Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Sports Medicine
Published in: Sports Medicine 3/2011

01-03-2011 | Review Article

L-Arginine as a Potential Ergogenic Aidin Healthy Subjects

Authors: Thiago S. Álvares, Cláudia M. Meirelles, Yagesh N. Bhambhani, Vânia M. F. Paschoalin, Professor Paulo S. C. Gomes

Published in: Sports Medicine | Issue 3/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Dietary supplements containing L-arginine, a semi-essential amino acid, are one of the latest ergogenic aids intended to enhance strength, power and muscle recovery associated with both aerobic and resistance exercise. L-arginine is claimed to promote vasodilation by increasing nitric oxide (NO) production in the active muscle during exercise, improving strength, power and muscular recovery through increased substrate utilization and metabolite removal, such as lactate and ammonia. Research on L-arginine has recently tested this hypothesis, under the assumption that it may be the active compound associated with the vasodilator effects of NO. There were only five acute studies retrieved from the literature that evaluated exercise performance after L-arginine supplementation, three of which reported significant improvements. Regarding studies on chronic effects, eight studies were encountered: four reported enhancements in exercise performance, whilst four reports showed no changes. Whether these improvements in exercise performance — regardless of the aerobic or anaerobic nature of the exercise — can be associated with increases in NO production, has yet to be demonstrated in future studies. Low oral doses (20 g) are well tolerated and clinical side effects are rare in healthy subjects. In summary, it is still premature to recommend dietary supplements containing L-arginine as an ergogenic aid for healthy physically active subjects.
Literature
1.
Maxwell AJ, Ho HV, Le CQ, et al. L-arginine enhances aerobic exercise capacity in association with augmentednitric oxide production. J Appl Physiol 2001; 90 (3): 933–8PubMed
2.
Long JH, Lira VA, Soltow QA, et al. Arginine supplementation induces myoblast fusion via augmentationof nitric oxide production. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2006; 27 (8): 577–84PubMedCrossRef
3.
Rector TS, Bank AJ, Mullen KA, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of supplementaloral L-arginine in patients with heart failure. Circulation 1996; 93 (12): 2135–41PubMedCrossRef
4.
Schaefer A, Piquard F, Geny B, et al. L-arginine reduces exercise-induced increase in plasma lactate and ammonia. Int J Sports Med 2002; 23 (6): 403–7PubMedCrossRef
5.
Malinauskas BM, Overton RF, Carraway VG, et al. Supplements of interest for sport-related injury and sources ofsupplement information among college athletes. Adv Med Sci 2007; 52: 50–4PubMed
6.
McConell GK. Effects of L-arginine supplementation on exercise metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2007; 10 (1): 46–51PubMedCrossRef
7.
Liu TH, Wu CL, Chiang CW, et al. No effect of short-term arginine supplementation on nitric oxide production,metabolism and performance in intermittent exercise inathletes. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20 (6): 462–8PubMedCrossRef
8.
Stevens BR, Godfrey MD, Kaminski TW, et al. Highintensity dynamic human muscle performance enhancedby a metabolic intervention. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32 (12): 2102–8PubMedCrossRef
9.
Buford BN, Koch AJ. Glycine-arginine-alpha-ketoisocaproic acid improves performance of repeated cycling sprints. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36 (4): 583–7PubMedCrossRef
10.
McConell GK, Huynh NN, Lee-Young RS, et al. L-arginine infusion increases glucose clearance during prolongedexercise in humans. AmJ Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290 (1): E60–6CrossRef
11.
Bailey SJ, Winyard PG, Vanhatalo A, et al. Acute L-arginine supplementation reduces the O2 cost of moderateintensityexercise and enhances high-intensity exercisetolerance. J Appl Physiol 2010; 109 (5): 1394–403PubMedCrossRef
12.
Campbell B, Roberts M, Kerksick C, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety and effects on exercise performance ofL-arginine alpha-ketoglutarate in trained adult men. Nutrition 2006; 22 (9): 872–81PubMedCrossRef
