S, Miron A, Richardson AL, Schnitt SJ, Garber JE (2009) Basal cytokeratin and epidermal growth factor receptor expression are not predictive of BRCA1 mutation status in women with triple-negative breast cancers. Am J Surg Pathol 33:1093–1097PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Timms KM, Liu S, Chen H, Litton JK, Potter J, Lanchbury JS, Stemke-Hale K, Hennessy BT, Arun BK, Hortobagyi GN, Do KA, Mills GB, Meric-Bernstam F (2011) Incidence and outcome of BRCA mutations in unselected patients with triple receptor-negative breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 17:1082–1089PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Timms KM, Liu S, Chen H, Litton JK, Potter J, Lanchbury JS, Stemke-Hale K, Hennessy BT, Arun BK, Hortobagyi GN, Do KA, Mills GB, Meric-Bernstam F (2011) Incidence and outcome of BRCA mutations in unselected patients with triple receptor-negative breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 17:1082–1089PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Comen E, Davids M, Kirchhoff T, Hudis C, Offit K, Robson M (2011) Relative contributions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations to “triple-negative” breast cancer in Ashkenazi women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 129:185–190PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Comen E, Davids M, Kirchhoff T, Hudis C, Offit K, Robson M (2011) Relative contributions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations to “triple-negative” breast cancer in Ashkenazi women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 129:185–190PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Evans DG, Howell A, Ward D, Lalloo F, Jones JL, Eccles DM (2011) Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in triple negative breast cancer. J Med Genet 48:520–522PubMedCrossRef Evans DG, Howell A, Ward D, Lalloo F, Jones JL, Eccles DM (2011) Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in triple negative breast cancer. J Med Genet 48:520–522PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Robertson L, Hanson H, Seal S, Warren-Perry M, Hughes D, Howell I, Turnbull C, Houlston R, Shanley S, Butler S, Evans DG, Ross G, Eccles D, Tutt A, Rahman N, TNT Trial TMG, BCSC (UK) (2012) BRCA1 testing should be offered to individuals with triple-negative breast cancer diagnosed below 50 years. Br J Cancer 106:1234–1238PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Robertson L, Hanson H, Seal S, Warren-Perry M, Hughes D, Howell I, Turnbull C, Houlston R, Shanley S, Butler S, Evans DG, Ross G, Eccles D, Tutt A, Rahman N, TNT Trial TMG, BCSC (UK) (2012) BRCA1 testing should be offered to individuals with triple-negative breast cancer diagnosed below 50 years. Br J Cancer 106:1234–1238PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Hartman A-R, Kaldate RR, Sailer LM, Painter L, Grier CE, Endsley RR, Griffin M, Hamilton SA, Frye CA, Silberman MA, Wenstrup RJ, Sandbach JF (2012) Prevalence of BRCA mutations in an unselected population of triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer 118:2787–2795PubMedCrossRef Hartman A-R, Kaldate RR, Sailer LM, Painter L, Grier CE, Endsley RR, Griffin M, Hamilton SA, Frye CA, Silberman MA, Wenstrup RJ, Sandbach JF (2012) Prevalence of BRCA mutations in an unselected population of triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer 118:2787–2795PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Greenup R, Buchanan A, Lorizio W, Rhoads K, Chan S, Leedom T, King R, McLennan J, Crawford B, Kelly Marcom P, Shelley Hwang E (2013) Prevalence of BRCA mutations among women with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in a genetic counseling cohort. Ann Surg Oncol 20:3254–3258PubMedCrossRef Greenup R, Buchanan A, Lorizio W, Rhoads K, Chan S, Leedom T, King R, McLennan J, Crawford B, Kelly Marcom P, Shelley Hwang E (2013) Prevalence of BRCA mutations among women with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in a genetic counseling cohort. Ann Surg Oncol 20:3254–3258PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Kwon JS, Gutierrez-Barrera AM, Young D, Sun CC, Daniels MS, Lu KH, Arun B (2010) Expanding the criteria for BRCA mutation testing in breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 28:4214–4220PubMedCrossRef Kwon JS, Gutierrez-Barrera AM, Young D, Sun CC, Daniels MS, Lu KH, Arun B (2010) Expanding the criteria for BRCA mutation testing in breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 28:4214–4220PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Parmigiani G, Berry D, Aguilar O (2008) Determining carrier probabilities for breast cancer-susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Am J Hum Genet 62:145–158CrossRef Parmigiani G, Berry D, Aguilar O (2008) Determining carrier probabilities for breast cancer-susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. Am J Hum Genet 62:145–158CrossRef

go back to reference Tai YC, Chen S, Parmigiani G, Klein AP (2008) Incorporating tumor immunohistochemical markers in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carrier prediction. Breast Cancer Res 10:401PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Tai YC, Chen S, Parmigiani G, Klein AP (2008) Incorporating tumor immunohistochemical markers in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carrier prediction. Breast Cancer Res 10:401PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Biswas S, Tankhiwale N, Blackford A, Barrera AM, Ready K, Lu K, Amos CI, Parmigiani G, Arun B (2012) Assessing the added value of breast tumor markers in genetic risk prediction model BRCAPRO. Breast Cancer Res Treat 133:347–355PubMedCrossRef Biswas S, Tankhiwale N, Blackford A, Barrera AM, Ready K, Lu K, Amos CI, Parmigiani G, Arun B (2012) Assessing the added value of breast tumor markers in genetic risk prediction model BRCAPRO. Breast Cancer Res Treat 133:347–355PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Biswas S, Atienza P, Chipman J, Hughes K, Barrera AM, Amos CI, Arun B, Parmigiani G (2013) Simplifying clinical use of the genetic risk prediction model BRCAPRO. Breast Cancer Res Treat 139:571–579PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Biswas S, Atienza P, Chipman J, Hughes K, Barrera AM, Amos CI, Arun B, Parmigiani G (2013) Simplifying clinical use of the genetic risk prediction model BRCAPRO. Breast Cancer Res Treat 139:571–579PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Gadzicki D, Evans DG, Harris H, Julian-Reynier C, Nippert I, Schmidtke J, Tibben A, van Asperen CJ, Schlegelberger B (2011) Genetic testing for familial/hereditary breast cancer-comparison of guidelines and recommendations from the UK, France, the Netherlands and Germany. J Community Genet 2:53–69PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Gadzicki D, Evans DG, Harris H, Julian-Reynier C, Nippert I, Schmidtke J, Tibben A, van Asperen CJ, Schlegelberger B (2011) Genetic testing for familial/hereditary breast cancer-comparison of guidelines and recommendations from the UK, France, the Netherlands and Germany. J Community Genet 2:53–69PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef