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Inflammation
Published in: Inflammation 5/2013

01-10-2013

Ketamine Inhibits Calcium Elevation and Hydroxyl Radical and Nitric Oxide Production in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated NR8383 Alveolar Macrophages

Authors: Xiaobao Zhang, Jiying Feng, Pin Zhu, Zhibin Zhao

Published in: Inflammation | Issue 5/2013

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Abstract

Macrophages play a critical role in mediating inflammatory processes; activated macrophages respond to endotoxin by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. Ketamine, a widely used anesthetic agent, has unequivocally anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro. However, the detailed mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effects of ketamine in microglia have not been elucidated yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ketamine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO), hydroxyl radical (·OH) production, and intracellular calcium accumulation in macrophages. Macrophages were pretreated with ketamine at the concentrations of 10, 100, and 1,000 μM 1 h before LPS stimulation. The production of NO and ·OH in the culture supernatant of macrophages was assayed by Griess Reagent Kit. LPS enhanced NO and ·OH production and provoked a significant intracellular calcium elevation. With the concentrations higher than 100 μM, ketamine inhibited LPS-induced NO and ·OH accumulation and intracellular calcium elevation. However, a low concentration of ketamine (10 μM) did not exert anti-inflammatory effects. These results suggest that intracellular calcium elevation is, at least, partially involved in the inhibitory effect of ketamine.
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Metadata
Title
Ketamine Inhibits Calcium Elevation and Hydroxyl Radical and Nitric Oxide Production in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated NR8383 Alveolar Macrophages
Authors
Xiaobao Zhang
Jiying Feng
Pin Zhu
Zhibin Zhao
Publication date
01-10-2013
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Inflammation / Issue 5/2013
Print ISSN: 0360-3997
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2576
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-013-9642-y

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