13.
Abel T, Knechtle B, Perret C, et al. Influence of chronic supplementation of arginine aspartate in endurance athleteson performance and substrate metabolism: a randomized,double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int JSports Med 2005; 26 (5): 344–9CrossRef
14.
Colombani PC, Bitzi R, Frey-Rindova P, et al. Chronic arginine aspartate supplementation in runners reducestotal plasma amino acid level at rest and during a marathonrun. Eur J Nutr 1999; 38 (6): 263–70PubMedCrossRef
15.
Little JP, Forbes SC, Candow DG, et al. Creatine, arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, amino acids, and medium-chaintriglycerides and endurance and performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2008; 18 (5): 493–508PubMed
16.
Santos RS, Pacheco MTT, Martins RABL, et al. Study of the effect of oral administration of L-arginine on muscularperformance in healthy volunteers: an isokineticstudy. Isok Exerc Sci 2002; 10: 153–8
17.
Fricke O, Baecker N, Heer M, et al. The effect of L-arginine administration on muscle force and power in postmenopausalwomen. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2008; 28 (5): 307–11PubMedCrossRef
18.
Chen S, Kim W, Henning SM, et al. Arginine and antioxidant supplement on performance in elderly male cyclists: a randomizedcontrolled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7: 13PubMedCrossRef
19.
Camic CL, Housh TJ, Zuniga JM, et al. Effects of argininebased supplements on the physical working capacity at thefatigue threshold. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24 (5): 1306–12PubMedCrossRef
20.
Morris Jr S. Arginine: beyond protein. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 508S–12SPubMed
21.
Böger RH, Bode-Böger S. The clinical pharmacology of L-arginine. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2001; 41: 79–99PubMedCrossRef
22.
23.
Nakane M, Schmidt HH, Pollock JS, et al. Cloned human brain nitric oxide synthase is highly expressed in skeletalmuscle. FEBS Lett 1993; 316 (2): 175–80PubMedCrossRef
24.
Frandsen U, Lopez-Figueroa M, Hellsten Y. Localization of nitric oxide synthase in human skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 227 (1): 88–93PubMedCrossRef
25.
Morrison RJ, Miller III C, Reid MB. Nitric oxide effects on shortening velocity and power production in the rat diaphragm. J Appl Physiol 1996; 80 (3): 1065–9PubMed
26.
Morrison RJ, Miller III C, Reid MB. Nitric oxide effects on force: velocity characteristics of the rat diaphragm. Comp Biochem Physiol 1998; 119 (1): 203–9CrossRef
27.
Doshi S, Naka K, Payne N, et al. Flow-mediated dilatation following wrist and upper arm occlusion in humans:the contribution of nitric oxide. Clin Sci 2001; 101 (6): 629–35PubMedCrossRef
28.
Smith LW, Smith JD, Criswell DS. Involvement of nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle adaptation to chronicoverload. J Appl Physiol 2002; 92 (5): 2005–11PubMed
29.
Sellman J, DeRuisseau K, Betters J, et al. In vivo inhibition of nitric oxide synthase impairs upregulation of contractileprotein mRNA in overloaded plantaris muscle. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100 (1): 258–65PubMedCrossRef
30.
Anderson JE. A role for nitric oxide in muscle repair: nitric oxidemediated activation of muscle satellite cells. Mol Biol Cell 2000; 11 (5): 1859–74PubMed
31.
Nisoli E, Clementi E, Paolucci C, et al. Mitochondrial biogenesis in mammals: the role of endogenous nitricoxide. Science 2003; 299 (5608): 896–9PubMedCrossRef
32.
Nisoli E, Carruba MO. Nitric oxide and mitochondrial biogenesis. J Cell Sci 2006; 119 (Pt14): 2855–62PubMedCrossRef
33.
Balon TW, Nadler JL. Evidence that nitric oxide increases glucose transport in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 1997; 82 (1): 359–63PubMed
34.
McConell GK, Kingwell BA. Does nitric oxide regulate skeletal muscle glucose uptake during exercise? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2006; 34 (1): 36–41PubMedCrossRef
35.
Reid MB. Role of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle: synthesis, distribution and functional importance. Acta Physiol Scand 1998; 162: 401–9PubMedCrossRef
36.
Stamler JS, Meissner G. Physiology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. Physiol Rev 2001; 81 (1): 209–37PubMed
37.
Powers SK Jackson MJ. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiol Rev 2008; 88: 1243–76PubMedCrossRef
38.
Arnal J, Dinh-Xuan A, Pueyo M, et al. Endotheliumderived nitric oxide and vascular physiology and pathology. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999; 55 (8-9): 1078–87PubMedCrossRef
39.
Maxwell A, Tsao P, Cooke J. Modulation of the nitric oxide synthase pathway in atherosclerosis. Exp Physiol 1998; 83 (5): 573–87PubMed
40.
Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM, Szuda A, et al. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA): a novel risk factor for endothelialdysfunction. Circulation 1998a; 98 (18): 1842–7PubMedCrossRef
41.
Creager M, Gallagher S, Girerd X, et al. L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemichumans. J Clin Invest 1992; 90 (4): 1248–53PubMedCrossRef
42.
Clarkson P, Adams M, Powe A, et al. Oral L-arginnine improves endothelium-dependent dilation in hypercholesterolemicyoung adults. J Clin Invest 1996; 97 (8): 1989–94PubMedCrossRef
43.
Pieper G, Siebeneich W, Dondlinger L. Short-term oral administration of L-arginine reverses defective endotheliumdependentrelaxation and cGMP generation in diabetes. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 317 (2-3): 317–20PubMedCrossRef
44.
Adams M, McCredie R, Jessup W, et al. Oral L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent dilatation and reducesmonocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in young men withcoronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1997; 129 (2): 261–9PubMedCrossRef
45.
Lerman A, Burnett Jr J, Higano S, et al. Long-termL-arginine supplementation improves small-vessel coronary endothelialfunction in humans. Circulation 1998; 97 (21): 2123–8PubMedCrossRef
46.
West S, Likos-Krick A, Brown P, et al. Oral L-arginine improves hemodynamic responses to stress and reduceplasma homocysteine in hypercholesterolemic men. J Nutr 2005; 135 (2): 212–7PubMed
47.
Imaizumi T, Hirooka Y, Masaki H, et al. Effects of L-arginine on forearm vessels and responses to acetylcholine. Hyperthension 1992; 20 (4): 511–7CrossRef
48.
Adams M, Forsyth C, Jessup W, et al. Oral L-arginine inhibits platelet aggregation but does not enhance endotheliumdependentdilation in healthy young men. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26 (4): 1054–61PubMedCrossRef
49.
Blum A, Hathaway L, Hathaway L, et al. Oral L-arginine in patients with coronary artery disease on medical management. Circulation 2000b; 101 (18): 2160–4PubMedCrossRef
50.
Archer S. Measurement of nitric oxide in biological models. FASEB J 1993; 7 (2): 349–53PubMed
51.
Schrage WG, Dietz NM, Eisenach JH, et al. Agonistdependent variability of contributions of nitric oxide andprostaglandins in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98 (4): 1251–7PubMedCrossRef
52.
Xia Y, Zweier JL. Direct measurement of nitric oxide generation from nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad SciU S A 1997; 94 (23): 12705–10CrossRef
53.
Laver JR, Stevanin TM, Read RC. Chemiluminescence quantification of NO and its derivatives in liquid samples. Methods Enzymol 2008; 436: 113–27PubMedCrossRef
54.
55.
Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM, Thiele W, et al. Restoring vascular nitric oxide formation by L-arginine improvesthe symptoms of intermittent claudication in patients withperipheral arterial occlusive disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998b; 32 (5): 1336–44PubMedCrossRef
56.
Bode-Böger SM, Böger RH, Alfke H, et al. L-arginine induces nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation in patients withcritical limb ischemia: a randomized, controlled study. Circulation 1996; 93 (1): 85–90PubMedCrossRef
57.
Bode-Böger SM, Böger RH, Galland A, et al. L-arginineinduced vasodilation in healthy humans: pharmacokineticpharmacodynamicrelationship. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 46 (5): 489–97
58.
Lucotti P, Setola E, Monti LD, et al. Beneficial effects of a long-term oral L-arginine treatment added to a hypocaloricdiet and exercise training program in obese, insulin-resistanttype 2 diabetic patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291 (5): 906–12CrossRef
59.
Jobgen WS, Jobgen SC, Li H, et al. Analysis of nitrite and nitrate in biological samples using high-performance liquidchromatography. J Chromatogr B 2007; 851 (1-2): 71–82CrossRef
60.
Tsikas D. Methods of quantitative analysis of the nitric oxide metabolites nitrite and nitrate in human biologicalfluids. Free Radic Res 2005; 39 (8): 797–815PubMedCrossRef
61.
Ignarro LJ, Fukuto JM, Griscavage JM, et al. Oxidation of nitric oxide in aqueous solution to nitrite but not nitrate:comparison with enzymatically formed nitric oxide fromL-arginine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90 (17): 8103–7PubMedCrossRef
62.
Griesenbeck JS, Steck MD, Huber Jr JC, et al. Development of estimates of dietary nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosaminesfor use with the short Willet food frequencyquestionnaire. Nutr J 2009; 6: 8–16
63.
Ellis G, Adatia I, Yazdanpanah M, et al. Nitrite and nitrate analyses: a clinical biochemistry perspective. Clin Biochem 1998; 31 (4): 195–220PubMedCrossRef
64.
Castillo L, Beaumier L, Ajami AM, et al. Whole body nitric oxide synthesis in healthy men determined from [15N]arginine-to-[15N]citrulline labeling. Proc Natl Acad SciU S A 1996; 93 (21): 11460–5CrossRef
65.
Rhodes P, Leone AM, Francis PL, et al. The L-arginine: nitric oxide pathway is the major source of plasma nitritein fasted humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 209 (2): 590–6PubMedCrossRef
66.
Bode-Böger SM, Böger RH, Creutzig A, et al. L-arginine infusion decreases peripheral resistance and inhibits plateletaggregation in healthy subjects. Clin Sci 1994; 87 (3): 303–10PubMed
67.
Bode-Böger SM, Boger RH, Schroder EP, et al. Exercise increases systemic nitric oxide production in men. J Cardiovasc Risk 1994; 1 (2): 173–8PubMed
68.
Pollock J, Förstermann U, Mitchell J, et al. Purification and characterization of particulate endothelium-derivedrelaxing factor synthase from cultured and native bovineaortic endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88 (23): 10480–4PubMedCrossRef
69.
Cooke PJ. Does ADMA cause endothelial dysfunction? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20 (9): 2032–7PubMedCrossRef
70.
Bode-Böger SM, Scalera F, Ignarro LJ. The L-arginine paradox: importance of the L-arginine/asymmetrical dimethylarginineratio. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 114 (3): 295–306PubMedCrossRef
71.
Goumas G, Tentolouris C, Tousoulis D, et al. Therapeutic modification of the L-arginine-eNOS pathway in cardiovasculardiseases. Atherosclerosis 2001; 154 (2): 255–67PubMedCrossRef
72.
Loscalzo J. What we know and dont know about L-arginine and NO. Circulation 2000; 101 (18): 2126–9PubMedCrossRef
73.
Belviranli M, Gökbel H. Acute exercise induced oxidative stress and antioxidant changes. Eur J Gen Med 2006; 3 (3): 126–31
74.
Hudson MB, Hosick PA, McCaulley GO, et al. The effect of resistance exercise on humoral markers of oxidativestress. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40 (3): 542–8PubMedCrossRef
75.
Bloomer RJ, Falvo MJ, Fry AC, et al. Oxidative stress response in trained men following repeated squats orsprints. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38 (8): 1436–42PubMedCrossRef
76.
Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM, Mügge A, et al. Supplementation of hypercholesterolaemic rabbits with L-argininereduces the vascular release of superoxide anions andrestores NO production. Atherosclerosis 1995; 117 (2): 273–84PubMedCrossRef
77.
Maiorana A, O’Driscoll G, Taylor R, et al. Exercise and the nitric oxide vasodilator system. Sports Med 2003; 33 (14): 1013–35PubMedCrossRef
78.
Hickner RC, Fisher JS, Ehsani AA, et al. Role of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle blood flow at rest and during dynamicexercise in humans. AmJ Physiol 1997; 273 (1Pt2): H405–10
79.
Jungersten L, Ambring A, Wall B, et al. Both physical fitness and acute exercise regulate nitric oxide formation inhealthy humans. J Appl Physiol 1997; 82 (3): 760–4PubMed
80.
Maeda S, Miyauchi T, Kakiyama T, et al. Effects of exercise training of 8 weeks and detraining on plasma levels of endothelium-derived factors, endothelin-1 and nitric oxide, inhealthy young humans. Life Sci 2001; 69 (9): 1005–16PubMedCrossRef
81.
Maeda S, Tanabe T, Otsuki T, et al. Moderate regular exercise increases basal production of nitric oxide in elderlywomen. Hypertens Res 2004; 27 (12): 947–53PubMedCrossRef
82.
Poveda JJ, Riestra A, Salas E, et al. Contribution of nitric oxide to exercise-induced changes in healthy volunteers:effects of acute exercise and long-term physical training. Eur J Clin Invest 1997; 27 (11): 967–71PubMedCrossRef
83.
Yamamoto K, Kondo T, Kimata A, et al. Lack of effect of aerobic physical exercise on endothelium-derived nitricoxide concentrations in healthy young subjects. NagoyaJ Med Sci 2007; 69 (3-4): 167–72
84.
Gilligan DM, Panza JA, Kilcoyne CM, et al. Contribution of endothelium-derived nitric oxide to exercise-inducedvasodilation. Circulation 1994; 90 (6): 2853–8PubMedCrossRef
85.
Dyke CK, Proctor DN, Dietz NM, et al. Role of nitric oxide in exercise hyperaemia during prolonged rhythmichandgripping in humans. J Physiol 1995; 488 (Pt1): 259–65PubMed
86.
Katz SD, Krum H, Khan T, et al. Exercise-induced vasodilation in forearm circulation of normal subjects and patientswith congestive heart failure: role of endothelium-derivednitric oxide. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28 (3): 585–90PubMedCrossRef
87.
Radegran G, Saltin B. Nitric oxide in the regulation of vasomotor tone in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 1999; 6 (Pt 2): 1951–60
88.
Endo T, Imaizumi T, Tagawa T, et al. Role of nitric oxide in exercise-induced vasodilation of the forearm. Circulation 1994; 90 (6): 2886–90PubMedCrossRef
89.
Green DJ, Bilsborough W, Naylor LH, et al. Comparison of forearm blood flow responses to incremental handgripand cycle ergometer exercise: relative contribution of nitricoxide. J Physiol 2005; 562 (Pt2): 617–28PubMed
90.
Wilson JR, Kapoor S. Contribution of endotheliumderived relaxing factor to exercise-induced vasodilation inhumans. J Appl Physiol 1993; 75 (6): 2740–4PubMed
91.
Boushel R, Langberg H, Gemmer C, et al. Combined inhibition of nitric oxide and prostaglandins reduces humanskeletal muscle blood flow during exercise. J Physiol 2002; 543 (2): 691–8PubMedCrossRef
92.
Kalliokoski K, Langberg H, Ryberg A, et al. Nitric oxide and prostaglandins influence local skeletal muscle bloodflow during exercise in humans: coupling between localsubstrate uptake and blood flow. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291 (3): 803–9CrossRef
93.
Sureda A, Cordova A, Ferrer MD, et al. Effects of L-citrulline oral supplementation on polymorphonuclearneutrophils oxidative burst and nitric oxide productionafter exercise. Free Radic Res 2009; 43 (9): 828–35PubMedCrossRef
94.
Schwedhelm E, Maas R, Freese R, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline andL-arginine: impact on nitric oxide metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 65 (1): 51–9PubMedCrossRef
95.
Bergstrom J, Hultman E. Synthesis of muscle glycogen in man after glucose and fructose infusion. Acta Med Scand 1967; 182 (1): 93–107PubMedCrossRef
96.
Hayashi T, Wojtaszewski JF, Goodyear LJ. Exercise regulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle. Am JPhysiol 1997; 273 (6Pt1): E1039–51
97.
Bradley SJ, Kingwell BA, McConell GK. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition reduces leg glucose uptake but notblood flow during dynamic exercise in humans. Diabetes 1999; 48 (9): 1815–21PubMedCrossRef
98.
Kingwell BA, Formosa M, Muhlmann M, et al. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition reduces glucose uptake duringexercise in individuals with type 2 diabetes more than incontrol subjects. Diabetes 2002; 51 (8): 2572–80PubMedCrossRef
99.
Yaspelkis 3rd BB, Ivy JL. The effect of a carbohydratearginine supplement on postexercise carbohydrate metabolism. Int J Sport Nutr 1999; 9 (3): 241–50PubMed
100.
Tsai PH, Tang TK, Juang CL, et al. Effects of arginine supplementation on post-exercise metabolic responses. Chin J Physiol 2009; 52 (3): 136–42PubMedCrossRef
101.
Robinson TM, Sewell DA, Greenhaff PL. L-arginine ingestion after rest and exercise: effects on glucose disposal. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35 (8): 1309–15PubMedCrossRef
102.
Matsumoto K, Mizuno M, Mizuno T, et al. Branched-chain amino acids and arginine supplementation attenuates skeletalmuscle proteolysis induced by moderate exercise in youngindividuals. Int J Sports Med 2007; 28 (6): 531–8PubMedCrossRef
103.
Fahs CA, Heffernan KS, Fernhall B. Hemodynamic and vascular response to resistance exercise with L-arginine. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41 (4): 773–9PubMedCrossRef
104.
Burtscher M, Brunner F, Faulhaber M, et al. The prolonged intake of L-arginine-l-aspartate reduces bloodlactate accumulation and oxygen consumption duringsubmaximal exercise. J Sports Sci Med 2005; 4: 314–22
105.
Sunderland KL, Greer F, Morales J. V̇O2max and ventilatory threshold of trained cyclists are not affected by28-day L-arginine supplementation. J Strength Cond Res. Epub 2010 Jun 23
106.
Koppo K, Taes YE, Pottier A, et al. Dietary arginine supplementation speeds pulmonary V̇O2 kinetics during cycleexercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41 (8): 1626–32PubMedCrossRef
107.
Lambert CP, Flynn MG. Fatigue during high-intensity intermittent exercise: application to bodybuilding. Sports Med 2002; 32 (8): 511–22PubMedCrossRef
108.
Hishikawa K, Nakaki T, Nakaki T, et al. Effect of systemic L-arginine administration on hemodynamics and nitricoxide release in man. Jpn Heart J 1992; 33 (1): 41–8PubMedCrossRef
109.
Tiwary CM, Rosenbloom AL, Julius RL. Anaphylactic reaction to arginine infusion [letter]. N Engl J Med 1973; 288 (4): 218PubMed
110.
Hertz P, Richardson JA. Arginine-induced hyperkalemia in renal failure patients. Arch Intern Med 1972; 130 (5): 778–80PubMedCrossRef
111.
Bushinsky DA, Gennari FJ. Life-threatening hyperkalemia induced by arginine. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89 (5Pt1): 632–4PubMed
112.
Massara F, Martelli S, Cagliero E, et al. The hypophosphatemic and hyperkalemic effect of arginine in man. J Endocrinol Invest 1980; 3 (2): 177–80PubMed
113.
Massara F, Cagliero E, Bisbocci D, et al. The risk of pronounced hyperkalaemia after arginine infusion in thediabetic subject. Diabetes Metab 1981; 7 (3): 149–53
114.
Evans RW, Fernstrom JD, Thompson J, et al. Biochemical responses of healthy subjects during dietary supplementationwith L-arginine. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 15 (9): 534–9PubMedCrossRef
115.
Schulman SP, Becker LC, Kass DA, et al. L-arginine therapy in acute myocardial infarction: the Vascular Interaction With Age in Myocardial Infarction (VINTAGE MI) randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2006; 295 (1): 58–64PubMedCrossRef
116.
Bednarz B, Jaxa-Chamiec T, Maciejewski P, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral l-arginine in acute myocardial infarction:results of the multicenter, randomized, double-blind,placebo-controlled ARAMI pilot trial. Kardiol Pol 2005; 62 (5): 421–7PubMed
117.
Sun T, Zhou WB, Luo XP, et al. Oral L-arginine supplementation in acute myocardial infarction therapy: a metaanalysisof randomized controlled trials. Clin Cardiol 2009; 32 (11): 649–52PubMedCrossRef
118.
Shao A, Hathcock JN. Risk assessment for the amino acids taurine, L-glutamine and L-arginine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 50 (3): 376–99PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
L-Arginine as a Potential Ergogenic Aidin Healthy Subjects
Authors
Thiago S. Álvares
Cláudia M. Meirelles
Yagesh N. Bhambhani
Vânia M. F. Paschoalin
Professor Paulo S. C. Gomes
Publication date
01-03-2011
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Sports Medicine / Issue 3/2011
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Electronic ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/11538590-000000000-00000

Other articles of this Issue 3/2011

Sports Medicine 3/2011 Go to the issue

Review Article

Physiology of Small-Sided Games Training in Football

Review Article

A Systematic Review on the Treatment of Acute Ankle Sprain

Research Review

Does Physical Activity Impact on Presenteeism and Other Indicators of Workplace Well-Being?

Review Article

Balance Ability and Athletic Performance

Leading Article

Transdermal Patch Drug Delivery Interactions with Exercise